• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.220-239
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• 2021

Grasses (Poaceae) belong to the biggest plant family among angiosperms and it cover around 20% of the earth's surface. The members of this family are mostly utilized as food resources by humans and animals but they are also valuable in terms of evolution and ecology. The member of the subfamily Pooideae represents, temperate grasses, and includes a number of economically important crops and belongs to the clade BOP (including the subfamilies Bambooideae, Oryzeae, and Pooideae). This subfamily is the largest among all grass families. The special features of this subfamily are cold acclimation and vernalization. The members of Pooideae subfamily with the aforementioned special features are thought to have evolved in the Cenozoic era when the temperature on earth started to cool down, which triggered the diversification of this subfamily through adaptation to cold weather. The agricultural origin of wheat, barley, oat, and rye is attributed to fertile crescent and thereafter they were domesticated through Neolithic evolution. The history of domestication of each Pooideae crop is distinct and is based on their purpose. Recently, breeding of these crops is performed differently due to the development of new technologies such as genomics and genome editing. This review article summarizes the evolutionary history of the members of the subfamily Pooideae and use of pre-existing information for future breeding efforts.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 1990

This study was conducted to investigate the interaction effect of a new plant growth regulator brassinolide and auxins using several bioassay methods such as rice lamina inclination test, oat coleoptile segment growth test and radish hypocotyl elongation test. For rice lamina inclination test, the antagonistic response showed at low concentration combinations of homobrassinolide and auxins (IAA and 2,4-D), while the combinations of high concentration responsed mostly synergistic or additive effects, IAA was generally higher than 2,4-D for combination effect with homobrassinolide. For oat coleoptile segment growth test, the synergistic effect showed at IAA concentrations less than 0.1ppm while additive response exhibited above 0.3ppm regardless of homobrassinolide concentrations. In radish hypocotyl elongation test, the interaction response varied with cotyledon. The sections removed cotyledon showed mostly antagonistic effects, except for combination of homobrassinolide with IAA 3ppm. Interaction responses were Quite different from bioassay methods, particularly using experimental materials: antagonistic responses were usually shown at the section that attached growing point while these for sections that removed growing point were responded synergistic or additive effect due to unstable endogenous hormones.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 1997

Microorganisms producing xylanase were screened for the enzymatic production of xylo-oligo saccharides from xylan. One of the bacteria isolated from compost produced an endoxylanase extracellularly. The bacterium was identified as Bacillus sp. according to its taxonomic characteristics examined. Xylanase production reached upto 5 U/ml after 22 h of culture in LB medium at $30^{\circ}C$. The xylanase was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration. The molecular weight of the xylanase was estimated to be 20,400 by SDS-PAGE. Optimal temperature and pH for the xylanase activity was $60^{\circ}C$ and 6.5, respectively. The enzyme was stable at temperatures upto $40^{\circ}C$ and pH values from 4 to 10. The xylanase was completely inhibited by the addition of 2 mM mercury ion. Apparent $K_m$ and $V_max$ values for oat spelt xylan were 9.2 mg/ml and 1954 U/mg protein, respectively. For birchwood xylan, the values were 6.3 mg/ml and 1009 U/mg protein. The predominant products of the xylan hydrolysis were xylobiose, xylotriose and xylotetraose, indicating that the enzyme is an endoxylanase. Upto $85{\%}$ of the initially added enzyme (2 U/ml) was bound to 50 mg/ml of the insoluble fraction of oat spelt xylan after incubation at $30^{\circ}C$ for 30 min.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2015

