• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.37-50
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• 2016

This study aims to examine the effect that the degree of knowledge about country-of-origin labeling on country-of-origin labeling work performance, which is a culinary staff task. This study is also intended to analyze differences in knowledge depending on hours of origin labeling education, and the moderating effect of education hours in the relationship between knowledge and performance. This study targeted culinary staff members working in ten five-star hotels in Seoul. A total of 205 self-administered questionnaires were distributed from November 14th to 27th, 2014, and 240 questionnaires(98.4%) were used for analysis after the exclusion of 4 with unreliable responses. Based on the data collected, frequency analysis, reliability test, exploratory factor analysis, simple regression analysis, t-test and moderating regression analysis were conducted using SPSS 18.0 program. The study findings are as follows. Culinary staff knowledge of origin labeling had a significantly positive effect on job performance and the degree of knowledge was higher in the group that attended one to two-hour periods of education. This suggests a differences in knowledge depending on the hours of education, which then had a moderating effect on the relationship between knowledge and performance. In conclusion, in order to improve knowledge of country-of-origin labeling and the level of performance, there is a need to increase education hours and enable culinary staff memebers to learn more knowledge and apply it to actual tasks. Based on these results, the limitation of the study and the direction of future research were also discussed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.357-367
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• 2018

Purpose: Because of recent global and domestic issues regarding the safety of food, there is growing concern over food safety and interest in the country-of-origin for food ingredients from restaurants. This study was conducted to reveal the influence of consumer level of knowledge and awareness regarding restaurants and the country-of-origin labeling. Methods: To accomplish this, a primary survey of adults aged over 20 years old was conducted to measure customers' knowledge regarding country-of-origin labeling for restaurants. Respondents were then divided into a lower group and an upper group based on their level of knowledge to evaluate significant differences between groups. A total of 437 of 460 questionnaires were analyzed. Results: The average knowledge score regarding country-of-origin labeling for restaurants was 6.3 out of 10. Additionally, there were significant differences between the lower and upper group in terms of the final education level and occupation. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop guidelines and public relations for country-of-origin labeling of restaurants.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2020

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare deltoid origin status following large rotator cuff repair carried out using either an open or an arthroscopic method with a propensity score matching technique. Methods: A retrospective review of 112 patients treated for full-thickness, large rotator cuff tear via either a classic open repair (open group) or an arthroscopic repair (arthroscopic group) was conducted. All patients included in the study had undergone postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical follow-up for at least 12 and 18 months after surgery, respectively. Propensity score matching was used to select controls matched for age, sex, body mass index, and affected site. There were 56 patients in each group, with a mean age of 63.3 years (range, 50-77 years). The postoperative functional and radiologic outcomes for both groups were compared. Radiologic evaluation for postoperative rotator cuff integrity and deltoid origin status was performed with 3-Tesla MRI. Results: The deltoid origin thickness was significantly greater in the arthroscopic group when measured at the anterior acromion (P=0.006), anterior third (P=0.005), and middle third of the lateral border of the acromion level (P=0.005). The deltoid origin thickness at the posterior third of the lateral acromion was not significantly different between the arthroscopic and open groups. The arthroscopic group had significantly higher intact deltoid integrity with less scarring (P=0.04). There were no full-thickness deltoid tears in either the open or arthroscopic group. Conclusions: Open rotator cuff repair resulted in a thinner deltoid origin, especially from the anterior acromion to the middle third of the lateral border of the acromion, at the 1-year postoperative MRI evaluation. Meticulous reattachment of the deltoid origin is as essential as rotator cuff repair when an open approach is selected.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.145-166
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• 2017

The FTA conventional tariffs shall be applied that the imported goods are subject to the conventional tariffs under any agreement, and the origin of the good is the contracting state in accordance with the criteria for determination origin under any agreement. An importer who intends to be eligible for the application of a conventional tariff shall file a request for the application of a conventional tariff with the head of the competent customs house before the relevant import declaration is accepted. The purpose of this study is to examine the legal standard and verification cases for the judgement of the tax tribunal of FTA conventional tariffs. Through this study, this paper is to provide several implications for companies seeking the benefits of FTA conventional tariffs. The Korean companies to do the following: confirm the effective requirements for direct transport of goods through non-parties under the Korea EU FTA, confirm the criterion for application of conventional tariffs such as certificate of origin and claims for ex post facto conventional tariffs under the Korea US FTA, confirm the issuer of origin declaration and the recognition of origin declaration of bill of lading under the Korea EU FTA, utilize the tax appeal system by denial of FTA conventional tariffs, and prepare the discrepancies in interpretation of legal standard under FTA and FTA Special Customs Act.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.387-408
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• 2012

