• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.360-369
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• 2016

Background: Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zins) Scholten is an important pathogenic fungus that causes ginseng root rot in many ginseng growing areas in China. Although C. destructans have been studied worldwide, research on its chemotaxis towards ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) root exudates in the rhizosphere remains limited. Methods and Results: In this study, we collected ginseng root exudates with three different polarities from three-year-old ginseng roots, and performed chemotaxis and spore germination assays to investigate the ability of these exudates to induce the response in C. destructans. The results showed that, compared with other conditions, when C. destructans cultivated at $20^{\circ}C$ and a pH of 6 exhibited a strong positive chemotactic response toward $2mg/{\ell}$ aqueous phase, $20mg/{\ell}$ butanol phase, and $0.2mg/{\ell}$ petroleum ether from ginseng root exudates, the chemotactic moving indexes were 0.1581, 0.1638 and 0.1441, respectively. In addition, the spore germination rate with optimal chemotactic parameters were 48%, 53%, and 41% in the aqueous phase, butanol phase and petroleum ether groups, respectiviely, which were significantly higher than that in the control group (23%) (p < 0.05). The mycelial growth rate with optimal chemotactic parameters increased with culture time, and the maximum growth rates in the aqueous phase, butanol phase and petroleum ether groups were 0.425, 0.406 and 0.364 respectively, on the 4th day. The optimal chemotactic parameters were $39.73mg/50mg/{\ell}$, $48.93mg/50mg/{\ell}$, and $31.43mg/50mg/{\ell}$, in aqueous phase, butanol phase and petroleum ether respectively, from ginseng root exudates, compared with $5.5mg/50mg/{\ell}$, in the control group. Conclusions: The present study revealed that certain ginseng root exudates containing chemical attractants act as nutritional sources or signals for C. destructans and support its colonization of ginseng roots.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1990.06a
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• pp.175-189
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• 1990

Nitrogen compounds of Panax ginseng and their biological activities in plant and animal were reviewed. Major nitrogen compounds found in P. ginseng are free amino acids. Water solilble proteins, indouble proteins and peptides. Minor nitrogen compounds are dencichine. Glycolyroteins, amines, alkaloides, methoxy or alkyl pyrazine derivatives, free nucleosides and nucleic acid bases. 4-methyl-i-thiazoltethanol and pyroglutamic acid the contents of total nitrogen and protein in root Increased until 13 years old which was the highest age tinder investigation. Soluble protein content increased with the root weight and was higher in xylem pith than cortex-epidermis indicating the close relation with root growth. Arginine, which covered 58% of total free amino acids, may serve as storage nitrogen. Arginine seems to be changed into proline in rhizome. threonine in stem and again threonine and arginine in leaf. The greater the root weight the higher the polyamine stimulated Polyamine stimlllated the growth of root callus. Physiological roles of other minor nitrogen compounds are unknown although content is relatively high ((1.if) 6.w). Biochemical and pharmacological activities of some nitrogen compounds for animal were more investigated than physiological role there plant itself. Radiation and U.V protective function (heat stable protein). insulin-like activity in lipogenesis and livolysis (adenosine and pyroglutamic acid), depression of blood sugar content (glycopevtide). htmostatic and nellrotoxic activity (dencichine) and, sedative and hypnotic activity (4-methyl-i-thiazoleethanol) are reported. Heat stable protein increased with root age. The traditional quality criteria appear to be well in accordance with biological activities of nitrogen compounds. Chemical studies of nitrogen compounds seem relatively rare, probably due to difficulty of isolation, subsequently the investigations of biological activities are little.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.317-331
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• 1990

