• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 1981

홍삼(紅蔘)의 특징(特徵)이라고 할 수 있는 갈색화반응(褐色化反應)에 의(依)해서 생성(生成)된 갈변물질(褐變物質)의 항산화효과(抗酸化?果)와 여러가지 기본적(基本的)인 성질(性質)을 조사(調査)하였다. 인삼(人蔘) model system을 이용(利用)하여 갈변반응(褐變反應)을 시킨 결과(結果) 갈색도(褐色度)는 반응시간(反應時間)에 비례(比例)하여 증가(增加)하였으나 항산화효과(抗酸化?果)는 반응시간(反應時間) 17시간(時間)까지 갈색도(褐色度)에 비례(比例)하여 증가(增加)하였으나 그 이후에는 일정(一定)한 level을 유지하였다. 증삼시간별(蒸蔘時間別)로 실제(實際) 홍삼(紅蔘)을 제조(製造)하여 갈색도(褐色度) 및 항산화능(抗酸化能)을 조사(調査)한 바 model system에서 얻은 결과(結果)와 유사(類似)하였다. 투석(透析)에 의해서 분리(分離)된 인삼갈변반응물질(人蔘褐變反應物質)은 외액(外液)이 내액(內液)보다 갈색도(褐色度)가 낮았지만 더 강(强)한 항산화효과(抗酸化效果)를 보였다. 인삼갈변물질(人蔘褐變物質)을 Amberlite 이온교환수지(交換樹脂)를 사용(使用)하여 3개의 peak로 분리(分離)하였으며 유출(流出)차례에 따라 fraction I, II 및 III으로 명명(命名)하였다. 가장 갈색도(褐色度)가 강(强)한 fraction II는 전체(全體) peak의 80.7%로 강(强)한 항산화효과(抗酸化效果)를 나타냈으며 Somogyi-Nelson시약(試藥)에 대(對)하여 환원능(還元能)을 보였고 ninhydrin반응(反應)에 양성(陽性)이었다. 인삼갈변반응물질(人蔘褐變反應物質)과 백삼(白蔘) 및 홍삼(紅蔘)의 75% ethanol 추출물(抽出物)이 DPPH에 대(對)한 수소공여성(水素供與性)을 측정(測定)한 바 백삼(白蔘)은 수소공여성(水素供與性)이 거의 없었으나 홍삼추출물(紅蔘抽出物)은 수소공여성(水素供與性)이 강(强)하였다. 특히 인삼갈변반응물질(人蔘褐變反應物質)은 5mg/ml의 농도(濃度)에서 BHA와 같은 level의 수소공여성(水素供與性)을 나타냈다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.161-171
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the effect of complex formula(CKRG) consisting of Panax ginseng Radix rubra Koreana. Ganoderma, Cinnamomi Cortex, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Laminariae Thallus on brain ischemia and injury such as KCN-induced brain injury, forced brain ischemia, pulmonary thrombosis. The results were summarized as follows: 1. CKRG extracts showed a decrease of the duration of KCN-induced coma and showcd an increase in life expectancy. 2. CKRG extracts showed a decrease of neurologic grade in hind limb but did not affect neurologic grades in fore limb. Also. CKRG extracts showed a significant decrease of brain ischemic area and edema in MCA occlusion, 3. CKRG extracts showed a protective effect on pulmonary thrombosis induced by collagen and epinephrine. These data suggested that CKRG extracts could be applied to the protection of brain ischemia and injury.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.58-65
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• 2015

This study is designed to investigate the protective effects of fermented Red Ginseng (FRG) against photoaging in vitro and in vivo. UVB was irradiated to the human keratinocyte HaCaT cell and dorsal skin of SKH-1 mice for the induction of photoaging. After treatment of non-fermented red ginseng (NRG), fermented red ginseng (FRG), and fortified fermented red ginseng (FFRG) to the UVB irradiated HaCaT cell, ROS production and activity of MMP-9 were examined by DCFC-DA assay and gelatin zymographic assay respectively. UVB irradiated SKH-1 mice were treated with NRG, FRG, and FFRG via oral(300 mg/Kg B.W./day) and topical($100{\mu}{\ell}/mouse/day$) route.All of NRG, FRG, and FFRG had significantly reduced the intracellular ROS production elicited by UVB, among them FRG slightly more reduced the ROS production than NRG and FFRG. FFRG had slightly more reduced the MMP-9 activity in UVB irradiated HaCaT cells than NRG and FFRG in high dose. Oral and topical treatment of NRG, FRG, and FFRG had decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2, -3, and -9 in dorsal skin of UVB irradiated mice. Among them, inhibitory effect of FRG on the expression of MMP-2 was apparent. We speculate that FRG has therapeutic potentials on the UVB irradiated photoaging.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.385-389
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 홍삼 추출물 제조과정에서 추출 수율을 향상시킬 수 있는 효소를 선별하고 최적의 반응조건을 조사하였다. 상업용 단백질 분해효소 중 Alcalase가 단백질과 탄수화물 수율 향상에 효과적이었으며, 효소 사용량은 홍삼 중량의 2%, 반응 시간은 1.5시간이 적당하였다. 최적의 반응조건으로 홍삼을 Alcalase로 처리한 결과 대조구보다 고형분 수율은 45.1%에서 71.1%로 50% 이상, 총페놀 함량은 0.44%에서 0.80%로 80% 이상 증가하였으며, 항산화 활성은 대조군과 매우 유사하였다. 또한 진세노사이드 함량은 대조구의 1.48 mg/g에서 1.98 mg/g으로 30% 이상 증가하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.275-282
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• 2022

