• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.69-79
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• 2009

Objective: In this study, the immunomodulatory activity of a mixture of wild Panax ginseng and red-mold rice extracts (MPR) on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in the presence and absence of methotrexate (MTX), an anti-cancer drug, was investigated. Methods and Results: In the cell viability, MPR showed a significant cell proliferation and inhibited cell regression by red-mold rice (RMR) alone or MTX alone. MPR induced moderate increase in nitric oxide (NO) production. NO production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression by LPS decreased after MPR treatment. In addition, MPR slightly induced COX-2 mRNA expression, but it did not affect the expression of COX-2 mRNA by LPS treatment. In RT-PCR analyses, MPR induced IL-$1{\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA expression, but had no effect on IL-10 and TGF-$\beta$, regardless of MTX treatment. Furthermore, MPR did not interfere with the cytotoxicity of MTX against MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. Conclusions: MPR is efficacious in protecting against MTX-induced cell regression as a result of macrophage activation, resulting in induction of cytokine expression, implying that MPR could be considered an adjuvant in MTX-chemotherapy.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.257-264
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• 2005

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of red ginseng extract on the growth of Lactobacillus sp. (L acidophilus, L casei, L salivarius), Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes in pH controled medium by $\beta-Glycerol\;PO_4$ buffer. The growth of Lactobacillus sp. was show a similar pattern in control and MRS broth with red ginseng extract $1.0\%$ but was remarkably show inhibiting in MRS broth with over $2.0\%$ red ginseng extracts. The growth of E coli was inhibited in Trypticase soy broth with $1.0\%$ red ginseng extracts. Also the growth of L monocytogenes was inhibited in Trypticase soy broth with $5.0\%$ red ginseng extract The growth of L acidophilus KCTC3150, L casei KCTC3189, L salivarius ssp. salivarius CNU27, and E coli KCTC1039, L monocytogenes KCTC3443 were remarkably inhibited in pH non-control medium and pH control medium with $10\%$ red ginseng extract These results was suggested to effect of inhibition of microorganisms growth not pH decrease by organic acid but another components in red ginseng extract.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to develop a new preparation process of ginseng extracts having high concentrations of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$ and $Rk_1$, a special component of Red ginseng. Chemical transformation from ginseng saponin glycosides to prosapogenin was analyzed by the HPLC. Extracts of White ginseng (Panax ginseng) and Fine White ginseng were processed under several treatment conditions including microwave and vinegar (about 14% acidity) treatments. Results of those treatments showed that the quantity of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ increased by over 0.6% at 4 minutes of pH 2~4 vinegar and microwave treatments. The results of processing with MWG-4 indicate that the Microwave and vinegar processed white ginseng extracts (about 14% acidity) that had gone through 4-minute treatments were found to contain the largest amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (0.626%), $Rg_5$ (0.514%) and $Rk_1$ (0.220%). Results of treatments with MFWG-5 showed that the Fine White ginseng extracts that had been processed with microwave and vinegar (about 14% acidity) for 5 minutes were found to contain the largest amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (4.484%), $Rg_5$ (3.192%) and $Rk_1$ (1.684%). It is thought that such results provide basic information in preparing White ginseng and Fine White ginseng extracts with functionality enhanced.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.823-832
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• 2020

Background: The formation of a nanotube layer on a titanium nanotube (N-Ti) plate facilitates an active reaction between bone cells and the material surface via efficient delivery of the surface materials of the dental implant into the tissues. Studies have reported that Korean Red Ginseng extracts (KRGEs) are involved in a variety of pharmacological activities: we investigated whether implantation with a KRGE-loaded N-Ti miniimplant affects osteogenesis and osseointegration. Methods: KRGE-loaded nanotubes were constructed by fabrication on pure Ti via anodization, and MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured on the N-Ti. N-Ti implants were subsequently placed on a rat's edentulous mandibular site. New bone formation and bone mineral density were measured to analyze osteogenesis and osseointegration. Results: KRGE-loaded N-Ti significantly increased the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells compared with cells on pure Ti without any KRGE loading. After 1-4 weeks, the periimplant tissue in the edentulous mandibular of the healed rat showed a remarkable increase in new bone formation and bone mineral density. In addition, high levels of the bone morphogenesis protein-2 and bone morphogenesis protein-7, besides collagen, were expressed in the periimplant tissues. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that KRGE-induced osteogenesis and osseointegration around the miniimplant may facilitate the clinical application of dental implants.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.367-372
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• 2012

Antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic activities of fermented red ginseng added with 5 kinds of medicinal herbs (FRGM) were investigated in vitro. Total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents in FRGM extracts were $22.41{\pm}3.51$ and $16.80{\pm}4.22{\mu}g/mg$, respectively. FRGM extracts were capable of directly scavenging DPPH free radicals ($RC_{50}=95.57{\pm}7.40{\mu}g/mL$), and then showed higher inhibitory activities for ${\alpha}$-glucosidase. This study was also conducted to evaluate the effects of FRGM extracts in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic (DM) rats. The activities with regards to serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were significantly decreased by FRGM extracts compared to those from the STZ group. The hepatic glutathione content depleted by STZ was significantly increased by FRGM extracts, but elevation of lipid peroxide content induced by STZ was significantly decreased by FRGM extracts. The decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase after STZ-treatment were increased through the treatment of FRGM extracts. These results indicated that fermented red ginseng added with medicinal herbs can protect against STZ-induced diabetic rats through its antioxidant properties.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.169-171
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• 1978

Methanolic extracts of fresh ginseng, white ginseng and red ginseng were found to have a biological antioxidant activity against ethanol induced lipid peroxidation in the mouse liver. This antioxidant activities were repressed by the addition of ferric ion to the Korean ginseng in the process of its extraction.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.390-396
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• 2008

