• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.553-561
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• 2013

This study examined the food purchasing behavior of rural housewives in Bibong-myeon, Hwaseong. The survey targeted grocery shopping for the home, in particular by housewives. The type of grocery store frequented, age, socioeconomic factors, and ease of purchase were compared with interests in health foods. One super supermarket (SSM), three supermarkets (SM), and four convenience stores were examined in the research area, whereas a large-scale discount store and grocery stores were also examined outside the research area. The grocery store visiting rate was 61.5% in the research area and 38.5% in the other area. The SSM (62.7%) and SM (29.9%) in the research area and LDS (57.1%) and SSM (16.7%) in the other area were most frequently visited. Major purchasing products greatly differed according to the grocery store type. Major foods purchased in the SSM were grain, meat, and fish. Major foods purchased in the LDS and SM were processed products and vegetables, respectively. The LDS visiting frequency was 41.7% for 2-3 times per month and 41.7% for <1 time per month. The means of transport were mostly by private car (87.5%), whereas the SSM was visited 1-2 times per week 53.1% of the time by foot. In addition, various grocery stores are absent in rural areas and it is therefore important to find other methods to assess the food environment of rural areas. In future research, it will be necessary to design various ways to perform food environment research.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.18-26
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to establish food ingestion factors needed to assess exposure to contaminants through food ingestion. The study reclassified the raw data of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2001 into 12 subcategories including grain products, meat products, fish and shellfish, and vegetables for international comparability of exposure evaluation. The criteria for food intake calculation were unified according to the characteristics of food groups, and recommended values for food ingestion factors were calculated through moisture correction and recategorization of cooked, processed, and mixed foods for each group. The average intake rate for grain and grain products was 6.25 g/kg-d per capita and the men's intake rate was approximately 8% higher than that of the women. The average intake rate of meat and meat products was 1.62 g/kg-d per capita and the men's intake rate was 30% higher than that of the women, on average. The average intake rate of fish and shellfish was 1.53 g/kg-d per capita, and the age groups of 1 to 2 and 3 to 6 recorded higher capita intake rates than other age groups, 2.62 g/kg-d and 2.25 g/kg-d, respectively. The average intake rate of vegetables was 6.47 g/kg-d per capita, with the age group of 1 to 2 recording the highest per capita intake rate of 9.79 g/kg-d and that of 13 to 19 recording the lowest mean. The study also offers recommended values for food ingestion factors of other food groups by gender, age, and region. The food ingestion exposure factors will need future updates in consideration of ongoing changes in food consumption behavior.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.277-285
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• 1996

Retrospective study on the comparison of outbreaks of food poisoning for food hygiene in Korea and Japan. The average value of morbidity rate by year in Korea during the period of 1971 to 1992 was 2.9 per 100,000 population, and that of Japan was 29.1. The mean value of mortality rates in case of food poisoning by year in Korea was 2.33%, and that of Japan was 0.07%. When compared the rates of morbidity and mortality between Korea and Japan during the same period, the morbidity rates of Japan were much higher than those of Korea (p<0.01). However, mortality rate of patients in Korea were much higher then those of Japan(p<0.01). Resulting from comparative observation of food poisoning by preparing facilities between Korea and Japan. The highest list the places where the outbreaks occurred was home-made foods accounted for 48.8% of the total cases in Korea and that of Japan was restaurants accounted for 33.0%. Causative foods in Korea, the most common incrimination vehicles were seafood, meat and animal products and grain and vegetables, including mushroom. However, in the case of the common incrimination vehicles Japan were unknown and other foods, seafood, vegetables and meat and animal products etc.. Food poisoning of pathogenic substance in Korea were 60.9% of bacterial food poisoning of the total cases showing that Vibrio species, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., pathogenic E. coli, Clostridium spp. and other spp. were 33.3%, 26.2%, 16.3%, 5.3%, 0.4% and 18.5%, respectively. On the other hand, in Japan, major causes were Vibrio spp. (45.7%), Staphylococcus spp. (23.7%), Salmonella spp. (16.8%), pathogenic E. coli (3.8%), Clostridium spp. (0.2%) and other spp. (9.6%).

