• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.205-230
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• 2007

In modern manufacturing practice it is sometimes necessary to send products to another country for special processing which cannot be performed inside the territory of the zone and Outward Processing(OP) covers such situation. What's more, process and Rules of Origin(RoO) of OP is implicated in Korea' Free Trade Agreement(Korea-Singapore, Korea-EFTA and Korea-Asean FTA) because of the goods to be producted in Kaesong Industrial Complex. Thus, In this paper analyse a implication of OP's process and RoO focused on the two fold : (1) provide an overview of the objectives, types, effects of Outward Processing described in customs law and FTA provisions of EU and Korea; (2) present a comparative analysis of EU and Korean rules; (3) offer an appropriate proposal to Korea-EU FTA negotiation.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.507-526
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• 2017

To infer the true state of a regional product's attributes, consumers use the image they have of the product's region of origin; however, products may have multiple countries of origin in their design, branding, sourcing and manufacturing becuase more products are increasingly a result of multi-firm and multi-country efforts. We examined how the country-of-origin image (country image and product image) affect international consumers' perceived value (function value and symbolic value) and purchase intentions of made-in China goods by extending and deepening the flexible model. Second, to investigate the differences of COO effects according to different types of country-of-origin we divided the traditional country-of-origin into two components: country-of-manufacture (COM) and country-of-brand (COB). We then explore how the impact of China's country image on consumers' perceived value and purchase intentions varies when China is the COM or COB of the same product. Six hypotheses were proposed to test our anticipations. We recruited 800 Korean adult consumers who previously purchased made-in China products to participate in the online investigation. Data analyses were conducted with confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS and AMOS. The main results are discussed as follows. First, the effects of China's COO image on Korean consumers' perceived value and purchase intentions vary when China is the COM or COB of a product. Second, a positive effect of the function value and symbolic value on the purchase intentions was found. Literature and practical implications of findings are discussed and suggested in the conclusion.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.78-83
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• 2008

Objective : To understand the anatomic characteristics of the aortic arch (AA) and its major branches to build a foundation toward performing endovascular surgery safely. Methods : A total of 25 formalin fixed Korean adult cadavers were used. The authors investigated : anatomical variations of the AA and its major branches; curvature of the AA; distance from the mid-vertebrae line to the origin of the major branches; distances from the origin of the major branches of AA to the origin of its distal branches; and the angle of the three major branches, the brachiocephalic trunk (BCT), the left common carotid artery (LCCA) and the left subclavian artery (LSCA) arising from AA. Results : The three major branches directly originated from AA in 21 (84%) of the cadavers. In two (8%) of remaining four cadavers. orifice of LCCA was slightly above the stem of BCT. In remaining two (8%) cadavers, the left vertebral artery (LVA) was directly originated from AA. Average angle of AA curvature to the coronal plane was 62.2 degrees. BCT originated 0.92 mm on the right of the mid-vertebrae line. LCCA and LSCA originated from 12.3 mm and 22.8 mm on the left of the mid-vertebrae line. Mean distance from the origin of the BCT to the origin of the RCCA was 32.5 mm. Mean distance from the origin of the LSCA to the origin of the LVA was 33.8 mm. Average angles at which the major branches arise from the AA were 65.3, 46.9 and 63.8 degrees. Conclusion : This study may provides a basic anatomical information to catheterize AA and its branches for safely performing endovascular surgery.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.21-39
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• 2002