For evaluating the quality of ginseng, simple and fast analysis methods are needed to determine the ginsenoside content of the ginseng products. The aim of this study was therefore to optimize conditions for fast analysis of the ginsenosides, the active ingredients in extracts of Korean red ginseng. When tandem HPLC mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used, four forms of ginsenoside, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Re, were readily separated in seven minutes using a gradient mobile phase (acetonitrile and water containing acetic acid). This is the shortest separation time reported among the studies of major ginsenoside analysis. When gradient HPLC with UV detection was used, the detection limit was high, but separation of these four ginsenosides required 25 minutes using acetonitrile and water containing formic acid as a mobile phase. HPLC-MS/MS was able to separate ginsenoside Rg1 easily regardless of the mobile phase condition, but the HPLC-UV could not separate Rg1 because acetonitrile concentration in the mobile phase had to be maintained below 20%. Ginsenoside peaks were clearer and had more sensitive detection limits when Korean red ginseng extract was analyzed by the HPLC-MS/MS, but the UV detection was useful for chromatographic fingerprinting of all four major ginsenosides of the extract: Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Re. Extracts were found to contain 2.17 mg, 1.51 mg, 1.29 mg, and 0.46 mg of ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Re, respectively, per gram weight. The ratios of each ginsenoside in the extracts were 1.0 : 0.7 : 0.6 : 0.2, respectively. Taken together, the results indicate that HPLC-MS/MS spectrometry could be the most useful method for rapid analysis of even small amounts of major ginsenosides, while HPLC with UV detection could also be used for rapid analysis of major ginsenosides and for quality control of ginseng products.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.418-429
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• 2021

This paper investigates the antioxidant activity and quality characteristics of yanggaeng containing white ginseng and red ginseng extracts and their enzyme hydrolysates that were produced for the purpose of the study. White and red ginseng extracts were hydrolyzed using Rapidase C80 max, Pyr-flo, and Ultimase MFC. Ginsenoside F2 and compound K (CK) were not detected in white and red ginseng before enzymic reaction but were detected in white and red ginseng hydrolyzed through Rapidase C80 max, Pyr-flo, and Ultimase MFC, and the content of CK was the highest in the second enzymic reaction group of red ginseng. Upon preparing yanggaeng containing white and red ginseng before or after enzymatic hydrolysis, the polyphenol content and antioxidant abilities were analyzed. The yanggaeng containing enzyme-hydrolyzed white ginseng and red ginseng showed greater total polyphenol content, superior DPPH radical scavenging activity, superior ABTS radical scavenging activity, and superior FRAP analysis results compared to the yanggaeng that doesn't contain white or red ginseng. As the enzymic reaction was performed in the added white and red ginseng, the antioxidant activity increased significantly (P<0.05). In brightness(L^*), non-additive yanggaeng (control group) was the highest, red ginseng yanggaeng (RG) showed the highest redness(a^*), and the white ginseng yanggaeng (WG) showed the highest yellowness(b^*). In terms of texture, the yanggaeng containing red ginseng with second hydrolysis (RG-T2) showed significantly high results in hardness, springiness, chewiness, cohesiveness, and gumminess (P<0.05). In conclusion, treating white and red ginseng with Rapidase C80 max, Pyr-flo, and Ultimase MFC is very useful in ginsenoside deglycosylation and will produce CK with excellent biological activity. It can also be seen that yanggaeng containing white and red ginseng hydrolyzed with enzymes significantly increase total polyphenol and antioxidant activity compared to the control group (yanggaeng with no added ginseng). These results will be useful as excellent foundational data for the production of functional yanggaeng in the future.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 2021

Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a well-known traditional medicine, with numerous biological functions in the body. Portulaca oleracea (P. ole) belongs to the Portulacaceae family and has bioactive potential as a traditional medicine. This study aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of Korean red ginseng extract (RGE) and P. ole extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. The combination of RGE (50 ㎍/mL) and P. ole (6.25 ㎍/mL) extracts significantly suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide synthesis. The expression of proinflammatory mediators, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, were markedly decreased by the combined treatment with RGE (50 ㎍/mL) and P. ole (6.25 ㎍/mL). Moreover, iNOS and COX-2 protein expression levels were also significantly reduced in the combined treatment compared to the LPS-stimulated group. In addition, the nuclear translocation of phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa-B was suppressed by the treatment with RGE and P. ole. Moreover, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was also partially inhibited by the combination treatment with RGE and P. ole. Our results demonstrate that the treatment mixture with RGE and P. ole could be used as functional food and therapeutic herbal medicine in various inflammatory diseases.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.172-178
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• 2009

This study investigated the quality characteristics of red ginseng extracts prepared using alkaline water. The principal extract mineral was calcium, at 61.73-180.63 mg%, and alkalinity increased as the ionization minerals concentration rose. Alkaline red ginseng extracts(AKRGEs) 3, 6, and 9 were found to have pH values of 4.9-5.0, to be of 3.03-3.43 degrees of $^{\circ}Brix$, with soluble solid contents of 2.33-2.60%(w/v). Extract 3 was brown in color, thus similar to that of(conventional) red ginseng extract(RGE). The calcium contents and alkalinity levels of AKRGE 6 and AKRGE 9 were approximately 18-29-fold and 5-11-fold higher, respectively, than those of RGE and five commercial samples of red ginseng. AKRGEs showed lower crude saponin contents than did RGE, but ginsenoside contents did not differ significantly between RGE and AKRGEs. The DPPH-assayed free-radical and superoxide radical scavenging activities of AKRGEs were 12-13% and about 20%, respectively, thus similar to those of RGE. In sensory evaluation tests, AKRGE 3 and 6 were less bitter and better in overall quality than was RGE.