• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 2011

Background and Objectives : Clinically, as a tool for voice assessment before and after the operation or the voice treatment, acoustic analysis is widely used. However, in clinical situations, acoustic parameters vary according to how the assessment is made. Thus, with voice disease patients as subjects, we are to investigate what influence intensity increase exerts on acoustic parameters and how to reduce variation according to the way of assessing. Material and Method : At the voice clinic of the department of otorhinolaryngology in Gangnam Severance Hospital, with 30 female voice-disease patients (40.6 years old on the average) and 23 male voice-disease patients (40.1 years old on the average) as subjects, using the Dr Speech vocal-assessment program, we statistically tested the significance of the difference in each of acoustic parameters between when the "Ah" vowel is produced with a normal voice and when the "Ah" vowel is produced with a loud voice. Results : Acoustic parameters that showed a statistically significant difference according to intensity increase were Jitter, SD F0, and NNE for females, and Jitter, SD F0, HNR, SNR, and NNE for males. Voice quality estimates showed a statistically significant difference according to intensity increase in female hoarse voice, female breathy voice, and male breathy voice. Conclusion : In this research, acoustic analysis, which is generally used for voice assessment before and after the operation or the voice treatment, showed a tendency that acoustic parameters became better under the influence of intensity increase except for the cases where a voice disease was severe. Thus, to raise the reliability of voice assessment, the range of intensity needs to be set up. This should be the topic for the future research.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 2017

Background and Objectives : Adductor type spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) is neurogenic disorder and focal laryngeal dystonia, while muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) is caused by functional voice disorder. Both ADSD and MTD may be associated with excessive supraglottic contraction and compensation, resulting in a strained voice quality with spastic voice breaks. The aim of this study was to determine the utility of spectrogram analysis in the differentiation of ADSD from MTD. Materials and Methods : From 2015 through 2017, 17 patients of ADSD and 20 of MTD, underwent acoustic recording and phonatory function studies, were enrolled. Jitter (frequency perturbation), Shimmer (amplitude perturbation) were obtained using MDVP (Multi-dimensional Voice Program) and GRBAS scale was used for perceptual evaluation. The two speech therapist evaluated a wide band (11,250 Hz) spectrogram by blind test using 4 scales (0-3 point) for four spectral findings, abrupt voice breaks, irregular wide spaced vertical striations, well defined formants and high frequency spectral noise. Results : Jitter, Shimmer and GRBAS were not found different between two groups with no significant correlation (p>0.05). Abrupt voice breaks and irregular wide spaced vertical striations of ADSD were significantly higher than those of MTD with strong correlation (p<0.01). High frequency spectral noise of MTD were higher than those of ADSD with strong correlation (p<0.01). Well defined formants were not found different between two groups. Conclusion : The wide band spectrograms provided visual perceptual information can differentiate ADSD from MTD. Spectrogram analysis is a useful diagnostic tool for differentiating ADSD from MTD where perceptual analysis and clinical evaluation alone are insufficient.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.176-209
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• 1994

1. The Jung-Sa(正邪) of the Excessive Liver-Symptoms belongs to the eleven symptoms, there are blue face, blue thin fingernail, anger, fancy of larg body, dizziness, eye flame, Bell's palsy, hard swelling pain at braest, side pain going on the belly from the side, side pain and movement at the left side. 2. The Mi-Sa(微邪) of the Excessive Liver-Symptoms belongs to the four symptoms, there are meat in eye, edema in cheek, lack of appetite and diarrhea. 3. The Juk-Sa(賊邪) of the Excessive Liver-Symptoms belongs to the only one symptom, this is nosebleeding. 4. The Hu-Sa(虛邪) of the Excessive Liver-Symptoms belongs to the three symptoms, there are scrotum constraction, strain in belly and constipation. 5. The Sil-Sa(實邪) of the Excessive Liver-Symptoms belongs to the twenty eight symptoms, there are red eye, raised eyes(兩眼上?), spitting blood, sternocostal turgid pain, turgidity in belly, drooping testis, vomiting water acid, sickening, belching, confusion, impatience, frequent forgetfulness, headache, giddness, eye pain, deaf, ringing in the ear, feeling inverse, drying mouth, stuffiness sensation in the chest, chest pain, stuffiness sensation in the belly, bellyache, quadriplegia, spasm of extremities, tremor, alternate spells of fever and chills, high fever and strain in muscle. 6. Those symptoms, Red corner of the eye, red face, swelling on the forehead, stiff-neck and back strong, opisthotonos, constracture of the limbs, vomiting yellow bitter water, speech impediment, epilepsy, depression, strong tongue, different thing in throat, fullness and distention of the gastric region, feeling sick and tenesmus, have no connected with the Excessive Liver-Symptoms(肝實證) 7. The Excessive Liver-Symptoms(肝實證) is connected with the ganjabyoung(肝自病) and Hwa(火) which the pathology is, than because Mock(木) is excessive and Mock-Saeng-Hwa(木生火), the ganjabyoung(肝自病) and Sil-Sa(實邪) are many. 8. There are the sixteen symptoms with the exception of The Excessive Liver-Symptoms(肝實證), because supposed that the scholars in medicine included the union syndroms(合病), the combine syndroms(兼病) and the analysis of symptoms(辨證) in The Analysis of Five Visceral Symptoms. 9. During consideration of the symptoms at the above statements, where are many causes by Gan-Pung(肝風), there is difficult of distinction between the excessive Liver-Symptoms(肝實證) and C.V.A(Cerebral Vascular Attack). Because than NaeKyung(內經) distinguished between the excessive Liver-Symptoms(肝實證) and C.V.A., the future medical specialists connected with the excessive Liver-Symptoms(肝實證) and C.V.A.. 10. An appearance of Sang-Hwa(相火) that the liver possessed is divided into an appearance of Hwa(火), there will be making a study att the more necessary. 11. The cuases of each syndroms are consist of the origins of syndroms, its pathology and the positions where the syndroms appeared, I consider that is the various ways how judge the syndroms except the Five Pathogenic Factors(五邪). 12. If more than study will be achieved in all, the new definition will be standed about the Excessive and Deficient Five Visceral Syndroms(五臟虛實證), I consider this will be the foundation data that study the Oriental Medicine and the important data that is a judgement standard of clininc.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.226-241
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• 2010