Background: Stroke is a neurological disorder characterized by brain tissue damage following a decrease in oxygen supply to brain due to blocked blood vessels. Reportedly, 80% of all stroke cases are classified as cerebral infarction, and the incidence rate of this condition increases with age. Herein, we compared the efficacies of Korean White ginseng (WG) and Korean Red Ginseng (RG) extracts (WGex and RGex, respectively) in an ischemic stroke mouse model and confirmed the underlying mechanisms of action. Methods: Mice were orally administered WGex or RGex 1 h before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), for 2 h; the size of the infarct area was measured 24 h after MCAO induction. Then, the neurological deficit score was evaluated and the efficacies of the two extracts were compared. Finally, their mechanisms of action were confirmed with tissue staining and protein quantification. Results: In the MCAO-induced ischemic stroke mouse model, WGex and RGex showed neuroprotective effects in the cortical region, with RGex demonstrating superior efficacy than WGex. Ginsenoside Rg1, a representative indicator substance, was not involved in mediating the effects of WGex and RGex. Conclusion: WGex and RGex could alleviate the brain injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion, with RGex showing a more potent effect. At 1,000 mg/kg body weight, only RGex reduced cerebral infarction and edema, and both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways were involved in mediating these effects.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.86-92
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• 2007

본 실험은 홍삼을 이용하여 주름 예방에 효과가 있는 건강 기능 식품을 개발하기 위한 기초 자료로 활용하고자 홍삼이 사람의 섬유아세포에 대한 콜라겐 생합성 정도, 콜라겐 분해효소 활성, 세포 증식, 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 조사포닌은 홍삼물엑기스 (WE), 에탄올 엑기스 (EE), 에탄올엑기스를 88% 주정으로 용해시켜 정제한 엑기스 (PE) 에서 각각 72 mg/g, 107 mg/g, 220 mg/g으로 함유되어 있었다. 홍삼시료는 1 ${\mu}g/ml$, 5 ${\mu}g/ml$, 10 ${\mu}g/ml$의 농도로 첨가하여 섬유아세포를 배양하였다 . 콜라겐 생합성 정도는 대조군이 1.86 ${\mu}g/ml$이었고 Retinoic acid의 경우 0.03 ${\mu}g/ml$의 농도로 처리했을 때 2.85 ${\mu}g/ml$이었다 . 홍삼의 첨가농도 10 ${\mu}g/ml$을 기준으로 할 때 물엑기스에서는 대조군과 유사하였고, EE (ethanol extract)에서는 2.05 ${\mu}g/ml$, PE (purified ethanol extract)에서는 2.58 ${\mu}g/ml$, ginsenoside $Rg_1$은 2.01 ${\mu}g/ml$이었으며 $Rb_1$은 3.07 ${\mu}g/ml$의 콜라겐을 생성하여 대조군에 비하여 165% 증가하였으며 retinoic acid보다 더 높았다. MMP-1 활성에서는 10 ${\mu}g/ml$의 농도로 배양했을 때 EE, PE, $Rg_1$, $Rb_1$에서 대조군의 92%, 94%, 91%, 48%을 나타내어 $Rb_1$이 저해효과가 뚜렷하였다. MTT assay에서 모든 시료는 대조군에 비하여 84%${\sim}$96%의 수준으로 세포 생존율을 나타내어 의미있는 세포 독성을 나타내지 않았다. 항산화 정도를 나타내는 SOD 활성은 높은 수준은 아니었으나 Vit.C에 비하여 28${\sim}$79%의 활성을 나타내었다. 이상의 실험 결과를 종합해 볼 때 홍삼 시료는 사람의 섬유아세포에 대하여 콜라겐 생합성을 증가시키고 MMP-I 활성을 억제하였으며 항산화 효과를 나타내어 피부 주름 생성을 억제하는 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었고, 홍삼의 사포닌 성분 중에서는 $ginsenoside-Rg_1$에 비하여 $ginsenoside-Rb_1$이 더 효과적이었다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.42-51
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• 2012