Pseudomonas coronafaciens causes halo blight on oats and is a plant quarantine bacterium in many countries, including the Republic of Korea. Using of the certificated seed is important for control of the disease. Since effective detection method of P. coronafaciens is not available yet, PCR and TaqMan PCR assays for specific detection of P. coronafaciens were developed in this study. PCR primers were designed from the draft genome sequence of P. coronafaciens LMG 5060 which was obtained by the next-generation sequencing in this study. The PCR primer set Pc-12-F/Pc-12-R specifically amplified 498 bp from the 13 strains of P. coronafaciens isolated in the seven different countries (Canada, Japan, United Kingdom, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Germany, and New Zealand) and the nested primer set Pc-12-ne-F/Pc-12-ne-R specifically amplified 298 bp from those strains. The target-size PCR product was not amplified from the non-target bacteria with the PCR and nested primer sets. TaqMan PCR with Pc-12-ne-F/Pc-12-ne-R and a TaqMan probe, Pc-taqman, which were designed inside of the nested PCR amplicon, generated Ct values which in a dose-dependent manner to the amount of the target DNA and the Ct values of all the P. coronafaciens strains were above the threshold Ct value for positive detection. The TaqMan PCR generated positive Ct values from the seed extracts of the artificially inoculated oat seeds above 10 cfu/ml inoculation level. PCR and TaqMan PCR assays developed in this study will be useful tools to detect and identify the plant quarantine pathogen, P. coronafaciens.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.255-261
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• 2012

A bacterium AB-55, isolated from waste mushroom bed of Agaricus bisporus in Sukseong-myeon, Buyeo-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea, was screened onto xylan agar congo-red plate by the xylanolysis method and was used to produce an xylanase in shaker buffle flask cultures containing oat spelt xylans. The phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequence data showed that the strain AB-55 had the highest homology (99.0%) with Bacillus subtilis and it was named as Bacillus subtilis AB-55. A xylanase was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation (50~80%), gel filtration on sephacryl S-300, and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE sepharose FF. The molecular weight of the xylanase was estimated as 44 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Optimal pH and temperature for the xylanase activity was pH 7 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme was identified as Ser-Ala-Val-Lys-His-Gly-Ala-Ile-Val-Phe. The substrate specificity of the enzyme exhibited that it hydrolyzed efficiently oat spelt xylan as well as beechwood xylan, but showed no activity against Avicel and carboxymethyl clellulose (CMC). The enzyme activity was enhanced by $Fe^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$ whereas was entirely inhibited by $Hg^+$.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 1993

A xylanase (xylanase I) was purified 11.9-fold from the culture filtrate of Trichoderma koningii ATCC 26113 by the column chromatography on Sephadex G-75, SP-Sephadex C-50, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and Sephadex G-50 with an overall yield of 8.2%. The molecular mass determined by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was found to be a monomeric polypeptide of ca. 35 kDa. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was estimated to be 9.3. The optimal reaction pH and temperature are 5.8 and 55.deg.C, respectively. The enzyme is stable up to 60.deg.C, while 78% of its activity is lost after the incubation for 10 min at 70.deg.C. The enzyme hydrolyzes sylan with relatively high activity, as well as carboxymethyl cellulose and avicel. The $K_{m}$ values of the enzyme for oat-spelf sylan, larchwood xylan and Avicel were 3.5, 1.6 and 10. 1 mg/ml, respectively. The enzyme hydrolyzed oat-spelt sylan to sylose, sylobiose, sylotriose and arabionoxylobiose, while it degraded larchwood xylan to xylose, xylobiose, xylotriose and arabionoxylobiose, while it degraded larchwood xylan to xylose, xylobiose and xylotriose as the major products. The hydrolysis patterns indicate that xylanase I is endo-enzyme.e.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.252-258
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• 2011

