• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.80-83
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• 2000

The quality characteristics of bread processed with the addition of roasted safflower seed powder were evaluated Safflower seed powder was roasted at 180$^{\circ}C$ for 20 min and pulverized below 45mesh size. Bread was processed by addition of control, 1, 2, 3 and 4% safflower seed powder at basic formulation. Dough raising power was increased as the addition of safflower seed powder increase, but Hunter's L value was decreased, From the sensory evaluation of safflower seed bread, color score was decreased significantly as the addition of roaste safflower seed powder increase, but overall acceptance had no significantly difference between control and added 4% of safflower seed.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2002

Korean safflower seed has been known to have healing effects on both bone fracture and osteoporosis. On the base of such a notice, this experiment was carried out to explore the effects of safflower seed on bone formation and bone repair. The toxicity test and the effect of Korean safflower seed were evaluated with 60 rats, 3-month old. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats composed of 20 male and 20 female were underwent unilateral tibial defect and then fastened with unilateral fixators. The operated rats were divided into two groups depending on the composition of diet, such as positive control group fed normal diet(C-OP group) and safflower seed group fed 30% of safflower seed diet and 70% of normal diet(S-OP group). Another 20 rats without operation were maintained, each 10 rats were fed either normal diet or 30% of safflower seed diet and 70% of normal diet, and observed the toxicity of safflower seed by measuring weight and urine parameters. Postoperative radiography were taken once in 2 weeks to evaluate callus formation for operated groups and blood collection via heart puncture were carried out once in 3 weeks for 3 groups. The concentration of Ca and Pi in serum were measured using both auto Kit and $^{31}$ P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR). At present study, no toxic effect was observed from both weight increment and urine index after feeding the safflower seed diet. The comparison of the radiography between C-OP and S-OP group were showed that the safflower seed diet appeared to stimulate the formation of callus in the rat. The ratio of Ca/P in serum was low in S-OP group compared to C-OP group with the auto Kit, but there were no significant differences between two groups (p < 0.05). In addition, the variations of Pi values in NMR examination were also confirmed based on the result of auto Kit. In conclusion, this study implied that safflower seed might influence to bone formation and shorten the periods of remedy by stimulating the calcification of bone

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.78-90
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to make ramyon from Korean cultured wheat by adding with hot water extract powder from safflower seed in order to add the value of it. The cooking quality, instrumental texture and sensory characteristics of ramyon were analyzed. The ramyons with 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.7% of hot water extract powder(HEP) from safflower seed, control, and those with 3% and 5% of dried powder(DP) from safflower seed were compared. The yield of HEP was 7.8%. Lightness, redness, Max. weight, strength, hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness and springiness were measured. As the amounts of HEP and DP was increasing, ramyons smelled stronger and was getting harder and chewier, while became less transparent and had no difference in elasticity and adhesiveness. In overall acceptability, both control and ramyon with HEP had similar points. From three important factors, appearance, color and smell to make ramyon more acceptable, addition of 0.3～0.5% of hot water extract powder from safflower seed was found to be the best. However, further studies on smells are needed to make processed foodstuffs with safflower seed.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.518-526
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• 2015

Objectives This study investigated the effect of purified safflower (Carthamus tinctorius Linne) and safflower seed (Carthamus tinctorius L. seed; CS) extract, using hot water and ethanol extract methods , on the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3E1 cells.Methods The safflower and safflower seed were extracted with hot water and ethanol. The samples were concentrated by a rotary evaporator and then freeze-dried using a freeze-dryer. The MC3T3E1 cells were propagated and maintained in DMEM (Gibco) containing 10% FBS and a 1% antibiotic antimycotic solution. To induce osteogenic differentiation, the cells were treated for 14 days with DMEM with 10 mM β-glycerophosphate and 50 μM ascorbic acid. Extract doses were confirmed by the results of an MTT assay, and treatment of the extracts was performed in a differentiation medium every two days. The ALP staining and activity were tested after osteogenic differentiation for five days, and after 14 days, osteogenic differentiation was determined by alizarin red S staining. The mRNA expressions of osteogenic-related genes were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR.Results In the results of the MTT assay, all concentrations of safflower extracts had no toxicity in the MC3T3El cells. But in the groups of 100 ng/ml and 200 ng/ml concentrations of safflower seed extracts, the cell viability was significantly reduced by up to 40-50%. So we fixed the treatment concentration of the extract at 50 ng/ml. In the ALP and alizarin red S staining, all extract groups increased osteogenic differentiation compared with the control group. The water-safflower extract group showed the highest mRNA level of Alp, Runx2, and Dlx5 genes. The mRNA level of Ocn, an osteogenic gene related to late-stage differentiation, in the ethanol-safflower extract group increased the mineralization more significantly than in other groups.Conclusions These data suggest that the extract of safflower increases the osteoblastic differentiation activates of MC3T3E1 cells like the extract of safflower seed. The water-extract and ethanol-extract of safflower have effects on different stages of osteogenesis in MC3T3El. Not only safflower seed but also safflower will be useful therapeutic reagents for age-associated chronic diseases such as osteoporosis.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.553-569
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• 2000