This paper have examined the descriptive and legal approaches to the comparison and analysis of major content of direct transport in FTA rules of origin and the primary judicial precedents that arose during the executing process of FTAs. Preferential tariff treatment shall be applied to a good satisfying the requirement of this agreement(annex, article etc.,) and which is transported directly between the territories of the exporting party and importing party. However, products may be transported through territories of non-parties, provided that they do not undergo operations other than unloading, reloading, splitting-up of consignments or any operation designed to preserve them in good condition. During this period the products shall remain under customs control in the country of transit. The low perception of firms on the rules of origin was found to lead to breaking the rule and thus taking up losses. The FTA major countries enacted penalty rules against the violation of the rules of origin and bring civil and criminal suits and administrative sanctions. The types and level of penalties are subject to their domestic laws of each of those nations. With better recognition of major content of direct transport in FTA rules of origin and well-prepared countermeasures, firms will be able to enhance competitive advantage while benefiting from preferential tariffs.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.65-98
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• 2009

The present study purposed to examine empirically the effects of animosity against a product's country of origin on product evaluation, attitude and purchase intention. For this study, we conducted an experiment of 316 university students in the Metropolitan area. The results of this study suggest that the negative influence of animosity against the country-of-origin on attitude and purchase intention was higher for low-typicality products than for high-typicality ones. This result suggests that the negative influence of animosity against a specific country is not equal among all products from the country, but can vary among the products. For products manufactured in a country other than the country-of-origin, the negative influence of animosity against the country-of-origin did not decrease. This result means that, even for multinational products, animosity against the country-of-origin can have a negative influence on the consumers' response to the products. Based on major findings of this study, both academic and practical issues are discussed. Suggestions for future studies are provided.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.125-127
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• 2005

In order to improve the transformation efficiency of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-Escherichia coli (E. coli) shuttle vector, pHT3101, we intended to minimize replication origin of Bt in pHT3101. For this, two modified shuttle vectors, pHT1K and pHT261, in which 2.9 kb of replication origin of Bt were shortened to 1 kb and 261 bp, respectively as previously reported. Whereas the pHT1K could efficiently transform Bt into the antibiotic resistant, no transformants were obtained with pHT261. Furthermore, pHT1K showed higher transformation efficiency compared to that of parent vector, pHT3101. Therefore, pHT1K might be a very useful Bt-E. coli shuttle vector carrying minimal replication origin of Bt.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.186-191
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• 1994

The origin of the leading strand replication (ori) and of lagging strand replication (M-O) of R-plasmid pSBK203 was identified and its base sequence was determined. About 50 bp of ori sequence residues overlapped with the structural gene of rep. Sequence comparison reveals that pSBK-ori shares obvious identities with those of pT181 family and consists of two regions, one is conserved and the other is variable region. Of two palindrome sequence located one after another in upstream region of rep gene, palA' instead of palA which shares sequence homology with diverse family of plasmids such as pOX6, pC194, and pE194 seems to act as a signal for conversion of primarily replicated ssDNA to dsDNA (minus origin (M-O)).

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.89-103
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• 2011

The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of the country of origin image of beef on consumers quality perception, attitude and purchase intention. In order to conduct the research, 300 questionnaires were distributed to consumers who have purchased beef in Seoul during a two-week period from December $27^{th}$, 2010 to January $10^{th}$, 2011, but only 244 were analyzed for this study. The results are as followed First, country - of-origin image of beef had significant relations with consumers quality perception, attitude and purchase intention. Second, consumers quality perception had positive relations with attitude and purchasing intention. Third, consumer's attitude had positive influence on purchasing intention. In order to enhance the country-of-origin image of beef, cows should be raised in an environmentally friendly way. Having regular checkups and using good quality feed would produce reliable products. As well, in order to strengthen the image of beef, aggressive marketing strategies are also recommended.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1841-1847
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• 2007

We previously identified the origin of replication of p703/5, a small cryptic plasmid from the KBL703 strain of Enterococcus faecalis. The origin of replication contains putative regulatory cis-elements required for replication and a replication initiator (RepA) gene. The replicon of p703/5 is similar in its structural organization to theta-type plasmids, and RepA is homologous to a family of Rep proteins identified in several plasmids from Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we report molecular interactions between RepA and the replication origin of p703/5. DNase I footprinting using recombinant RepA together with electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed the binding of RepA to the replication origin of p703/5 via iterons and an inverted repeat. We also demonstrated the formation of RepA dimers and the different binding of RepA to the iteron and the inverted repeat using gel filtration chromatographic analysis, a chemical crosslinking assay, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride. Our results suggest that RepA plays a regulatory role in the replication of the enterococcal plasmid p703/5 via mechanisms similar to those of typical iteroncarrying theta-type plasmids.