A bacterial strain capable of hydrolyzing xylan and locust bean gum (LBG) was isolated from farm soil by enrichment culture using mixture of palm kernel meal (PKM) and wheat bran as carbon source. Nucleotide sequence of 16S rDNA amplified from the isolate YB-1107 showed high similarity with those of genus Cellulosimicrobium strains. Xylanase productivity was increased when the Cellulosimicrobium sp. YB-1107 was grown in the presence of wheat bran or oat spelt xylan, while mannanase productivity was increased drastically when grown in the presence of PKM or LBG. Particularly, maximum mannanase and xylanase activities were obtained in the culture filtrate of media containing 0.7% PKM or 1% wheat bran, respectively. Both enzyme activities were produced at stationary growth phase. Mannanase from the culture filtrate showed the highest activity at $55^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.5. Xylanase activity was optimal at $65^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.5. The predominant products resulting from the mannanase or xylanase hydrolysis were oligosaccharides for LBG or xylan, respectively. In addition, the enzymes could hydrolyze wheat bran and rice bran into oligosaccharides.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.400-408
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• 2017

This experiment was conducted to estimate the livestock carrying capacity per unit area of Hanwoo heifer with determine the quality of the forage by evaluating the productivity and nutritive value of spring seeding oats (Avena sative L.) according to different seeding and harvesting timings. Dry matter yields were the highest at 13.62 tons per ha when oat was seeded on March 15 and harvested on June 8 (p < 0.05), while the lowest yield of 6.29 tons per ha was obtained when seeded on February 25 and harvested on May 19 (p < 0.05). The highest crude protein yield of 1.27 tons per ha (p < 0.05) was obtained when seeded on March 5 and harvested on June 8. The total digestible nutrient yield was the highest at 7.38 tons per ha when harvested on June 8, the last harvest of the experiment (p < 0.05). In the northern part of Gyeongbuk province, spring seeding oats at the beginning of March, rather than in the middle of March, showed good annual livestock carrying capacity per unit area. According to harvest timing, the plot harvested on June 8 showed the highest livestock carrying capacity with an average of 6.53 heads (p < 0.05). In conclusion, in the northern part of Gyeongbuk province in spring, it is better to seed oat early in March and to harvest early in June to increase the livestock breeding capacity, considering dry matter productivity and feed value.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.125-135
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• 2019

Late-maturing Dark Horse, and early-maturing High Speed oat varieties were seeded on March 3, 2016 and harvested on three periods: May 31, June 10, and June 20 coded as early, mid, and late-harvest, respectively. Dried and ground samples were subjected to chemical analysis to determine nutritional values such as crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), organic matter (OM), and total digestible nutrient (TDN). Effective degradability (ED) of nutrients and fermentation characteristics including volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition, pH, gas production, and ammonia-N concentration were evaluated through an in vitro digestion method. Varieties of oat hays showed significant difference in terms of nutritional value, ED, and fermentation characteristics. Dark Horse showed higher CP and OM, and lower EE contents than High Speed. Dark Horse also showed higher EDDM (dry matter), NDF, ADF, and OM than High Speed, and although High Speed showed higher pH and ammonia-N, it had lower gas and total VFA production than Dark Horse. However, in terms of harvest period, significant difference was only observed in Dark Horse where early-harvest increased the CP, and late-harvest increased the NDF and OM contents. In addition, early-harvest of Dark Horse increased the EDDM and EDNDF of the forage. Therefore, early-harvest of late-maturing Dark Horse would give better nutrient efficiency than High Speed. Allowing Dark Horse to advance in maturity would decrease its nutrient productivity and efficiency.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 1992

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of seeding rates and nitrogen fertilization levels on the agronomic characteristics, nutritive value and forage yield of spring oat(Avena sativa L.). This experiment was undertaken over a period of 2 months from September to November, 1987. The results obtained are summarized as follows : Increased seeding rates of 120, 160 and 200kg/ha decreased emergence rates by 93.4, 71.4 and 70.6 %, respectively(P<0.05). Tillering was decreased by higher seeding rates(P<0.05) and that of 120kg/ha of seeding rate with 200kg/ha of nitrogen fertilization level was highest by 3.3. Among three seeding rates, tillering of 200 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilization level was lowest by 2.1. Leaf width was influenced by seeding rates. When seeding rate was increased, narrow leaf width (P