• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.359-366
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• 2005

재배종담배(Nicotiana tabacum L. cv.), 야생종담배 (N. plumbaginifolia)와 벼종자(Orya sativa L, cv.)에 neutron빔을 각각 조사(irradiation)하여 발아, 식물체의 생장과 DNA의 변이에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 담배종자와 벼종자에 90, 180, 270, 360, 450, 540 Gy까지 조사로 발아율은 크게 감소하지 않았고, 생장에 있어 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 그러나 담배식물체에서 총 200개체 중 71개체(약 $36\%$)가 잎에서 형태 이상을 나타내었다. 또한 줄기색 변이체, 엽색변이체, 화형변이체를 유도하였다. 이 결과는 neutron빔이 유용한 돌연변이원으로서 가능성이 있음을 시사해 준다. Neutron빔을 조사한 후 생장한 담배식물체의 잎에 대하여 총 34개의 primer를 이용하여 RAPD 분석한 결과 20개의 primer에서 총 104개의 DNA 단편이 증폭되었고, 중성자 빔조사처리구에서만 출현하는 DNA 단편은 나타나지 않았다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.261-267
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• 1996

모단(牡丹) 재배시(栽培時) 적합(適合)한 비료(肥料)를 선발(選拔)하여 재배기술(栽培技術) 체계(體系)를 확립(確立)하고자 묘두(苗頭) $2{\sim}3$ 개묘(個苗)의 제천지방재래종(堤川地方在來種)을 공시(供試)하였으며, 10a당(當) 퇴비(堆肥) 2,000kg, 3요소비료(要素肥料)($N-P_2O_5-K_2O=10-10-10$), 계분비료(鷄糞肥料) 100kg, 유기질비료(有機質肥料) 200kg, 2종복합비료(重複合肥料) 100kg, 무비구등(無肥區等) 6처리(處理)를 난괴법(亂塊法) 3반복(反復)으로 하여 1990년(年) 11월(月) 12일(日)에 휴폭(畦幅) 200cm(4열(列)), 주간(株間) 40cm(1주(株) 1본(本))으로 정식(定植)하여 시험(試驗)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 출현기(出現期)는 3월(月) 29일(日)로 처리간(處理間)에 차(差)없이 균일(均一)하였고, 입수율(立手率)은 85%이상(以上)으로 양호(良好)하였으며, 초장(草長)과 엽병장(葉柄長)은 무비구(無肥區) 58cm, 35cm보다 비료(肥料) 시용(施用)에서 길었고, 2년생(年生) 줄기의 길이는 13cm보다 2종복합비료(種複合肥料)에서 짧았으나 1년생(年生) 줄기 길이는 무비구(無肥區) 25cm보다 비료(肥料) 시용(施用)에서 모두 길었다. 2. 주근장(主根長)은 무비구(無肥區) 25.4cm에 비(比)하여 2종복합비료(種複合肥料) 시용(施用)에서 1.2cm가 짧았고, 그 외(外)의 비료시용(肥料施用)에서 $2.4{\sim}5.6cm$가 각각(各各) 길었으며, 근태(根太)는 무비구(無肥區) 1.3cm 보다 퇴비(堆肥) 유기질(有機質) 비료(肥料) 시용(施用)에서 가늘었으나, 화학비료(化學肥料) 시용(施用)에서는 굵었다. 3. 모단(牡丹)의 주성분(主成分)인 paeonol 함량(含量)은 무비구(無肥區)에 비(比)하여 3요소(要素)와 2종복합비료(種複合肥料), 유기질비료(有機質肥料) 시용(施用)에 의하여 오히려 낮아지는 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 4. 10a당 생근중(生根重)은 무비구(無肥區) 840kg에 비(比)하여 계분비료시용(鷄糞肥料施用)은 15%, 유기질(有機質) 비료(肥料)는 26%, 3요소 시용(施用)은 17%가 각각(各各) 증수(增收)되었으나, 특히 퇴비시용(堆肥施用)에서 31% 증수(增收)되었고, 근피중(根皮重)은 무비구(無肥區) 151kg에 비(比)하여 퇴비(堆肥), 계분(鷄糞) 비료(肥料) 시용(施用)은 $42{\sim}49%$ 증수(增收)되어 모단(牡丹) 재배시(栽培時) 화학비료(化學肥料) 시용(施用)보다는 퇴비(堆肥) 등(等) 유기질(有機質) 비료(肥料) 시용(施用)이 효고적(效果的)이었다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.32-39
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• 2012