Objectives : This study is designed to evaluate the psychological characteristics of Sasang Constitution(Origin and Nature & Emotion Group) by MBTI. Methods : 200 people were tested by QSCCII(Origin and Nature & Emotion Group) and MBTI. It is analyzed by ANOVA, Frequency, Crosstabulation, Duncan & Scheffe Post Hoc Tests. Results : 1. The number of Soyangin was 73, Soeumin was 49, Taeumin was 50, Not classified was 28 in Origin group and Soyangin was 114, Soeumin was 28, Taeumin was. 26 in Nature & Emotion group. When we evaluate QSCCII with 38 Nature & Emotion questionaires, the number of Soyangin are incresed compare to Origin Group. 2. The most three MBTI Types are Soyangin ISTJ, ISTP, ESTJ, Soeumin IJST, ISTP, INTJ, Taeumin ISTJ, ESTP, ESTJ, in Origin Group and Soyangin ISTJ, ESTJ, ISTP, Soeumin ISTJ, ISTP, INTJ, Taeumin ISTJ, ESTP, ISFP in Nature & Emotion Group. There is no significant difference between Origin and Nature & Emotion Group in ststistics. 3. Soeumin & Taeumin tended to be introverted, judging types in Origin and Nature & Emotion Group. Soeumin tended to be intuition type in Nature & Emotion Group. Conclusion : We have not significant differences on peculiarity of sasang constitution compared to MBTI between Origin and Nature & Emotion Group in ststistics.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.696-700
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• 2013

A quick and reliable method for identifying meat origin is developed to ensure species origin of livestock products for consumers. The present study examined the identification of meat sources (duck, chicken, goat, deer, pig, cattle, sheep, and horse) using PCR by exploiting the mitochondrial 12S rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome b genes. Species-specific primers were designed for some or all mitochondrial 12S rRNA nucleotide sequences to identify meat samples from duck, chicken, goat, and deer. Mitochondrial cytochrome b genes from pig, cattle, sheep, and horse were used to construct species-specific primers, which were used to amplify DNA from different meat samples. Primer sets developed in this study were found to be superior for detecting meat origin when compared to other available methods, for which the discrimination of meat origin was not equally applicable in some cases. Our new development of species-specific primer sets could be multiplexed in a single PCR reaction to significantly reduce the time and labor required for determining meat samples of unknown origin from the 8 species. Therefore, the technique developed in this study can be used efficiently to trace the meat origin in a commercial venture and help consumers to preserve their rights knowing origin of meat products for social, religious or health consciousness.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.87-93
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• 2005

Objectives : The aims of this study were to observe how effect bell sound, water sound and drum sound have on origin regions for acupuncture of twelve meridians by yangdorak diagnosis, and to practice it clinically. Methods : Firstly, ire measured origin regions for acupuncture of twelve meridians by yangdorak diagnosis, after we relieved a subject for 10 minutes. Secondly, we measured origin regions for acupuncture of twelve meridians by yangdorak diagnosis, after a subject listened to bell sound, water sound and drum sound for 3 minutes. Results : Through testing the effects of bell sound, water sound and drum sound on numerical values of origin regions for acupuncture of twelve meridians by yangdorak diagnosis, we had follows; 1. On bell sound, the numerical values of origin regions for acupuncture of twelve meridians by yangdorak diagnosis descended from 38.8 to 28.8 in left, and from 40.4 to 30.8 in right. 2. On water sound, the numerical values of origin regions for acupuncture of twelve meridians by yangdorak diagnosis descended from 55.4 to 39.4 in left, and from 56.0 to 41.9 in right. 3. On drum sound, the numerical values of origin regions for acupuncture of twelve meridians by yangdorak diagnosis descended from 39.1 to 30.1 in left, and from 38.4 to 38.0 in right. Conclusion : Through testing the effects of tone sounds on numerical values of origin lesions for acupuncture of twelve meridians by yangdorak diagnosis, we confirmed that change of tone colors go by five elemental theory rule and have effect on enery and blood metabolism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.663-674
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was (1) to examine the preference for apparel brands and country of origin, (2) to evaluate the brand equity for domestic and imported apparels as perceived by Korean and American consumers, and (3) to analyze the effects of country of origin and brand equity on consumers' apparel purchase behavior. The sample included 151 Korean and 114 American consumers. The data were collected from respondents by using the mall-intercept method. In addition, the path analysis based on multiple regression analysis was applied to analyze the data. The major findings in this study were as followings; (1) Both of all Korean and US consumers preferred domestic apparel brands to imported brands but the latter preferred apparels made in home country to the former comparatively, (2) Korean consumers evaluated more favorably the brand equity for imported apparels than that for domestic apparels, but American consumers were quite the reverse, (3) To Korean consumers, the direct variable to influence the purchase intention of apparels was the perceived quality and indirect variables were the brand equity and country of origin. On the other hand, to American consumers, the perceived quality and the brand equity for domestics apparel had directly influence on the purchase intention and the brand equity for imported apparels did indirectly. Finally, implications for managerial and marketing strategies were discussed in regard to building an international apparel brand equity and improving exports with high quality apparels.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 2010

