• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.213-219
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• 2005

In the Korean seas, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Thermal ronts (TF) were analyzed temporally and spatially during 8 years from 1993 to 2000 using NOAA/AVHRR MCSST. In the application of EOF analysis for SST, the variance of the 1st mode was 97.6%. Temporal components showed annual variations, and spatial components showed that where it is closer to continents, the SST variations are higher. Temporal components of the 2nd mode presented higher values of 1993, 94 and 95 than those of other years. Although these phenomena were not remarkable, they could be considered ELNI . NO effects to the Korean seas as the time was when ELNI . NO occurred. The Sobel Edge Detection Method (SEDM) delineated four fronts: the Subpolar Front (SPF) separating the northern and southern parts of the East Sea; the Kuroshio Front (KF) in the East China Sea, the South Sea Coastal Front (SSCF) in the South Sea, and the Tidal Front (TDF) in the West Sea. TF generally occurred over steep bathymetry slopes, and spatial components of the 1st mode in SST were bounded within these frontal areas. EOF analysis of SST gradient values revealed the temporal and spatial variations of the TF. The SPF and SSCF were most intense in March and October; the KF was most significant in March and May.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.515-528
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• 1994

China Coastal Water(CCW) appeared in the neighbouring seas of Cheju Island has been analyzed and the results are as follows: The water with salinity below $32.20\%0$ in the neighbouring seas of Cheju Island in summer is thought CCW. During the period from April 1985 to August 1986, salinity of more than $34.00\%0$ was appeared in the Cheju Strait during January to mid May, but it decreased gradually from late May. CCW with salinity below $32.20\%0$ appeared in the Cheju Strait in early July and disappeared in October. The mean thickness of CCW in the Cheju Strait was about 25m and CCW had an influence of up to about 50m depth. And stratification structure of the Cheju Strait in summer was halocline between the surface and 50m depth and homogeneous salinity layer below 50m depth. It seems that although CCW appears in the wide area of neighbouring seas surface of Cheju Island in summer, the core of this CCW which has the lowest salinity flows into the Cheju Strait from the western seas of Cheju Island. This CCW flows out the east through the central part of the Cheju Strait and then seems to be transported further in the form of eddy.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2003

Fishing, aquaculture, coastal tourism and port activities in southern coastal seas are important to the Korean economy Conventional strategies or quick-fixes may not be the best means of addressing coastal issues. Coastal issues in Korean coastal sea include harmful algal blooms (HAB), oxygen depletion, and sea grass disappearance. Regional coastal management plans have been developed during 2001~present after inauguration of Coastal Management Law in 1999. Activities such as eco-pioneer cities, pollution reduction, constitutional rearrangement, environmental regulation, monitoring indicators, and budgeting would be included in regional coastal management Planning. The successful implementation of integrated coastal management is largely dependent on the engagement of government and non-government organizations to increase the chorus of concern. The need to involve coastal area residents in restoring activities was addressed with the creation of NGOs' Association for Masan Bay Restoration (NAMR). Several restoration efforts by NAMR are currently underway in Masan Bay coastal zone with scientific and local knowledge. A new level of dialogue was achieved suggesting a sustainable picture of Masan Bay coastal area regarding to a new port construction.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.37-42
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• 2003

We have analyzed the characteristics of the sea surface winds and wind waves near the Korean marginal seas on the basis of prediction results of the sea surface winds from MM5/KMA model, which is being used for the operation system at the Korea Meteorological observation buoy data to verify the model results during Typhoon events. The correlation coefficients between the models and observation data reach up to about 95％, supporting that these models satisfactorily simulate the sea surface winds and wave heights even at the coastal regions. Based on these verification results, we have carried out numerical experiments about the wave modulation. When there exist an opposite strong current for the propagation direction of the waves or wind direction, wave height and length gets higher and shorter, and vice versa. It is proved that these modulations of wave parameters are well generated when wind speed is relatively week.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.61-86
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• 1991

This paper aims to investigated the reasonable objectiveness of trading areas on the Korea Ship Safety Act and to make a regulated proposal of trading areas. To achieve the above mentioned object, we analyzed the existing rules and other related circumstances of maritime fields. On the basis of this viewpoint, this paper was focused on three topics of concern : (1) the relationship between the ship Safety Act and other Maritime Acts. (2) the legislative examples of foreign countries, (3) the reasonable revised reasons of trading areas. In this paper, we proposed following four matters such as (1) the modification of ship's length and speed which are the designative basis of trading areas, (2) the extension of the smooth sea area to limit of territorial seas (3) the extension of the near-coastal area to the coasts of the P.R.C., Japan, the U.S.S.R and the R.O.C ., and rename of its area into the near & greater coastal area, (4) the annulment of greater-coastal area.

• International Journal of Ocean System Engineering
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2013

In this study, wave spectrum based fatigue analyses are studied for Turkey's adjacent coastal seas by using Maestro finite element analyzing software. Palmgren-Miner's method is used to obtain the fatigue safe life time. Palmgren-Miner's method was selected for the fatigue analyses because of its good acceptance of data from almost all classification societies such as Germanischer Lloyd, the American Bureau of Shipping, Det Norske Veritas, etc. The maximum stress regions of the structures are obtained by using finite element analyses, and the results are compared with the endurance limit of the W$\ddot{o}$hler diagram of AA5059 H321 aluminum alloy. The wave characteristics table given in this article is used to obtain the number of cycles for each sea condition. By using the wave characteristics table, the wave lengths, wave speeds, and cycles are obtained. This study is performed to estimate the lifetimes of a semi-swath type coast guard boat and/or commercial yacht projects, which are produced by using AA5059 H321 aluminum alloy, under different sea environment conditions. Fatigue examinations are performed for both head seas and oblique seas.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.110-120
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• 2008

