• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.33-52
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• 2020

Some consumers question the safety of imported fashion products. We examine the effects of the use of an ecolabel, product category, and country of origin on consumer responses such as perceived physical risk, attitude towards a product, subjective norm, and intention to purchase imported fashion products. A sample of 508 adults in their 30s to 40s participated in online survey experiments. The survey experiments used 2 (the use of the ecolabel vs no label) × 4 (country of origin: China, Dominican Republic, Norway, and the United States) between-subjects and 4 (product category: men/women's wear, children's wear, underwear, and accessories) within-sub-jects factorial design. A total of 32 product-catalog images (stimuli) and eight versions of the questionnaire were developed. The use of the ecolabel is identified as having a significantly lower perceived physical risk than the no-label. The consumers' perceived physical risk also differs depending on product category and country of origin. Consumers perceive a higher physical risk about children's wear and underwear than other product categories as well as fashion products sourced from developing countries than from developed countries. The reduction of physical risk is found to facilitate consumers' purchase decision-making process.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.116
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• pp.79-110
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• 2010

In this paper I will consider the Rousseauistic origin of Knat's theory of Freedom. Kant's autonomous freedom which is the main theme of the Critique of practical Reason have three characteristic elements, namely spontaneity, self-lawmaking and universal validity. Rousseau mentions three kinds of freedom in his works. Natural freedom which is treated in Discourse on the origin of inequality is freedom which a man in natural state have. I proved that natural freedom is the origin of Kant's theory of spontaneity that is a essential part of autonomous freedom. Social freedom which is treated in Social contract is deeply connected with general will. General will is the power of self-lawmaking. We can easily conclude that Rousseau's social freedom is the origin of Kant's theory of self-legislation which is another essential part of autonomous freedom. The last essential part of Kant's autonomous freedom is universality that is inseparably connected with Rousseau's moral freedom which is largely mentioned in Emlie.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.475-504
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• 2009

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze and investigate why and how these 4 factors (the images of country of origin, imported luxury brand, objective products' characteristics and Projective consumer's peculiarity) impact product preferences & purchasing intention of consumers who plan to buy "Imported Luxury Branded goods". For this study the research directions are: 1. To find each impact of Country of Origin and Brand image which influence "the preference of imported luxury brand items". 2. To analyze the difference of "the effects of Country or Origin" which impacts product preference when consumers buy imported luxury branded goods, which have different purchasing risks. 3. To verify the difference of products' characteristics that have different purchasing risks through comparing the image of country of origin and brand. 4. To analyze and compare "the purchasing behavior of Korean consumers" for achieving research universality. In order to verify that those 4 factors (the images of country of origin, imported luxury brand, objective products' characteristics and prospective consumer's peculiarity) impact on product preferences & purchasing intention of consumers, the linear structural equation model was developed. According to this research model, 9 hypotheses were designed.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.561-571
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• 2023

Volatility of a time series is defined as the conditional variance on the past information. In particular, for financial time series, volatility is regarded as a time-varying measure of risk for the financial series. To capture the intrinsic asymmetry in the risk of financial series, various asymmetric volatility processes including threshold-ARCH (TARCH, for short) have been proposed in the literature (see, for instance, Choi et al., 2012). This paper proposes a volatility function featuring non-zero origin in which the origin of the volatility is shifted from the zero and therefore the resulting volatility function is certainly asymmetric around zero and achieves the minimum at a non-zero (rather than zero) point. To validate the proposed volatility function, we analyze the Korea stock prices index (KOSPI) time series during the Covid-19 pandemic period for which origin shift to the left of the zero in volatility is shown to be apparent using the minimum AIC as well as via parametric bootstrap verification.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.185-189
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• 2001

Background: Cervical metastasis of unknown origin is defined as histologic evidence of malignancy in the cervical lymph nodes with no apparent primary site of origin for the metastatic tumor. Patients and Methods: A retrospective review of 20 cervical metastasis of unknown origin diagnosed and managed between january 1989 and December 1999 at the Korea University was undertaken to determine outcome. Patient age ranged 46 to 78 years (mean 60). There were 17 men and 3 women. The aim of this study is to ananlyze the diagnostic approach and the result of treatment of the cervical metastasis of unknown origin. Result: Histopathologically, squamous cell carcinoma (15 case, 75%) were the most common, followed by adenocarcinoma (4 case, 20%), undifferentiated carcinoma (1 case, 5%) According to the criteria of the AJCC on staging, N1 was 2 cases, N2a 2 cases, N2b 5 cases, N2c 1 cases, N3 10 cases. Overall survival rate for all patients at 2 years was 45% and 5 years 25%, and in the combination therapy(surgery and radiotherapy group (12 cases)) it was 67% and 34% respectively, high compared with other treatment modality such as surgery or radiotherapy alone. In extracapsular spread positive group, 5 year survival rate was 12%, but was 33% in the extracapsular spread negative group. Conclusion: With no stastatical significance, extracapsular spread group was poor outcome in our study. Combination of radiotherapy and surgery was more effective treatment result than surgery alone or radiotherapy alone in our study. But, overall prognosis of cervical metastasis of unknown origin was very poor despite aggressive treatment (5 year survival rate: 25%).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.327-338
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• 2014

