• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.89-97
• /
• 2008

Based on the former researches, this article studied the influence of cone harvesting of Korean pine on the regeneration of Korean pine trees and the life of animals in Mt. Changbai Nature Reserve. When the cone matures, scales of the cone do not open so the seeds can not be released automatically. And the seeds, if left inside, are hard to germinate and can not grow further into seedlings. The seeds of Korean pine have deep dormancy characteristics. Natural regeneration of Korean pine is very poor under mother trees. Hoarding behavior of dispersing animals not only helps animals for food shortage period but also contributes to the dispersion of seeds of Korean pine. Among those hoarding animals, squirrel and Eurasian nutcrackers are found to be the most important dispersing agents for the seeds of Korean pine. After cone harvesting, the number of those dispersers reduced a lot since the seeds of Korean pine are very important food for them. Seed quantity of Korean pine on surface layer became very few and most of them only showed single distribution. Most of the seeds were buried under litter layer and showed a single or 2-4 seeds/cluster distribution. The case of more than 4 seeds in one cluster was few. The seed quantity of Korean pine forest on steep slopes of the research area was only 0.3% of the seed quantity in 1980 for the same forest type. If seed source of Korean pine are not protected, Korean pine forest in Mt. Changbai Nature Reserve would not maintain present feature in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.265-274
• /
• 1997

All landscapes are mosaics of habitat patches of different types. Therefore, there are always edged between habitat patches in a landscape. Forest animal has an important role in vegetation development and maintenance by seed dispersal around forest. Movement of animals depends on the spatially heterogeneous structure and pattern of vegetation landscapes because each animal has special habitats in a landscape. Especially, forast edge with high permeability and prey density is one of the important habitats to the animals. Therefore, understanding the ecological characteristics of the forest edges as a corridor connecting mosaic vegetation patches is necessa교 새 establish the strategies for the nature conservation and sustainable vegetation management. Under this idea, we examined the animal influenced on pine seeds as one of the method of monitoring the animal activity in mosaic vegetation. Man-made mosaic vegetations including open, edge and inner forests were carefully selected in the rural landscape. We carried out predation test on pine seeds during one year. A result was that damages on seed was more significant at forest edge than inner and open forest. Pine seed on seedbeds was mainly attacked by squirrels and mice than birds. Pine seed was damaged by squirrels in different types of vegetation by seasons. Rate of seed predation at forest edge was, in special, higher than that of other sites. According to this results, it is suggested that the relationship between animal behavior and spatial vegetation structure relating to human impact such as the distance from settlement to vegetation appeares to be in the rural vegetation landscape.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• 제95권5호
• /
• pp.621-627
• /
• 2006

This study was conducted to understand the pattern and characteristics of seed rain in the broadleaved-Korean pine mixed forest. We established 287 $0.5m^2$ circular seed traps and collected and identified fallen seeds in the traps every two weeks in $150m{\times}150m$ sample plot of the permanent nine hectare of experimental plot in 2005. The overall average density of seed rain was $864.2/m^2$. The seeds of Betula costata Betula costata had the highest number of fallen seeds as $676.0/m^2$ (78.2%), followed by Abies nephrolepis as $57.5/m^2$, B. platyphylla as $37.9/m^2$, Tilia amurensis as $32.2/m^2$, Acer ukurunduense as $17.0/m^2$, A. tegmentosum $14.8/m^2$, and so on. Pinus koraiensis was recorded only $2.5/m^2$ of fallen seeds mainly owing of Korean pine had low rate of purity due to the animal and microbiological predation. Most of seed dispersal have started from the middle to late August and come to an end on the middle of November. The peak time of seed dispersal varied depending on the species. The rate of pure seed by dispersal time varied according to the species, thereupon the aspect of predation and the rate of blasted seed which had influence on the rate of purity also varied according to the species. The density of Korean pine seed rain in the forest gap was significantly different at $P{\leq}0.05$ from in the closed canopy. But the other species had no difference among canopy coverage.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.213-216
• /
• 2002

Main attackers on pine seeds on the forest floor were investigated in Korea. Damage on pine cones begins in early stage of cone formation, especially by squirrel and Korean squirrel. The above animals left Kayak-like hulls of seed on rocks and fallen tree trunk. Field mice also left the same shape of Kayak-like hulls. But birds including doves and peasants left large shreds with longitudinal cracks or seed cup trace. Most of seeds on the leaf litters as well as under the fallen leaf were consumed by field mice and birds. Especially field mice found the seeds under fallen leaves and consumed all of them.

• 한국생태학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국생태학회 2002년도 VIII 세계생태학대회
• /
• pp.79-82
• /
• 2002

Main attackers on pine seeds on the forest floor were investigated in Korea. Damage on pine cones begins in early stage of cone formation, especially by squirrel and Korean squirrel. The above animals left Kayak-like hulls of seed on rocks and fallen tree trunk. Field mice also left the same shape of Kayak-like hulls. But birds including doves and peasants left large shreds with longitudinal cracks or seed cup trace. Most of seeds on the leaf litters as well as under the fallen leaf were consumed by fold mice and birds. Especially fold mice found the seeds under fallen leaves and consumed all of them.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.361-370
• /
• 1991

The cone and seed production of pitch pine were investigated at two areas(songtan and yangdong) located in kyounggi province. Bymeans of formulas derived from both the regression analysis between the number of seeds and cone length, and between d2·h and number of cones, cone and seed production were estimated. The correlation coefficient value between the number of seeds and cone length was high(r=0.6134). The cone and seed production of pitch pine has a high relationship to the variables-dbh, tree aga , and height of tree. The cone production of pitchpine forest estimated by the formula log(o+s+y+c)=0.581 log(d2·h)-1.317 was 965,832/ha in 1985∼1986, 850,852/ha in 1986∼1987 at songtan, and 462,794/ha in 1985∼1986,916,965/ha in 1986∼1987 at yangdong.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• 제79권4호
• /
• pp.345-351
• /
• 1990