Many natural medicines have been studied for their capacity and effects of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and regenerative potential in periodontal tissues. Safflower seed has been traditionally used as a drug for treatment of bone fracture in oriental medicine. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of safflower seed extract and bone substitute on bone formation and regeneration in artificial defects in mongrel dogs. The bony defects were made with round bur at mandible and tibia. Extracts of safflower seed and bovine bone were placed directly at each defect for experimental group, and the defect of control group was sutured without any other treatment. Experimental animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks. And then histopathologic reading and histomorphometric study was done. There was not significant differences between control and experimental groups in osteoclastic activity and infiltration of inflammatory cells. However, new capillary proliferation, fibrosis and new bone formation were prominent in safflower seed extract group. The mandibular defects of safflower seed extract group were healed with dense connective and bony tissues, and endochondral bone formation was observed in tibial defect of safflower seed extract group only. New bone area of safflower seed extract group was more significantly increased than that of control and that of bone substitute group. These results indicate that direct local application of safflower seed extracts on bony defects seems to reduces the early inflammatory response and to promotes the bone regeneration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.528-534
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• 2001

Much attention has been given to the role of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed in preventing and treating osteroporosis recently. Although numerous studies were done on effects of safflower oil, no attention was given to the role of dietary fiber of safflower seeds. This study was aimed at investigating physiological significance of defatted safflower seed as a source of dietary fiber. Sprague Dawley female rats were assigned one of 5 groups: ovariectomized control (Ovx-control) group and ovariectomized rats 15% (Ovx-ss15) and 30% defatted safflower seed (Ovx-SS30), sham-operated (Sham) group and a normal group. Cholesterol was supplemented to all diets at 0.5% except the normal diet. Ovariectomized rats were pair-fed isocalorically to the Sham group. Ovariectomy caused heavier body weight, but feeding 30% safflower seed brought back to the level of Sham group. Activities of disaccharidases of jejunal mucosa were significantly lowered in Ovx-control group compared to those of Sham, and supplementation of safflower seed tended to increase the activities. Fecal weight of Ovx-SS15 and Ovx-SS30 were almost twice as those of Ovx-control Sham. Propionic acid and butyric acid concentrations per g of feces of Ovx-SS15 and daily excretion of these fatty acids were significantly increased as compared to those of Sham and Ovx-control. In concentration defatted safflower seed supplementation significantly increased fecal bulk and short chain fatty acid production in large intestine of rats.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.373-377
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• 2009

Safflower seed extract was prepared by a high-pressure extraction technology and its quality characteristics were compared to that of other conventional extraction techniques, such ultrasonic and reflux extractions. Safflower seeds were extracted with 80% aqueous ethanol by three above extraction methods, and further fractionated with Diaion HP-20 column chromatography to obtain a partially purified safflower seed extract (PPSSE). Among the three extraction techniques examined, the reflux extraction showed the higher yields of EtOH extract and PPE than the ultrasonic and high-pressure extractions. Levels of most phenolic compounds in the EtOH extract of safflower seed are higher in reflux and ultrasonic extractions than the high pressure extraction, but levels of two serotonin aglycones, N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin (CS) and N-feruloylserotonin (FS), in PPSSE were higher in the high pressure extraction than the reflux and ultrasonic extractions. In addition, color values (L and a) of the PPSSE were higher in the high-pressure extraction than the reflux and ultrasonic extractions, although there were no significant differences in pH and UV maxima absorption spectra among three extraction techniques. These results indicate that the high-pressure extraction technology is a simple and effective extraction for preparation of a high quality of safflower seed extract containing CS and FS with anti-wrinkle activity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 2000