Ayurveda is an Indian traditional medicine coming down from ancient times. In the past, it was propagated with Buddhism, and had a great influence on the medicine in East Asia. At present, it is getting a lot attention as an alternative medicine. A variety of researches on ayurveda are being done all over the world, but its domestic research situation is still insignificant, especially rare to find any consideration about its origin. Accordingly, this research arranged and considered the contents on the origin of ayurveda that have already been discovered. The origin of ayurveda can be reviewed roughly in three aspects. First, at a mythological viewpoint, it's possible to trace the origin of ayurveda from Brahma which is described as a fount of all sciences and also the Ruler of the Universe. According to "Sushruta Samhita" and "Charaka Samhita", Brahma made 100,000 g$\={a}$th$\={a}$ in 100 chapters, and then reduced them to 8 lessons. Next, tracing documentary origin, ayurveda is known to originate in veda-Aryan's sanctuary, especially Atharva veda. However, practically considered, the present ayurveda can be judged to form from the 3 major classics in the Brahman period- "Charaka Samhita", "Sushruta Samhita", "Ashtanga Sangraha", of which "Charaka Samhita" is the most ancient and prestigious literature. Lastly, a lot of scholars are explaining the ancient Indian civilizations in connection with ayurveda at a historical viewpoint as "a 5-thousand-year-old history", but ayurveda originated in Aryan's sanctuary-veda; thus, it's impracticable to include the Indian medicine before their migration to India in the origin of ayurveda. Accordingly, it is necessary for scholars to do research by distinguishing the ancient Indian medicine before veda from ayurveda.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.347-353
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• 2014

The purpose of this research was to present the possibility of an alternative production base for clothing business of South Korea through the analysis about textile/clothing industry production activities in the Gaeseong industrial complex. It is necessary for the Gaeseong industrial complex to cope with the issue about FTA and country of origin, manpower supply and demand, paying wages and labor productivity, the exclusive industrial complex of clothing. The Country of Origin on imports and exports tells the country of manufacture or production, where the product comes from. Rules of Origin are the special regulations to determine the country of origin of a product and exist in the forms of international law, legislation, precedent and administrative decisions. But the economy in the North and the Gaeseong industrial complex is a comparative advantage combined with elements of North-South interdependence as a South-North economic cooperation business and can contribute significantly to the stabilization of the North-South relations. Among the models using criteria of the determination of origin, it has directly provided the models of general regulation for offshore products, of limited offshore products. These models are to help Korean exporters in understanding and utilizing the Rules of Origin for their manufacturing. In addition, the development of the Gaeseong industrial complex will contribute to establish peace on the Korean peninsula as well as in Northeast Asia. Also economic cooperation between South and North Koreas is essential for peace and prosperity of the Korean people.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.177-188
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of family climate of fathers' family of origin, fathers' satisfaction with marriage and life, and parenting on father-son intimacy. A total of 297 adolescents(M=15 yrs. SD=1.4) and their fathers completed questionnaires. Data were analyzed by structural equation model using AMOS 7.0. Results indicated that 1) family climate of fathers' family of origin affected further-son intimacy positively through both fathers' high marital and life satisfaction, and thereby supportive parenting behavior. 2) Family climate of the family of origin affected farther-son intimacy negatively through low marital satisfaction and thereby high psychological controlling parenting. These results evinced that family climate of father's family of origin could be the source of father-son intimacy while fathers' marital and life satisfaction and parenting behaviors mediate the relationships.