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.32-38
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• 2018

The objective of this research was to determine the grain oil most suitable for the production of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) in China, in order to supply dietary omega-3 FAs. This study focused on the nutritional significance of omega-3 FAs and the wide search of sources of dietary omega-3 FA from oil grains produced in China. Five oil grains produced in the Yanbian region, namely sesame, flax, peanut, soybean, and corn, were selected and analyzed for their fat content and FA composition. Results showed that the lipid content in sesame, flax, and peanut, which was more than 30%, was higher than that in soybean and corn. The polyunsaturated FA content was found to be directly proportional to omega-3 FA content. Flax showed a considerably higher omega-3 FA content (53.43%) than other samples, suggesting its potential as a source of dietary omega-3 FA. The optimal daily intake of flax for males and females was determined to be 2.99 g (over one table spoon) and 2.06 g (nearly one table spoon), respectively. Flax showed the lowest ratio of omega-6 and omega-3 FA (0.32%), which can help reduce this ratio in the human body; the intake of equal amounts of flax and corn could achieve an optimum ratio of 1:1. These results can prove to be valuable in the preparation of various functional dairy foods in the future.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.449-465
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze menu patterns and food group diversity in daycare centers managed by the Center for Children's Foodservice Management in South Korea. Methods: Data from 18 Center for Children's Foodservice Management centers across various provinces (excluding Jeju Island) were analyzed. We examined 8,796 meals served in February, May, August, and December 2021, focusing on seasonal lunch and snack menus for children aged 3-5. Foods were categorized into 19 groups for lunch and 21 for snacks. The frequency of food groups and dietary patterns were assessed using the Dietary Diversity Score. Analyses were conducted using Excel 2016 and IBM SPSS Statistics version 28. Results: Most lunch menus (89%) included five menu items, with a ratio of grain, meat, and vegetables at 88%. Snack menus typically had one item (57%), with significantly more items in the afternoon compared to the morning (P < 0.001). Regarding snack patterns, 75.2% of morning snacks and 61.1% of afternoon snacks contained only one solid food and drink (P < 0.001). Fruit and milk (22.4%) was the most prevalent pattern in morning snacks, while grain and milk (31%) dominated afternoon snacks (P < 0.001). Only 48% of daycare center menus (all snacks and lunch) included all five food groups (grain, meat, vegetables, fruit, and milk). Notably, only 83% included milk and 57% included fruit. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need to improve food variety and diversity in the Center for Children's Foodservice Management-managed daycare center menus. Developing more detailed guidelines for menu structure and food composition is crucial to ensure children receive balanced and diverse nutrition.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.422-434
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• 2019