Objectives: This study used the basic principle of Oriental medicine, the sovereign, minister, assistant and courier principle (君臣佐使論) to investigate the effects of the component of ONGABO, which is composed of Ginseng Radix (Red Ginseng), Angelica Gigantis Radix, Schisandrae Fructus, Cuscuta Semen and Curcumae tuber on the viability of HepG2 cells. Methods: Single and mixed extracts of the component of ONGABO were prepared by lypohilizing powder of Red Ginseng (6-year root from Kanghwa), Angelica Gigantis Radix, Schisandrae Fructus, Cuscuta Semen, Curcumae Tuber (from Omniherb Co., Ltd., Korea) at the laboratory of herbal medicine in Woosuk University and were eluted after being macerated with 100% ethanol for three days. The cell viability of HepG2 was determined by using an absorptiometric analysis with PrestoBlue (Invitrogen) reagent after the plate had been incubated for 48 hours. All of the experiments were repeated three times to obtain the average value and standard deviation. The statistical analysis was done and the correlation factor was obtained by using Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and Origin 6.0 software. Results: Although Ginseng Radix (Red Ginseng) and Schisandrae Fructus did not enhance the viability of HepG2 cells, they were shown to provide protection of those cells. On the other hand, Angelica Gigantis Radix decreased the viability of HepG2 cells significantly, Cuscuta Semen and Curcumae Tuber had a small or no effect on the viability of HepG2 cells. Conclusions: In the sovereign, minister, assistant and courier principle (君臣佐使論), Ginseng Radix (Red Ginseng) corresponds to the sovereign component because it provides cell protection effects, Angelica Gigantis Radix corresponds to minister medicinal because it kills cells, Schisandrae Fructus corresponds to the assistant medicinal to help red ginseng having cell protect effects. Cuscuta Semen and Curcumae Tuber correspond to the courier medicinal having no effect in cell viability in HepG2. We hope this study provides motivation for advanced research on the sovereign, minister, assistant and courier principle.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.140-146
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• 1998

It was founded that an X-compound is contained in extracts from the root of old red ginseng (6RG) compared with that from the root of 4-year old red ginseng(4RG). Both water extract and petroleum ether extract (PEII) from 6RG or 4RG inhibited the release of [$^{3}H$]-serotonin induced by platelet activating factor (PAF; 40 ng/ml). Water extract and PEll from 6RG Inhibited potently PAF-induced [$^{3}H$]-serotonin release compared with those from 4RG. X-compound out of both water extract and PEll from 6RG inhibited the release of [$^{3}H$]-serotonin inducted by collagen (100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) or thrombin(20 U/ml). X-compound had a synergistic effect with water extract from 4RG on collagen-and thrombin-induced [3H] -serotonin release out of human platelets. The concentration(IC50) of X-compound that require to inhibit 50% of [$^{3}H$]-serotonin-release was 3.25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, and it is inferred that maximum concentration of X-compound that inhibits the release of [$^{3}H$]-serotonin is 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. Because thrombosis is resulted mainly from the irreversible aggregations which are intimately related with the serotonin release and migraine is also caused when serotonin is released, it is inferred that water extract, PEII and X-compound from 6RG have antithrombosis and antimigrainous functions by inhibiting the release of serotonin from human platelets.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.658-666
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• 2016

본 연구는 홍삼박 물추출물(RGW), 에탄올추출물(RGE), 1,3-B.G추출물(RGB)을 HPLC로 성분 분석과 B16F10에 대한 세포생존율, 항산화능 및 주름개선 효능 평가를 실시하여 홍삼박 추출물의 화장품 소재로서의 응용가능성을 알아보았다. 추출물의 HPLC 성분 분석 결과, 세 가지 추출물 모두 다양한 종류의 진세노사이드가 검출되었으며 그 중 RGB가 가장 많은 함량의 진세노사이드가 검출되었다. B16F10의 세포생존율 측정 결과, RGW와 RGB가 유사하며, RGE보다 높은 생존율을 보여주었다. DPPH radical 소거능 측정 결과 RGE>RGB>RGW 순으로 나타났으며 SOD유사활성능 측정 결과는 RGB>RGE>RGW순으로 활성능을 보여주었다. Elastase 저해능 측정 결과에서는 RGW>RGB>RGE 순으로 활성을 보였다. 위와 같은 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 피부안전성이 우수하며 항산화 및 주름개선 화장품소재로서 RGW와 RGB가 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.149-153
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to develop a new preparation process of ginseng extract with the high concentration of prosapogenin, the specific component in Red ginseng. Chemical transformation from the ginseng saponin glycosides to the prosapogenin was analyzed by the HPLC. The extracts of ginseng leaf and stem were processed at the several treatment conditions of the microwave and vinegar(about 14% acidity). MGLS-20 findings show that the ginseng leaf and stem extracts that had been processed with microwave and vinegar for 20 minutes peaked in the level of ginsenoside $Rg_3$(0.906%). MGLS-25 peaked in the level of ginsenoside $Rg_5$(0.329%) in the ginseng leaf and stem extract processed with microwave and vinegar for 25 minute. And the other kinds of ginseng prosapogenin did not show a higher content.