Relationship between growth rate and wood quality was investigated by physical and mechanical properties with Quercus rubra (24 years old) from five different origin of apricot. In greenwood moisture content, sapwood had higher moisture content than heartwood, and there was difference among different origin of apricot. There were different specific gravity of wood among different origin of apricot. Compared with higher growth rate with higher specific gravity in sapwood, opposite trend was observed in heartwood. There were difference in shrinkage based on origin of apricot, and higher growth rate wood had higher shrinkage and T/R ratio. Compression Young's modulus, bending strength, bending Young's modulus, and compact strength was difference among different origin of apricot. Higher growth rate wood had higher tensile strength, and also there was difference amont different origin of apricot. In hardness, 3 different directions had all difference among different origin of apricot, and higher growth rate wood showed higher hardness than others. Based on overall physical and/or mechanical properties and growth rate, apricot from Bancroft was best quality in current.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2013

Origin authenticity of the animals used as food has always been a major concern to consumers around the world. In the past twenty years, a stable isotope ratio has been used for origin authentication. In this study, pork samples, both local and imported, were collected from the major markets from all around South Korea and analyzed for stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (${\delta}^{15}N$‰) and carbon (${\delta}^{13}C$‰), using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IR-MS). A total of 599 samples with 335 Korean and 264 imported from 13 countries within America and Europe were investigated in accordance to the standard established methods for isotope ratio analysis. The results showed a significant variation related to the origin of the samples, explaining the difference in the feeding styles of the pork in each country. The stable isotope ratio values of carbon (${\delta}^{13}C$‰) were found in the decreasing order of: America ($-15.55{\pm}1.01$‰)>Korea ($-19.62{\pm}0.89$‰)>Europe ($-24.79{\pm}1.35$‰). Canada was having ${\delta}^{13}C$ ratio of $-22.87{\pm}0.92$‰, which is very low in the region of America and very close to Europe (-23.78 to -27.17‰). For nitrogen ${\delta}^{15}N$‰ the order was: America ($4.92{\pm}0.71$‰)>Europe ($4.54{\pm}0.66$‰)>Korea ($3.69{\pm}0.54$‰), with a slight variation among countries in each region studied. From the results it was concluded that the stable isotope ratio of the pork samples from different countries provide enough information about the origin and is therefore a potential tool which can be employed for origin authentication.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.107-118
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• 2016

This study examined differences in consumers' images of short-term income forest products, preference, willingness to pay prices and purchase behavior according to dietary lifestyle as well as investigated what factors influence the degree of satisfaction when purchasing short-term income forest products and willingness to repurchase. According to dietary lifestyle, the results classified consumers as 'frugal housewife type,' 'convenience-seeking type,' and 'food high-involvement type.' A 'food high-involvement group' is defined as a group that wants high quality products regardless of price. In the 'frugal housewife type,' country of origin and hygiene/safety (considered when purchasing food) had positive influences on the degree of satisfaction. In the 'convenience-seeking type,' country of origin (considered when purchasing food) had a positive influence on the degree of satisfaction while country of origin (checked when purchasing food) had a negative influence on degree of satisfaction. Consumers had a lack of perception for short-term income forest products; subsequently, short-term income forest products had a weakness of low access to consumers. Therefore, farms for short-term income forest products need to divide products into 'high-priced' luxury products and 'low-priced' frugal products according to dietary lifestyle characteristics, improve packaging status to enable consumers to check quality certificates, and clearly indicate country of origin as well as improve distribution processes and increase consumer access to products.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.26-32
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• 2019

An analysis of groundwater quality is significant for monitoring and managing water contamination and groundwater system. For the purpose of those, the geochemical characteristics of groundwater were studied over the concern for water quality, water type and origin of nitrate nitrogen. Total colony counts were detected in 11 out of 20 samples, and the average value was 31.73 CFU/ml. Range and average of NO₃-N concentrations were 0.9~24.0 mg/L and 8.3 mg/L. All groundwater types were found to be Ca²⁺-HCO₃^-. The range and average of NO₃-N were 0.2~17.4 mg/L and 8.7 mg/L, and those of δ¹⁵N were 1.7~8.9‰, and 5.0‰. Careful consideration is required for evaluating the origin of nitrogen when NO₃-N concentration is low. In general, noticeable difference between rockbed and alluvial water was not found. The ranges of nitrate origins by chemical fertilizer, livestock manure and domestic sewage, and natural soil were 29.6~76.4%, 14.2~58.9% and 2.6~7.0%, and the average values of those were 57.4%, 37.4%, and 5.3%, respectively. Origin of nitrate was affected by more chemical fertilizer than the other parameters. Rockbed water was more affected by chemical fertilizer than alluvial water.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.339-351
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• 1999

Petrographic and palaeomagnetic studies have been conducted to understand the origin of dark-colored enclaves occurring in the hornblende biotite granite within the Wondong caldera. The enclaves are commonly elongted and rounded in shape. They are finer-grained and darker-colored than enclosing granite, but they have simliar mineral assemblage to that of granite. Under the microscope the enclaves show microstructures reflecting an igneius origin. The microstructures of igneous origin include elongate grain shapes of plagioclase, hornblende, apatite, poikilitic anhedral quartz and zoning of plagiclase. All above features indicate that the enclaves belong to the 'microgranitoid enclaves' of Vernon (1984). a total of 91 orirnted samples were drilled from 4 sites, and their AMS (anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility) axis directions and remance components were analyzed. The result shows thar both enclave and host granite have same AMS priniciple axis direction and same remanence magnetic direction in each site. The result of this study suggests that the anclaves were derived from the globules of magma, which were formed by pillowing of synpltonic dike of magma that is more mafic than the host granite magma.