Efficacy of different control methods was evaluated for disease management of tomato bacterial wilt caused by $Ralstonia$ $solanacearum$. All six chemical pesticides applied to the bacterial suspension showed $in$ $vitro$ bactericidal activities against $R.$ $solanacearum$. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of copper hydroxide (CH), copper hydroxide-oxadixyl mixture (CH+O), and copper oxychloride-dithianon mixture (CO+D) were all 200 ${\mu}g/ml$; MIC of copper oxychloride-kasugamycin (CO+K) mixture was 100 ${\mu}g/ml$; MICs of both streptomycin- validamycin (S+V) and oxine copper-polyoxine B mixture (OC+PB) were 10 ${\mu}g/ml$. Among these chemical pesticides, treatment of the detached tomato leaves with the 5 pesticides (1 mg/ml), except for OC+PB delayed early wilting symptom development caused by the bacterial inoculation ($10^6$ and $10^7$ cfu/ml). Four pesticides, CH, CH+O, CO+K and S+V, showed disease protection in pot analyses. Six plant essential oils, such as cinnamon oil, citral, clove oil, eugenol, geraniol and limonene, differentially showed their antibacterial activities $in$ $vitro$ against $R.$ $solanacearum$ demonstrated by paper disc assay. Among those, cinnamon oil and clove oil exert the most effective activity for protection from the wilt disease caused by the bacterial infection ($10^6$ cfu/ml). Treatment with cinnamon oil and clove oil also suppressed bacterial disease by a higher inoculum concentration ($10^7$ cfu/ml). Clove oil could be used for prevention of bacterial wilt disease of tomato plants without any phytotoxicity. Thus, we suggest that copper compounds, antibiotics and essential oils have potency as a controlling agent of tomato bacterial wilt.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.83-88
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• 2004

The present study was carried out to investigate the potential adverse effects of CKD-602 by a 5-day repeated intravenous dose in Sprague-Dawley rats. The test article, CKD-602, was administered intravenously to male and female rats at dose levels of 0.07, 0.22, 0.67, 2.0 and 6.0 mg/kg/day for 5 days consecutively. Mortalities, clinical findings, and body weight changes were monitored for the 14-day period after cessation of the administration. At the end of 14-day observation period, all animals were sacrificed and complete gross postmortem examinations were performed. There were 2 and 5 treatment related deaths in the 0.67 and 2.0 mg/kg/day dose groups of both genders, respectively. Treatment related clinical signs, including hair loss, skin paleness, decreased locomotor activity, emaciation, and changes in stool were observed in a dose-dependent manner from the third day after initiation of the injection. Decrease or suppression of body weight was also observed dose-dependently in males and females of the treated groups. Gross postmortem examinations revealed a dose-dependent increase in the incidence and severity of atrophy or hypertrophy and white membrane formation in the spleen, atrophy of the thymus, diffuse white spots and paleness of the liver, paleness of the lung, kidney and adrenal gland, and dark red discoloration and dark red contents in the alimentary tract. Based on these results, it was concluded that the 5-repeated intravenous injection of CKD-602 to male and female rats resulted in increased incidence of abnormal clinical signs and death, decreased or suppressed body weight, and increased incidence of abnormal gross findings. In the present experimental conditions, the $LD_{50}$ value was 2.07 (95% confidence limit not specified) mg/kg/day in both genders and the $LD_{10}$ value was 1.72 (95% confidence limit not specified) mg/kg/day in both genders.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.580-592
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• 2020