This study details the history and characteristics of consumption values, text style analyses, and appeal types expressed in magazine commercials from 1955 to 2008. This study analyzes the level of the social structure of commercial expression for each period. Consumption values based on the categories of consumption values by Sheth (1991) were classified through a total commercials analysis. Analyses on closing types of sentences, types of sentences, and rhetorical figures were executed focusing on headline text and text style. Appealing types were composed of rational, emotional, and ethical appeals. For analysis, the crosstab analysis and chi-square test of SPSS are used. The results are as follow. Seven values were constructed, functional value, social value, emotional value, conditional value, epistemic value, fashionable value, and indistinct value. The ratio of emotional value was the highest and functional value, epistemic value conditional value, fashionable value, social value, and indistinct value followed. The emotional value social value, conditional value, fashionable value, and epistemic value that focused on the emotion of consumers increased, while the functional value decreased. Sentences that use narrative styles, hyperboles, and metaphors that increased the interest of readers were dominantly used in the headline texts. For sentence expression, a declarative sentence in a sentence type, exciting curiosity in the expression method where hyperbole and figures of speech in rhetorical expressions are used most often. Emotional appeal was used almost twice more than the reasonable appeal for appeal types of the total commercial. The lower level of reasonable appeal is information that provides the product function. Interest and expression (such as pleasure and achievement) were used most often for emotional appeal. These results show that the most important issue is the emotional value in consumption in understanding the consumer. Marketing managers should also be aware of the functional value as well as an emotional value.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.39-42
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• 1996

The present study analyed jitter and shimmer of the deaf in 4 different voicing conditions. Thirty-two male subjects and 27 female subjects participated in the study on a voluntary basis. The age ranged from 6 to 18 for male and 8 to 21 for female subjects. The subjects were either congenitally or prelingually deaf The four different voicing conditions included /a/ prolongation, counting, reading, and conversation. The experiment utilized CSL Visi-Pitch Model 6095(Kay Elemetrics Corp.) to sample and analyze the data. Both jitter and shimmer means were higher than the threshold values(normative data) reported. In addition, this investigation performed two separate 2-factor ANOVAs in order to determine if jitter and shimmer change as a function of gender and voicing condition. The results showed the following. First of all there was the gender effect on shimmer but not on jitter, in that male subjects 'shimmer was higher than females'. secondly, there was the voicing condition effect both on jitter and shimmer. /a/ prolongation and reading produced lower jitter than counting and conversation. /a/ prolongation produced lower shimmer than the remaining conditions. Finally, no interaction between gender and voicing condition existed.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.111-133
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• 2007

Illegal and harmful information on the Internet have been a great concern not only for regulatory authorities, but also all the public institutes, such as public libraries and schools, that provide Internet access service. In particular, for public libraries which play an important role in organizing, opening and providing information resources in the information society, providing Internet access service are indispensible. Therefore, any changes of Internet content regulatory system may have direct effects on services of public libraries. Due to unique characteristics of the Internet, content refutation on the Internet has made a best use of various regulatory methods, ranging from governmental regulation to self-refutation and technical regulatory methods. However, nation by nation. technical regulatory methods on the Internet have been developed in quite different ways. Applying them on public library has been strongly criticised for violating freedom of expression and rights of access to information. This article begins with a theoretical discussion about free speech rights and refutation on Internet. Then it examines filtering software which is one of the most popular technical regulatory methods based on both technical and socio-humanities' prospects and analyses several governments' regulatory approaches to Internet filtering. As a conclusion, issues concerning Internet filtering at public institutes are critically apprised.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2011

