• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.208-209
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• 2000

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.524-531
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• 1996

The objective of this study was to determine the important factors affecting the early natural regeneration of Pinus densiflora S. et Z. Seed germination, survival and height growth of the pine seedlings were examined at four experimental plots of P. densiflora forests including forest roadside. Plots I and III were thinned in 1992, plot II was treated with hexazinone in 1993 after seed tree method was applied in 1982 and 1989. Seedlings emerged after thinning and the rate of their emergence depended on forest floor conditions. Seedling survival was related with light conditions, herbaceous vegetation, and degrees of rainfall. More seedlings emerged in forest hauling roads than within the forest because soil scarification due to logging provided better conditions for seed germination and seedling growth. Seed supply was enough, but germination rate was very low in the forest compared with that in the greenhouse because micro-environments such as organic layer and herbaceous plant acted as limiting factors. Weed control was needed for 4 to 5 years until seedlings grew upto about 50cm in height which was similar to that of herbaceous plants. But 10-40% coverage of herbaceous vegetation was needed to protect small seedlings from heavy rain. Forest works such as thinning and logging, over 40% of light were important factors to help the pine regeneration. However, over 70% coverage of herbaceous vegetation, and heavy rain inhibited rather survival and growth of pine seedlings.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.127-135
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• 2011

This study was carried out in each three study areas of Pinus densiflora community and Quercus mongolica community from March 5th, 2008 to October 15th, 2010 to analyze the relationship between seed bank and the actual vegetation of the lower layer. Based on the relationship between the lower layer of actual vegetation and the germination of seed bank, all of three study areas, the similarity of the actual vegetation of the lower layer and seed bank were high in Plot 1 (84.62%) and Plot 3 (89.91%). As for Quercus mongolica community, the similarity was high between the actual vegetation of the lower layer and seed bank in Plot 4 (82.24%) and Plot 6 (89.47%). Especially, the germination of the pine seed banks in the Pinus densiflora community compared to other tree species appeared in all. In Quercus mongolica community, Quercus mongolica did not appear among the seeds germinated in the seek bank, but the other tree species constituting the under layer of the community. In case of the restoration based on the actual vegetation, it is desirable to sue the lower layer of vegetation as the model for the making of its alternatives for restoration works of the species.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.219-236
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• 1989

The effect of salinity on the seed germination and seedling growth of Pinus densiflora for. erecta Uyeki were studied under the controlled conditions in the growth chamber. The seeds were sorted into three classes in weight such as large ($15.49\pm$1.63mg), medium($10.61\pm$1.38mg), and small ($6.57\pm$1.33mg) to determine the role of seed weight in germination and seedling growth of the pine. Polymorphic seeds of the pine were germinated an salinity range of 0 to 1.5% NaCl under various temperature ($10^{\circ}$ $-25^{\circ}$ with $5^{\circ}$C interval of constant temperature, and $10^{\circ}$ $-20^{\circ}$C, $15^{\circ}$ $-25^{\circ}$C of alternating temperature) in order to determine their germinability and seeding growth. In control plot, there was little difference of germination percentage among the seed weight classes, but in saline plot, the larger seeds generally had a higher percentage and rate of germination. There occurred synergistic interaction between salinity and temperature in the germination and the increase of temperature enhanced germination of seeds at the same salinity level. Alternating temperature regimes of $15^{\circ}$-$25^{\circ}$C yielded maximum germination and no germination was occurred at $10^{\circ}C$. The germination at alternating temperature showed higher germination percentage than at constant temperature. The percentage and of germination decreased drastically with increased salinity level to 1.00%; no germination was occurred at 1.50% salinity level. The growth fo sddelings from larger seeds was better than that of smaller seeds at the same salinity and temperature. The hypocotyl and radicle were more sensitive than cotyledon to the increased salinity stress.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2017

Vegetable seed oils (VSOs) have been extracted and used not only as ingredients in food and as sources of dietary lipids, but also as sources of nutraceuticals used to overcome the various oxidative stresses that contribute to the development of diseases, including cancer and other chronic conditions. The chemical compositions and oxidative stabilities of various VSOs were therefore investigated; samples were stored for 35 d, with each oil having been tested under $O_2$ exposure, sealed from $O_2$ exposure and sealed from $O_2$ exposure while containing $O_2$ scavengers. Oxidative stability was evaluated by peroxide value (POV), p-anisidine value (p-AnV), iodine value (IV), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value. Perilla seed and flaxseed oil were mostly composed of linolenic acid (45.5% and 59.7%, respectively), whereas pine seed oil was mostly composed of linoleic acid (48.3%). Meanwhile, camellia seed and olive oils contained 80% oleic acid, which correlated strongly with oxidative stability. The POV, p-AnV, and TBA values were the highest under $O_2$ exposure, and the lowest in the presence of $O_2$ scavengers. These results indicate that VOS oxidative stability depends not only on storage conditions, but on unsaturated fatty acid profiles as well.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1983