Background: Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (thereafter called ginseng) has been used as a medicinal herb for thousands of years to maintain people's physical vitality and is also a non-organ-specific cancer preventive and therapeutic traditional medicine in several epidemiologic and preclinical studies. Owing to few toxic side effects and strong enhancement on body immunity, ginseng has admirable application potential and value in cancer chemoprevention. The study aims at investigating the chemopreventive effects of ginseng on cutaneous carcinoma and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: The mouse skin cancer model was induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used for identifying various ginsenosides, the main active ingredients of ginseng. Comprehensive approaches (including network pharmacology, bioinformatics, and experimental verification) were used to explore the potential targets of ginseng. Results: Ginseng treatment inhibited cutaneous carcinoma in terms of initiation and promotion. The content of Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd ginsenosides was the highest in both mouse blood and skin tissues. Ginseng and its active components well maintained the redox homeostasis and modulated the immune response in the model. Specifically, ginseng treatment inhibited the initiation of skin cancer by enhancing T-cell-mediated immune response through upregulating HSP27 expression and inhibited the promotion of skin cancer by maintaining cellular redox homeostasis through promoting nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Conclusion: According to the study results, ginseng can be potentially used for cutaneous carcinoma as a chemopreventive agent by enhancing cell-mediated immunity and maintaining redox homeostasis with multiple components, targets, and links.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.578-588
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• 2017

Background: Elevated testicular temperature disrupts spermatogenesis and causes infertility. In the present study, the protective effect of enzymatically biotransformed Panax ginseng Meyer by pectinase (GINST) against chronic intermittent heat stress-induced testicular damage in rats was investigated. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (4 wk old, 60-70 g) were divided into four groups: normal control (NC), heat-stress control (HC), heat-stress plus GINST-100 mg/kg (HG100), and heat-stress plus GINST-200 mg/kg (HG200) treatment groups. Each dose of GINST (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) was mixed separately with a regular pellet diet and was administered orally for 24 wk. For inducing heat stress, rats in the NC group were maintained at $25^{\circ}C$, whereas rats in the HC, HG100, and HG200 groups were exposed to $32{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 2 h daily for 6 mo. At week 25, the testes and serum from each animal were analyzed for various parameters. Results: Significant (p < 0.01) changes in the sperm kinematic values and blood chemistry panels were observed in the HC group. Furthermore, spermatogenesis-related molecules, sex hormone receptors, and selected antioxidant enzyme expression levels were also altered in the HC group compared to those in the NC group. GINST (HS100 and HS200) administration significantly (p < 0.05) restored these changes when compared with the HC group. For most of the parameters tested, the HG200 group exhibited potent effects compared with those exhibited by the HG100 group. Conclusion: GINST may be categorized as an important medicinal herb and a potential therapeutic for the treatment of male subfertility or infertility caused by hyperthermia.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.604-614
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• 2020

Chronological aging and photoaging affect appearance, causing wrinkles, pigmentation, texture changes, and loss of elasticity in the skin. Phragmites communis is a tall perennial herb used for its high nutritional value and for medicinal purposes, such as relief from fever and vomiting and facilitation of diuresis. In this study, we investigated the effects of ethanol extract of P. communis rhizome (PCE) on skin aging. The total flavonoid and total phenolic content in PCE were 2.92 ± 0.007 ㎍ of quercetin equivalents (QE) and 231.8 ± 0.001 ㎍ of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 100 mg of dried extract (n = 3). The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of PCE for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities were 0.96 and 0.97 mg/mL, respectively. PCE showed inhibitory effects on tyrosinase when L-tyrosine (IC50 = 1.25 mg/mL) and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (IC50 = 0.92 mg/mL) were used as substrates. PCE treatment up to 200 ㎍/mL for 24 h did not cause any significant cytotoxicity in B16F10 melanocytes, human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), and HaCaT keratinocytes. In B16F10 melanocytes, PCE (25 and 50 ㎍ /mL) inhibited melanin production and cellular tyrosinase activity after challenge with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH; p < 0.05). In HDFs, PCE suppressed the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and reduced the activity of elastase (p < 0.05). In addition, ultraviolet B (UVB)-mediated downregulation of hyaluronic acid synthase-2 gene expression in HaCaT keratinocytes was also effectively suppressed by PCE treatment. Overall, our results showed that PCE has potential anti-skin aging activity associated with the suppression of hyperpigmentation, wrinkle formation, and reduction in dryness. PCE is a promising candidate for the development of an anti-skin aging cosmetic ingredient.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.194-201
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• 2014