Nitrogen compounds of Panax ginseng and their biological activities in plant and animal were reviewed. Major nitrogen combounds found in P. ginseng are free amino acids, Water soluble teins, insoluble proteins and peptides. Minor nitrogen compounds are dencichine. glycol)roteins. amines, alkaloides, methoxy or alkyl pyrazine derivatives. free nucleosides and nllrleir arid bases. 4-me- thymi-5-thiazoleethanol and pyroglutamic acid. The contents of total nitrogen and protein in root increased until 13 years old rvhich was the highest age tinder investigation. Soluble protein content increased With the root weight and was higher in xylem pith than cortex-epidermis indicating the rlosc relation with root growth. Arginine which covered 58% of total free amino aroids may serve as a storage nitrogen. Arginine seems to be changed into proline in rhizome, threonine in stem and again threoning and arginine in leaf. The greater the root weight the higher the polyaminc content. Polyamine stimulated the growth of root callus. Physiological roles of other minor nitrogen compounds are unknown although dencichine content is relatively high (0.5% d.w.). biochemical and pharmatological activities of some nitrogen compounds for animal were more investigated than physiological roll iota plant itself. Radiation and U.V. protective function (heat stable protein), insulin-like activity in lipogenesis and lipolysis (adenosine and pyroglutamic acid), depression of blood sugar content (glycopeptide). hemostatir and nellrotoxic activity (denrichine) and. sedative and hypnotic activity (4-methyl-5-thiazoleethilnol) are reported. Heat stable protein increased with root age. The traditional quality critsria appear to be well in accordance with biological activities of nitrogen compounds. Chemical stlldies of nitrogen compounds seem relatively rare, probably dole to difficulty of isolation, subsequently the investigations of biological activities are little.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 2002

Experiments were carried out to select the rusty tolerance lines in 39 inbred lines of ginseng cultivated in field, among them, 7 lines showed low degree of rusty root while 7 lines showed high degree of rusty root. In order to select marker elements among mineral nutrients for rusty ginseng root, we combined 5 groups as follows : Ⅰ (healthy-root of low rusty degree lines vs. rusty-root of high rusty degree lines), II (healthy-root vs. rusty-root in low rusty degree lines), Ⅲ (healthy-root vs. rusty-root in high rusty degree lines), Ⅳ (low rusty degree lines vs. high rusty degree lines in rusty-root), Ⅴ (low rusty degree lines vs. high rusty degree lines in healthy-root), and analyzed mineral nutrition at different root parts. The contents of mineral nutritions in stele and cortex were not different between healthy lines and rusty lines, and between healthy roots and rusty roots, but that in branch and fine roots were not a tendency. The contents of Fe, Na and Al in epidermis were higher in rusty-root than healthy-root. Also, the contents of Fe and Al in epidermis of high rusty degree lines (HRL) were higher than those of low rusty degree lines (LRL) in healthy-roots and rusty-roots, and so we suggest Fe and Al as markers to select low rusty degree ginseng lines.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.58-65
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• 2021

Background: Panax ginseng, as one of the most widely used herbal medicines worldwide, has been studied comprehensively in terms of the chemical components and pharmacology. The proteins from ginseng are also of great importance for both nutrition value and the mechanism of secondary metabolites. However, the proteomic studies are less reported in the absence of the genome information. With the completion of ginseng genome sequencing, the proteome profiling has become available for the functional study of ginseng protein components. Methods: We optimized the protein extraction process systematically by using SDS-PAGE and one-dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The extracted proteins were then analyzed by two-dimensional chromatography separation and cutting-edge mass spectrometry technique. Results: A total of 2,732 and 3,608 proteins were identified from ginseng root and cauline leaf, respectively, which was the largest data set reported so far. Only around 50% protein overlapped between the cauline leaf and root tissue parts because of the function assignment for plant growing. Further gene ontology and KEGG pathway revealed the distinguish difference between ginseng root and leaf, which accounts for the photosynthesis and metabolic process. With in-deep analysis of functional proteins related to ginsenoside synthesis, we interestingly found the cytochrome P450 and UDP-glycosyltransferase expression extensively in cauline leaf but not in the root, indicating that the post glucoside synthesis of ginsenosides might be carried out when growing and then transported to the root at withering. Conclusion: The systematically proteome analysis of Panax ginseng will provide us comprehensive understanding of ginsenoside synthesis and guidance for artificial cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.370-376
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• 2012

Disease is the major problem in ginseng cultivation from seed stratification, soil preparation prior to planting, right through to drying of the roots. There are many soil-borne disease pathogen in rhizosphere soil environment, furthermore occurrence of diseases by a diverse group of fungi and related organisms are closely related to various soil condition. Observable symptoms for soil-borne diseases include wilting, leaf death and leaf fall, death of branches and limbs and in severe cases death of the whole plant. The fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans is the cause of root rot characterized by a decay of the true root system in many ginseng production areas in Korea. Some pathogens are generally confined to the juvenile roots whilst others are capable of attacking older parts of the root system. However, the relation between the soil environmental characteristics and ginseng root rot by soil-borne disease pathogen is not clearly identified in ginseng field. In this paper, we reviewed soil-borne plant pathogen causing root rot disease of ginseng with respect to soil environment.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 1979