Gridded bathymetric data of 30 seconds apart in Korea marginal seas $(30^{\circ}N{\sim}44^{\circ}N,\;117^{\circ}E{\sim}143^{\circ}E)$ are produced. In order to make the data, both updated gridded data of 1 minute apart on internet sites and all the digital nautical charts issued by National Oceanographic Research Institute (NORI) in Oct. 2007 are used. The reference level of the gridded data is approximate level of lowest low water and the horizontal coordinates are based on the WGS84 ellipsoid. Especially a developed computer program can collect all the sounding data including depth contour directly from the digital charts and UTM coordinates of the data are converted to the WGS84 coordinates from which accuracy of data is significantly improved. An interpolation method is adopted to produce the gridded data which are compared and analyzed against the existing gridded data. In this gridded data we can see significantly detailed topographic features which could not be found in the previous data.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.3-30
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• 2011

According to the Article 86 of the United Nations on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS) the provisions of high seas apply to all parts of the sea that are not included in the exclusive economic zone, in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a State, or in the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic State. Article 87 also stipulates the freedom of the high seas. International laws on the flight over the high seas are found as follows; Firstly, as far as the nationality of the aircraft is concerned, its legal status is quite different from the ship where the flags of convenience can be applied practically. There is no flags of convenience of the aircraft. Secondly, according to the Article 95 of UNCLOS warships on the high seas have complete immunity from the jurisdiction of any State other than the flag State. We can suppose that the military(or state) aircraft over the high seas have also complete immunity from the jurisdiction of any State other than the flag State. Thirdly, according to the Article 101 of UNCLOS piracy consists of any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft. We can conclude that piracy can de done by a pirate aircraft as well as a pirate ship. Fourthly, according to the Article 111 (5) of UNCLOS the right of hot pursuit may be exercised only by warships or military aircraft, or other ships or aircraft clearly marked and identifiable as being on government service and authorized to that effect. We can conclude that the right of hot pursuit may be exercised only military aircraft, or aircraft clearly marked and identifiable as being on government service and authorized to that effect. Fifthly, according to the Article 110 of UNCLOS a warship which encounters on the high seas a foreign ship, is not justified in boarding it unless there is reasonable ground for suspecting that: (a) the ship is engaged in piracy, (b) the ship is engaged in the slave trade, (c) the ship is engaged in an authorized broadcasting and the flag State of the warship has jurisdiction under article 109, (d) the ship is without nationality, or (e) though flying a foreign flag or refusing to show its flag, the ship is, in reality, of the same nationality as the warship. These provisions apply mutatis mutandis to military aircraft. Sixthly, according to the Article 1 (5)(dumping), 212(pollution from or through the atmosphere), 222(enforcement with respect to pollution from or through the atmosphere) of UNCLOS aircraft as well as ship is very much related to marine pollution. Seventhly, as far as the crime on board aircraft over the high seas is concerned 1963 Convention on the Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft(Tokyo Convention) will be applied, and as for the hijacking over the high seas 1970 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft(Hague Convention) and as for the sabotage over the high seas 1971 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation(Montreal Convention) will be applied respectively. These three conventions recognize the flag state jurisdiction over the crimes on board aircraft over the high seas. Eightly, as far as reconnaissance by foreign aircraft in the high seas toward the coastal States is concerned it is not illegal in terms of international law because its act is done in the high seas. Ninthly as for Air Defence Identification Zone(ADIZ) there are no articles dealing with it in the 1944 Chicago Convention. The legal status of the foreign aircraft over this sea zone might be restricted to the regulations of the coastal states whether this zone is legitimate or illegal. Lastly, the Arctic Sea is the frozen ocean. So the flight over that ocean is the same over the high seas. Because of the climate change the Arctic Sea is getting melted. If the coastal states of the Arctic Sea will proclaim the Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) as the ocean is getting melted, the freedom of flight over that ocean will also be restricted to the regulations of the coastal states.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2007

The paper reviews data available on euglenophycean algae of the genus Eutreptiella from the Russian waters of East/Japan Sea. Five species (such as E. braarudii, E. eupharyngea, E. gymnastica, E. cf. marina, and E. pascheri) were identified in our study. E. cf. marina and E. pascheri were found for the first time in the fare astern seas of Russia (including East/Japan Sea, Bering and Okhotsk seas). Morphological descriptions of species are based on light and electron microscopical studies and supplied with information on ecology and distribution. Original micrographs of these species obtained by light and electron microscopy are presented. It was established that E. eupharyngea, E. gymnastica, and E. pascheri cause water "blooms" in spring and summer in eutrophic coastal areas of Peter the Great Bay (East/Japan Sea), where their cell concentrations at these periods exceed $1\times10^6\;cells\;l^{-1}$.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.436-457
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• 2018

In this study, we apply a three-dimensional circulation model, MOHID (MOdelo $HIDrodin{\hat{a}}mico$), and reproduce oceanic variation around the East Asian seas including Korea in 2016. Simulation results are verified by using objective analysis fields (EN4, ARMOR3D, AVISO, and SIO products) and in-situ observation data (serial oceanographic and buoy data). Verification results show that general characteristics of the water temperature, sea level anomaly, surface velocity, and mixed layer depths simulated by MOHID are similar with those of the objective analysis fields in the East Asian seas. Especially, when buoy data in the coastal areas are compared, correlation coefficients of sea surface temperature and sea level anomaly are both over 0.8 and normalized standard deviations are between 0.85 and 1.15, respectively. However, it is analyzed that additional improvement would be necessary in the representation of thermocline structure in the East Sea and strong stratification phenomena in the Yellow and South Sea in summer.