AMF의 특징 및 접종 효과를 확인하기 위해 경기 지역에서 토양 시료를 채집하고 AMF 포자를 분리하여 포자 및 감염 구조의 특징을 관찰하였으며 고추에 접종 후 생육 비교 조사를 실시하였다. 각 토양 시료에서 분리된 AMF 포자들은 대체적으로 원형, 타원형의 형태였으며 다양한 포자 색깔 중에서는 연노란색의 포자가 많은 분포를 나타냈다. 포자의 크기는 평균 $48.4{\mu}m$였으며 낭상체의 크기는 평균 $99.7{\mu}m$였다. 옥수수에 접종 배양한 AMF의 뿌리 감염률은 13.3~83.3%의 범위를 나타냈으며 옥수수를 기주로 하는 토양 시료를 접종 후 배양했을 때 평균 75% 이상의 높은 감염률을 나타냈다. AMF를 고추에 처리했을 때 무처리구에 비해 생체중과 건물중, 초장은 다소 증가했지만 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 하지만 3회에 걸친 수량 조사에서는 각각의 수확시기와 전체 평균 누적 수확량에서 모두 2배 이상 차이를 보여 AMF를 고추에 처리했을 때 수량성면에서는 뚜렷한 효과를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 밭작물을 중심으로 분리된 AMF 포자를 다른 작물에 적용했을 때 효과의 가능성을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 또한 AMF가 식물 생육을 촉진할 수 있는 친환경 균근균 비료 자원으로서 다양한 작물과 재배지에서 적용할 수 있는 AMF의 접종원 대량 생산 시스템 및 제품 개발을 위한 기초 자료로의 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.686-702
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Schisandrae Fructus, the fruit of Schisandra chinensis Baill., has traditionally been used as a medicinal herb for the treatment of various diseases, and has proven its various pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of Schisandrae Fructus ethanol extract (SF) on inflammatory and oxidative stress in particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. MATERIALS/METHODS: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of SF in PM2.5-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, the levels of pro-inflammatory mediator such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the effect of SF, the expression of genes involved in the generation of inflammatory factors was also investigated. We further evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy of SF against PM2.5 in the zebrafish model. RESULTS: The results indicated that SF treatment significantly inhibited the PM2.5-induced release of NO and PGE₂, which was associated with decreased inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. SF also attenuated the PM2.5-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-1β, reducing their extracellular secretion. Moreover, SF suppressed the PM2.5-mediated translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) from the cytosol into nuclei and the degradation of inhibitor IκB-α, indicating that SF exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, SF abolished PM2.5-induced generation of ROS, similar to the pretreatment of a ROS scavenger, but not by an inhibitor of NF-κB activity. Furthermore, SF showed strong protective effects against NO and ROS production in PM2.5-treated zebrafish larvae. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that SF exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects against PM2.5 through ROS-dependent down-regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway, and that SF can be a potential functional substance to prevent PM2.5-mediated inflammatory and oxidative damage.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.745-754
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• 2021

면역 기능의 저하는 각종 감염에 대한 저항력의 부족을 초래하여 다양한 질병 유발에 기여하며, 면역 억제제의 부작용을 감소시키거나 면역력을 높이기 위해 면역 조절 생체 물질이 사용되고 있다. 침향은 침향나무의 방향족수지 부분이며 전통적으로 다양한 질병을 치료하기 위한 목적으로 사용되어왔다. 비록 선행 연구들에 의하여 침향이 신체의 면역력을 향상시킬 수 있다는 사실이 밝혀졌지만 이에 대한 근거는 여전히 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 인도네시아에서 구입한 A. malaccensisd 침향 메탄올 추출물의 면역 자극 효과를 RAW 264.7 대식세포 모델에서 평가하였다. 본 연구의 결과에 의하면 침향 추출물은 세포 독성이 없는 조건에서 식작용을 현저하게 향상시켰으며다. 또한 침향 추출물 처리된 RAW 264.7 세포는 활성화된 대식세포의 전형적인 형태를 보였으며, iNOS 발현 증가에 따른 NO 생성의 생성을 크게 증가시켰다. 아울러 TNF-α, IL-1β 및 IL-6과 같은 cytokine의 발현과 분비를 증가시켰으며, MAPKs 신호 전달 경로를 활성화시켰다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 고대 서적을 기반으로 침향의 효과를 확인하는 데 중요한 의미가 있으며, 침향이 잠재적인 면역 강화 효과가 있다는 근거를 제시하는 것이다.