우리나라 국민의 가공식품 섭취 증가로 인해 가공식품으로부터의 영양소 섭취는 개인의 건강을 유지하는 식생활의 중요한 요인으로 작용하게 되었다. 그러므로 본 연구는 가공식품으로부터의 열량 및 영양소의 섭취 기여를 파악하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 나이, 성별, 에너지 섭취량을 보정 한 결과, 가공식품의 섭취량은 남자가 여자보다 유의적으로 많이 섭취하였고, 나이가 증가할수록 적게 섭취하였다. 또한, 소득이 높고, 학력이 높을수록 총 가공식품의 섭취량이 유의적으로 많았다. 가공식품 섭취는 총식품 섭취량의 68.1%로 원재료식품보다 높았고, 곡류, 버섯류, 기타류를 제외한 모든 식품군에서 가공식품 섭취비율이 유의적으로 높았다. 음료 및 주류에서 가공식품 섭취량이 가장 높았다. 가공식품 섭취량이 많은 상위 5개 식품군인 음료 및 주류군, 채소군, 곡류군, 과일군, 유류군에서 다소비 가공식품은 빵, 김치, 사과가공품, 우유, 맥주로 나타났다. 나이, 성별, 에너지 섭취량을 보정 한 결과, 탄수화물을 제외한 조사된 모든 영양소 섭취량 및 영양소 섭취기준 비율은 원재료식품 식품에서보다 가공식품에서 유의적으로 높았다. 총 에너지 대비 탄수화물 섭취 비율은 가공식품에서 낮았고 단백질, 지질로부터의 에너지 섭취비율이 가공식품에서 높았다. 특히 나트륨의 경우, 가공식품에서 섭취가 96.3%로 가공식품으로부터 가장 높게 섭취하는 영양소로 나타났다. 나이, 에너지 섭취량을 보정 한 결과, 가공식품에서 영양소 섭취량은 남성이 여성보다 많았다 (비타민 C, 식이섬유, 철분, 비타민 A 제외). 가공식품에서 비타민 C 섭취량은 여성에서 높았고, 식이섬유, 철분, 비타민 A 섭취량은 성별에 따른 차이가 없었다. 성별, 에너지 섭취량, BMI를 보정 한 결과, 가공식품에서 철, 비타민 A, 비타민 C의 섭취량은 20대에 비하여 30 ~ 64세에서 섭취량이 증가하였고 65세 이상에서는 감소하였다. 가공식품으로부터의 나트륨 섭취량은 30 ~ 49세에 가장 높았고, 50세 이상에서는 섭취량이 감소하였다. 결론적으로 한국 성인의 경우 1일 총 식이 섭취량에서 가공식품 섭취량이 원재료식품보다 많았으며 가공식품으로부터 더 많은 열량과 및 대부분 영양소를 섭취하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 가공식품의 섭취는 앞으로 더 늘어날 것으로 예상하여 건강한 가공식품의 섭취와 선택에 관한 연구와 영양교육이 필요한 것으로 생각한다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.453-461
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the mothers' nutritional knowledge on weaning of 101 infants (8 for 4 mo, 44 for 5 mo, 45 for 6 mo, 4 for 7 mo) at a public health center of Incheon. Informations on the mothers' nutritional knowledge were obtained by questionnaires. In this survey $41.6\%$ of infants were breast-feeding, $43.6\%$ of them were bottle-feeding, and $14.9\%$ of them were mixed feeding right after birth. The rate of breast-feeding right after birth was significantly higher in mothers of high school graduate than mothers of college/university graduate (p < 0.05). The infants of mothers graduated high school began to be weaned significantly earlier than the infants of mothers graduated college/university (p < 0.05). $95.1\%$ of infants (n = 101) began to be weaned 4 to 6 months. $83.1\%$ of infants were fed home-made weaning foods. $66.7\%$ of infants were fed rice gruel, $18.5\%$ of them were fruit juice, $6.2\%$ of them were mixed grain, and $4.9\%$ of them were commercially prepared weaning foods as their first supplementary foods. As main supplementary foods, $32.8\%$ of infants were fed vegetable, $30.5\%$ of them were rice gruel, and $27.7\%$ of them were fruit juice. Mothers' nutritional knowledge related to weaning was significantly higher among mothers of college/ university graduate than mothers of high school graduate (p < 0.05). $86.1\%$ of mothers disagreed with the questionnaire in which breast-fed infants aged over 4 months needed to be fed iron sufficient food. For the improvement of nutritional status especially iron nutritional status of infants, nutritional education for mothers with weaning aged infants has to be increased and related programs have to be operated effectively.