Effect of gibberllin on the breaking of bud dormancy of root and growth of aerial parts were investigated under laboratory and field condition for the prolongation of shoot growth duration, shortening of fruit bearing age and the increase of root yield. Drop application of GA (0.5ml of 50ppm) on rhizome of one year old root broke bud dormancy better than by low temperature. Soaking for one hour of one year old roots which wintered in the field in GA (50-200ppm) greatly accelerated the emergence of new buds while kinetin was only effective at low level (50ppm). GA substantially increased stem length in early stage and petiole length later on while kinetin increased stem diameter. Under the field condition with polythylene film tunnel (PET) in early spring the soaking in GA (50ppm for 1 hour) of rhizome of 4 year old root with replanting and dropping GA (50ppm, 1ml) on rhizome without replanting brought earlier emergence (29days) in comparison with that in the usual field. PET alone caused 14 day-early emergence. GA increased the length of stem and petiole only in early stage and replanting decreased only petiole length in later stage. Soaking in GA with replanting caused the Pronounced decrease in peduncle length, percentage of (ruin set and dry weight of reproductive organ (fruits and peduncle). Dropping without replanting showed significant decrease only in dry weight of reproductive organ. Fruit maturing was 20 days earlier than in usual held with little difference between GA and PET. It is well expected that GA could be used for early emergence of bud, shortening of root dormancy period, thinning of fruit and higher root yield according to application amount and methods.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

Background: Some plants have harmful effects on fungi and bacteria as well as other plants. Incorporating such plant into soil as green manure is effective in reducing population densities of soil pathogens. Methods and Results: Twenty-three species of green manure crops were cultivated after the harvest of 6-year-old ginseng and then incorporated into the soil at the flowering stage. The following year, the root rot ratio of 2-year-old ginseng and soil chemical properties were investigated. In the absence of green manure addition, the $NO_3$ content, electric conductivity (EC), and K content decreased by 95%, 79% and 65%, respectively. In the presence of green manure addition, $P_2O_5$ and $NO_3$ contents reduced by 41% and 25%, respectively. The "survived root ratio" of 2-year-old ginseng significantly increased by 56.2%, 47.5%, and 47.3%, in the Sorghum sudanense, Ricinus communis and Helianthus tuberosus treatment, respectively. In addition, there was a significant increase in the "survived root ratio" in the Secale cereale, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Atractylodes macrocephala, and Smallanthus sonchifolius treatments. The "survived root ratio" of ginseng showed a significant positive correlation with the soil pH and a negative correlation with the $NO_3$ contents, and EC. Conclusions: Cultivation of plant form the Chrysanthemum family as green manure, using mainly the rhizomes was effective for the control of root rot disease of ginseng.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.299-305
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• 2008

This study compared the physicochemical properties of root hair of white ginseng (WG), root hair of tissue cultured mountain ginseng (MG), root hair of red ginseng (RG) and extruded ginseng samples. The comparison of crude ash and total sugar resulted insignificant differences between extruded and raw samples. MG had a higher content of crude ash, crude protein, amino acids and polyphenolic compound than WG and RG; the total sugar and reducing sugar were highest in RG. Crude fat and acidic polysaccharide in RG and WG were similar to and higher than MG. Crude saponin of treated samples WG1 (moisture content 25%, barrel temperature $110^{\circ}C$) and WG3 (moisture content 35%, barrel temperature $110^{\circ}C$) were 9.80% and 9.73%, respectively, which were the highest among ginseng samples. In conclusion, the extrusion process can be applied to red ginseng manufacturing, and some characteristics of MG were higher than in RG and WG.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 1981

Ginseng seeds were gathered from 3,4,5 and 6 years of age and were classified into four qroups (below 4mm, 4∼5mm, 5∼6mm and above 6mm in across sieve). They were sown in seedling bed and some characters were investigated in each qroup of seed size. 1. The distribution of seed size of below 4mm, 4-5mm, 5-6mm and 6mm were 23.7%, 60.8%, 12.4% and 4.5%, respectively. 2. The ratio of seed coat dehiscence was not affected by seed size but emergence ratio and emerging vigor were superior in large seed. 3. The large seed showed superiority in stem length, stem diameter, leat and also in root length, root diameter and root weight. but diseased root was not affected by seed size. The effect of age(seed harvest) was not significant on all those characters.