The seeds of Korean pine, Pinus koraiensis, had been used as one of edible fruits for long time, but its chemical analysis of the nutrient components was extremely limited. The purpose of this study is to analyze the content of chemical components of Korean pine seeds. The results obtained are as follows : 1. In general analysis of Korean pine seeds, moisture is 4.4%, crude protein 18.3%, crude fat 67.3%, crude fiber 4.7%, ash 2.2%, and nitrogen-free extract 3.4%, respectively, 2. The Korean pine seed contained 18 different kinds of amino acid : lysine, histidine, arginine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, cysteic acid, and tryptophan. The glutamic acid is highest content among 18 kinds of amino acid. 3. The Korean pine seed contains all the essential amino acids such as arginine, histidine, lysine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. 4. The Korean pine seed contains 13 different kinds of fatty acid such as myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidic acid, 9-icosenoic acid, 9, 11-icosenoic acid, 8, 11, 14-icosatrienoic acid, and tn-o unknown substances. Also it contains all the essential fatty acids as linoleic acid and linolenic acid. The linoleic acid is highest content among 13 kinds of fatty acid. 5. The Korean pine seed contained 5 different kind., of vitamin such as vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin E and niacin. The content of vitamin E is the largest among 5 kinds of vitamin.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.29-39
• /
• 1999

Current data on reproductive characters of endemic and native species are essential to provide a strategy for the conservation of these species. Red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.) is one of the dominant, native tree species in Korea, but its reproductive ecology is not well-known. In 1997, the pattern of variation in cone and seed yields contributing to the conservation of declining populations of red pines was examined. Plant height and dbh were measured, and several new cones were collected from each tagged tree after counting the number of cones on each tree. For a subset of cones sampled, the number of fertile scales, the number of seeds at three development stages (early/late aborted, and filled seed), seed wing size, wing color, and individual filled seed mass were measured. The three sites which differed significantly in mean plant size also differed in mean cone and seed production per plant. However further analyses showed that most variation in characters examined occurred among plants within sites, but not among sites. An average of 90% of the potential seeds on the cones aborted at an early developmental stage, demonstrating that early abortion is a major factor affecting the number of filled seeds per cone. Individual seed mass was the only character which exhibited significant variations among sites as well as among trees within sites. Individual seed mass was overall negatively correlated with both the percentage of late abortion and the number of old cones per plant, suggesting that both the past and current years' reproductive activities have caused variations in seed mass. The potential dispersal distance of red pine seeds is quite large. However, wing loading was correlated with seed mass and number in a complex pattern across the sites. Distribution of seeds with varied colored wings differed among sites and among trees within sites. These results suggest that red pines at different sites might possess different strategies to cope with selection pressures acting during the final phase of reproduction, from seed dispersal to establishment. Then the ‘fitted’ red pine trees at each site should be identified and managed to conserve or restore populations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• 제111권3호
• /
• pp.418-427
• /
• 2022

Our aim was to evaluate the quality of pine seeds after long-term storage and to analyze the correlation between germination and physiological characteristics. Therefore, we investigated the germination and physiological characteristics of seeds stored for different periods and storage temperatures. Pine seeds lost little viability and vigor after 12 years of storage at 4℃; it is even possible to prolong the storage period at -18℃. The deterioration process operating through long-term storage was characterized by a loss of seed vigor before a loss in seed viability. Electrical conductivity of the seed leachate was significantly higher in seeds that completely lost their viability, and was also found to be significantly correlated with the germination percentage, T50, mean germination time, and germination speed. Among the minerals leaked to the leachate, K had the highest concentration, followed by Na, Ca, Cu, Mg, and Fe, while Mn and Zn were not detected. Concentrations of K, Ca, Cu, Mg, and Fe in the leachate differed significantly by treatment, and in the cases of K, Ca, Cu, Na, and Mg, we observed large differences in the leachate between the seeds that were collected in 2003 and those collected in other years.. Germination percentage was significantly negatively correlated to the concentrations of Ca, Cu, K, Mg, and Na. The coefficient of uniformity of germination was significantly negatively correlated to Cu concentration. The other germination characteristics were not significantly correlated with the mineral concentration. Therefore, the mineral concentrations of pine seed leachate were not reliable indicators of seed deterioration when the differences in quality between seed lots were small. However, electrical conductivity could be an indicator of seed viability and vigor of pine seeds under long-term storage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• 제97권5호
• /
• pp.516-524
• /
• 2008

We investigated on the distribution of nutrient contents (N. P and K) in current and one-year old needles of Korean pine, Pinus koraiensis, to understand the physiological effects of alternate bearing. One experimental set was designed with three types of cone number (one, three and five) under natural state and cone number of another one was controlled by thinning. Test samples were separated to collect into three fractions; current needles on the shoot and one-year old needles above and under the cone. On the branch without cone, N, P and K concentrations in needles on the shoot were higher than those in needles of one-year old branch. At natural state, needle P concentration was the lowest in needles on the five-cone branch in August. Macronutrient concentrations were the lowest in needles above the cone, which was remarkably observed in needle K concentration. Under cone thinning, N. P and K concentrations were the highest in needles on one-cone branch and the lowest in needles on five-cone branch. Needle nutrient concentrations were the lowest in needles above the cone, which was remarkably observed in the needle on five-cone branch. In conclusion, the current needles of the shoot and cones are a strong sink of nutrient like N. P and K, and the increase of cone number influences nutrient removal from needles.