Background and Objectives : Vocal fold bowing is an organic voice disorder that is associated with an abnormal structure of the vocal folds whereas vocal fold polyp is a functional voice disorder caused by an abnormal use of the vocal folds. Both types of vocal folds share a common property in that they make one's voice breathy or strained. The purpose of this study is to compare voice from two types of vocal folds and to offer information of clinical importance. Materials and Method: Vocal fold bowing and vocal fold polyp groups consisted of 7 male subjects, respectively. All subjects recorded /a/ in the state of measuring MPT (maximum phonation time), repeating 3 times, by a voice recorder (48 kHz sampling rate; 24 bit quantization). They answered the questions of K-VHI. Time domain parameters (such as perturbation parameters including HNR, Jitter, etc.) were calculated for the whole duration of /a/ and those of the frequency domain were measured in initial 40 ms and stable 40 ms of /a/, respectively. Mann-Whitney V-test was used for the time domain parameters and K-VHI survey, and Wilcoxon signed rank test was applied to the frequency domain parameters (H1, H2, H1-H2). Results: For K-VHI survey and the time domain analysis, there was no significant difference between bowing and polyp group. For frequency domain analysis, H1 and H2 showed a significantly different result between two groups. Vocal fold bowing group has longer duration and lower intensity than that of vocal fold polyp group in the 'aspirated interval', which could be observable prior to ordinary vowel oscillation. Conclusion: Both groups seem to show breathy voice. This could be referred on the basis of the value of H1-H2. The K-VHI survey says that subjects with vocal fold bowing feel more uncomfortable than subjects with vocal fold polyp.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.636-643
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• 1999

Ectodermal dysplasia is a genetic birth defect in which at least abnormally develop two structures derived from the ectoderm. It is usually inherited in autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive pattern. Oral manifestations are oligodontia, anodontia, dysmorphic teeth(conical shape), decreased occlusal vertical dimension and alveolar bone. Extraoral signs may include decreased or absent sweat glands, sparse and fine hair, saddle nose, hearing loss and decreased production of body fluids including saliva. Most affected children require extensive dental treatment to restore their appearance and help the development of a positive self image. The patient's overclosed profile was due to a decreased vertical dimension. The use of overdenture is to preserve erupted teeth, to accomodate the newly constructed occlusal plane, to improve retention and stability of denture and to maintain the remaining alveolar bone. The restoration of vertical dimension improved the child's speech, swallowing, and eating. Growth continue until the age of approximately 18. As child grows, replacement dentures will have to be fabricated primarily to accomodate increasing vertical dimension and changing dentition. Implants may be indicated later if the alveolar bone is adequate. Periodic recall visits are advised, to monitor the dentures during periods of growth and development, and eruption of the permanent teeth.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.709-716
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• 2005

Patients with cleft tip and palate present severe maxillary hypoplasia due to scar of lip and palate, often accompanied by compromised mastication, speech abnormalities. Sometimes maxillary hypoplasia persist even though active orthodontic treatment was done. In theses cases, patients born with cleft lip and palate will be potential candidates for maxillary advancement with bone grafting after growth to correct the functional deformities and improve aesthetic facial proportions. But, maxillary advancement using standard surgical approaches has several limitations : increased relapse tendency after maxillary advancement, necessity of additional bone graft and mandibular setback surgery. Distraction osteogenesis is current treatment modality to overcome these limitations, thus has become popular for treatment of maxillary hypoplasia associated cleft lip and palate, craniosyntosis. Especially, rigid external distraction, contrary to internal device, has advantages : better vector control of osteotomized segment, effective traction of the bony segments, the ease of the application and removal the distraction device. This study showed that relatively successful result could be generated by using rigid external distraction osteogenesis(RED) in the case of cleft lip and palate with severe maxillary hypoplasia, 6 years 7 months old.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.229-235
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• 2005

A problem that affects children's dentitions is the harmful habit which is difficult to treat. Harmful habits for children are such as abnormal swallowing patterns, low/forward tongue rest posture problem, habitual open-lips resting posture, habitual mouth-breathing, excessive digital sucking habit and tongue thrusting. Tongue thrusting habits cause a bit of cranio-facial skeletal changes and a great deal of dental malocclusion such as anterior open bite. Anterior open bite causes masticatory, speech, and esthetic problems in the growing children and difficulties in diagnosis, treatment, and the prediction of its prognosis. The treatments of such abnormal behaviors involve orofacial myofunctional therapy and using of habit breaking appliance. The prognosis is not determined by the presence of severity of oral habit but the skeletal tendency of the patient. Usage of tongue crib resulted in not only the discontinuance of the habit but also improvement in overbite and overbite. This study showed that relatively successful results could be generated by using removable tongue crib and myofunctional therapy in the case of openbite related to tongue thrusting habit.