Drink and tea-bag were processed with safflower seed powder. Drinks were processed with 90$^{\circ}$C hot water extraction. Yield, soluble solid, pH and centrifugation residue of drinks were ranged in 79.2~89.3%, 0.6~0.99%, 5.98~6.40 and 1.00~1.18, respectively. Sensory score of overall acceptance in drinks were highest at that of enzyme treated drink. Tea-bag was processed with roasted safflower seed powder, alone(1.2g) and the mixtured tea-bags were consisted of persimmon leaves, pine needle and angelica gigas powder in same amount, respectively. Teas were prepared with extraction at 80$^{\circ}$C water for 2 min. Soluble solid and sensory evaluation score of teas were the highest when the tea was processed with safflower seed alone.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.263-273
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the Korean Safflower (Carthamus inctorius L) seed powder on serum level of hormones and trabecula area during the recovery from osteoporosis induced ovariectomized rats. Four month-old rats were ovariectomized (OVX), remained untreated for 8 weeks, and were subsequently administered safflower seed (0.03 g/kg) every other day 30 for days. We examined the effects of treated safflower seed every 10 days on ovariectomy-related changes in Insulin-like Growth Factors, Insulin-like Growth Factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), Estrogen, Bone-specific alkaline phosphotase, Calcium, and Phospotase in the serum, and also histomorphology of the proximal fibula metaphysis and femur/body weight rate. Ten and 20 days after safflower seed treatment in OVX rats, serum levels of IGF-I, -II and IGFBP-3 were not different from the Sham and OVX groups. In 30 days, serum levels of IGF-I,-II and IGFBP-3 were higher after safflower seed treatment in OVX rats as compared to the other two groups (p<0.05). Bone alkaline phosphatase levels were increased through safflower seed treatment in OVX rats compared to the other two groups in 30 days. There were no differences between OVX and safflower seed treated OVX rats in serum levels of estrogen and femur/body weight rate, but estrogen levels for the sham group were higher than for the other two groups. The safflower seed is increased to serum levels of IGFs, IGFBP-3 and BALP of osteoporosis induced by ovariectomized rats. Thus, we conclude that the safflower seed is a possible role for improvement of osteoporosis induced-ovariectomized rats.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2002

Korean safflower (Carthami Flos) seed has been known to have healing effects on both bone fracture and osteoporosis. On the base of such a notice, this experiment was carried out to explore the effects of safflower seed on bone formation and bone repair. In addition, the healing mechanism was evaluated by analysing serum after feeding the seed to experimental. animals. The effect of Korean safflower seed were evaluated with 40 rats,3-month old. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats composed of 20 male and 20 female were underwent unilateral tibial defect and then fastened with unilateral fixators. The operated rats were divided into two groups depending on the composition of diet, such as positive control group fed normal diet (C-OP group) and safflower seed group fed 30% of safflower seed diet and 70% of normal diet (S-OP group). Postoperative radiographys were taken once in 2 weeks to evaluate callus formation for operated groups. In addition, a possible protein spots involved in bone recovery were examined using 2-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2-DE). The comparison of the radiography between C-OP and S-OP group were showed that the safflower seed diet appeared to stimulate the formation of callus in the rat. On the images of 2-BE, it was able to identify possible five protein spots, having pl from 4 to 5 and molecular weight range from 24 to 26 kDa, involved in bone formation and repair, since no differing protein spots were found the two between groups except the five spots. No differences were observed between two groups before operation, but clear and bigger protein spots were observed from the S-OP group compared with C-OP group on 6 and 9 weeks post operation. These protein spots were, however, showed similar sizes and densities between two groups in 12 weeks later. The transformation of protein spots was suggested that these protein spots were involved in bone formation and recovery, in addition safflower seed might induce the formation of factors and activate these factors. In conclusion, this study suggest that safflower seed influence a variety of factors in the course of bone formation or the periods of remedy.