Flowering time of Pinus rigida Mill and Pinus taeda L, in an $F_1$-hybrid seed orchard was investigated for five years from 1971 through 1975. The two tree species flowered during late April to early May at the observation site, Flowering patterns of the two species of different sex of the same species changed yearly during the five observation years. Floral development of the two species appeared to depend largely on temperature factor during the period of the initiation of floral organs up to flowering provided that other environmental factors are normal. Six-days difference in flowing time between female inflorescence of pitch (flower later) and male inflorescence of loblolly (flower earlier) pines effectively isolated the two species reproductively on population levels. Not all of selected trees of the two species for their synchronized flowering appeared to be useful as parental trees for the establishment of $F_1$-hybrid seed orchards. With the result from this investigation the author suggested to use a modified simple recurrent selection method for pitch-loblolly hybrid pine breeding.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.29-43
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• 2016

Pesto were prepared with five different nuts including pine nut, sunflower seed, pumpkin seed, walnut and almond to examine the antioxidant properties(total polyphenols, total flavonoids, electron donating ability) and sensory test(attribute difference, acceptance). Pesto were measured based on color value, pH, viscosity, total cell numbers for 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days at $4^{\circ}C$. The higher total phenol and total flavonoid content of pesto added with various nuts was higher antioxidant capacity. Basil pesto added with sunflower seeds and walnuts were considered to be more functional more than pine nuts addition. The attribute difference test results was the color intensity, nut taste, bitter taste, coarseness, oily taste, thickness were evaluated significant difference kinds of nuts. Gloss, basil flavor, nuts flavor, basil taste were not evaluated significant difference in kind of nuts. The preference test results reveal that the appearance, taste, texture and overall preference level was the highest in PNP(pinenut pesto) and SSP(sunflower seed). L value, pH, decrease while a value, b value and viscosity increased as kind of nuts in during storage. Total cell number increased and then decreased a little at a certain point. When prepared pesto, SSP(sunflower seed) was the highest in antioxidant property, and change of color value, pH, viscosity, total cell number were the lowest. In addition to the use of pine nuts, sunflower seeds have been identified are possible.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2012

To assess parameters of mating system in seed orchard, such as outcrossing rates, number of potential pollen contributors, and degree of pollen contamination, seeds, produced in '77 plot of the Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora S et Z) seed orchard at Anmyeon island, were collected in 2007 and analysed by nSSR and cpSSR markers. Estimates of outcrossing rates ranged from 91.2 to 100% (mean 97.7%) on the basis of the analysis of cpSSR haplotypes and from 81.6 to 100% (mean 95.3%) on the basis of the analysis of nSSR genotypes. By cross checking of both DNA markers, seeds, presumed to be products of self pollination on the basis of single marker, were confirmed as outcrossed seeds, which resulted in cumulative outcrossing rates of 98.9%. On the basis of pooled cpSSR haplotype of each seed, the number of pollen contributors and paternal contribution rates were estimated as 14.8 and 0.512, respectively. In conclusion, considering pretty high level of outcrossing rates observed in a seed orchard, good genetic potential of the seeds, produced in '77 plot of the seed orchard of Japanese red pines at Anmyeon island, may be guaranteed. Investigated results from the analysis of mating system of Japanese red pines in a '77 plot of the seed orchard may also be expected to provide useful information for the management and establishment of the seed orchard of the progressive generation.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2013

The objective of this research was to understand herbicidal activity of essential oils isolated from leaves of pine (Pinus densiflora), nut pine (Pinus koraiensis), larch (Larix kaempferi) and khingan fir (Abies nephrolepsis) in Korea. In a seed bioassay, essential oils of nut pine, larch and khingan fir inhibited the growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus) seedlings by 50% at 4,766, 1,865, $5,934{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$, respectively, however, that of pine did not show any herbicidal effect. In a green house experiment, fall panicum, Southern crabgrass, sorghum, barnyardgrass, quackgrass, black nightshade, Indian jointvetch, velvet leaf, and Japanese morningglory were controlled in 24 hours by the foliar application of 10% essential oils from pine, nut pine, larch and khingan fir. The treated plant parts showed burndown effect, however, new shoots appeared 3 days after treatment. Results of GC-MS analysis showed that essential oils from pine, nut pine, larch and khingan fir contained 16, 25, 25, and 16 compounds, respectively, with hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, and esters. The major compounds of the essential oils were 3-carene, bornyl acetate, camphene, limonene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene and ${\beta}$-phellandrene.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.131-134
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• 2001

잣나무는 목재생산뿐만 아니라 종자생산이라는 이중적 가치와 효용성을 지닌 주요 경제수종의 하나이다. 하지만 그 동안 대면적에 조성된 잣나무 임분은 인건비의 상승과 저가의 외국산 잣의 수입으로 인해 잣 생산을 통한 수익을 기대하기가 어려운 실정이 되었다. 따라서 잣나무림의 수익 증대를 위해서는 고품질의 종자와 양질의 목재를 증산시킬 수 있는 부가가치가 높은 임분으로의 유도가 필요하다.(중략)