• 한국식품저장유통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품저장유통학회 2003년도 제23차 추계총회 및 국제학술심포지움
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• pp.13-21
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• 2003

China is the largest rice producer in the world, with about 28 million hectares rice-planting area. Most of the rice is consumed domestically as daily staple food, with a small proportion consumed as feed and deep-processed products. The low elastic elasticity and low profit of rice production which hampers the development of the industry, is due to the low quality of rice grain, low processing level and undeveloped rice processing technique. Promotion of high-quality species, effective quality control, adoption of modem Processing techniques, My use of low-quality indica rice, and utilization of specialty rice are considered as priorities in rice industry.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.418-428
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• 2022

본 연구는 코덱스 식품분류에 포함된 식물성 가공식품에 대해 그 원료식품에 대한 코덱스 식품원료 분류 정보(그룹 및 subgroup)와 국내 식품원료 분류 포함 여부를 파악하기 위해 수행되었다. 연구 결과를 간략히 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째 코덱스 주요 가공식품 그룹별로 코덱스 분류 내용을 가공식품 그룹(분류 코드의 수/원료식품이 포함되는 식품원료 그룹 수/식품원료 분류에 포함되지 않은 원료식품의 수)로 보면, 건조 과일류(46/8/0), 건조 채소류(76/11/1), 건조 허브류(54/4/12), 곡류 도정 가공품(36/1/0), 차(19개 코드, 가공식품으로만 분류), 식물성 조제유(17/4/3), 식물성 정제유(34/8/9), 과일 주스(20/8/0), 채소 주스(3/2/0)로 나타났다. 둘째 국내 식품원료 분류에 포함되어 있지 않은 원료식품의 수는 건조 과일류 9종, 건조 채소류 14종, 건조 허브류 35종, 곡류 도정 가공품 0종, 차 6종, 식물성 조제유 3종, 식물성 정제유 9종, 과일 주스 2종, 채소 주스 0종이었다. 셋째 코덱스와 국내 식품 분류에 차이를 보이는 코코넛(코덱스는 열대과일뿐만 아니라 견과로도 분류), 올리브(유지종실뿐만 아니라 열대과일로도 분류) 그리고 코덱스 분류에서 특이점을 보이는 건조 고추(향신료로 분류, 건조채소류로 분류하지 않음), 토마토 주스(원료식품은 채소류, 주스는 과일주스로 분류), 생강(잎은 식품원료 분류에 포함되어 있지 않으나 뿌리줄기는 향신료에 포함)과 같은 식품에 대해 코덱스 식품 분류를 활용하는 데 주의가 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.176-187
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• 2001

This research was conducted to evaluate the general dietary quality(the balance and diversity of food intake, nutrient intake and adequacy) of 12 to 36-month-old toddler, through examining their actual food intake. It was conducted for 664(male-357, female-307) healthy toddler who were outpatients from Mar. to Aug., 1999 at university hospitals and private hospitals in Seoul and kyunggi province. The anthropometric parameters were measured. The 24-hr recall method were utilized to analyze the nutrient intake by months, based on the classification of The Korea Child Gorwth Standard. As for the subjects of this research, we found that the younger the age, the more frequent the pattern of intake of only 3 kinds of food groups. The results are that 1) the group with 1 point of the DDS(Dietary Diversity Score) mostly took only foods from the milk group, 2) the group with 2 points only took foods from the grain and milk group, 3) the group with 3 points did not take foods from the fruit and vegetable group, and 4) the group with 4 points took just about all kinds of food groups except for the vegetable group. This means that most of them were not taking various kinds of food even after the age of 12 months, and that they took more than twice the recommended amount of foods from the milk group until the age of 20 months. Thus, one could find a tendency of dependance on the milk group for food intake. Food intake for the vegetable group was severely under the recommended allowance, regardless of the age. The intake of iron was less than two thirds of the recommended allowance, except for the group of 12 to 14-month-olds who had been fed with infant formula. The Nutrient Adequacy Ratio(NAR) of major nutrients(protein, calcium, phosphorous, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin, vitamin C) and the Mean Adequacy Ratio(MAR, shows the general quality of dietary intake) was 0.86$\pm$0.12, but the NAR of iron was 0.62$\pm$0.27, which was extremely low compared to those of other nutrients. Therefore, concerning the subjects of this research, the MAR value alone does not provide enough ground to conclude that the subjects dietary quality is satisfactory. (Korean J Nutrition 34(2) : 176-187, 2001)