• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2018

Background: The sight of dental injection can bring about severe anxiety in children. Therefore, an alternative method that is convenient, effective, and keeps the needle hidden making it child friendly is necessary. The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of a camouflaged syringe and conventional syringe on behavior and anxiety in 6-11-year-old children during local anesthesia administration. Methods: The study was a randomized, crossover clinical study including 30 children. Children were separated into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 15 children aged 6-8 years while group 2 consisted of 15 children aged 9-11 years. This study involved two sessions wherein all the children were injected using conventional and camouflaged syringes in separate sessions. Their behavior was assessed using the Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) behavior pain scale and anxiety was assessed by measuring changes in pulse rate. Patient and operator preferences were compared. Results: The results showed a lower mean change in pulse rate and FLACC scores in the camouflaged group, suggesting a positive behavior and lesser anxiety with camouflaged syringes than with conventional syringes. Conclusions: The use of camouflaged syringes for anesthesia was demonstrated to be effective in improving the behavior of children and decreasing their anxiety, and is therefore recommended as an alternative to the use of conventional syringes for local anesthesia.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.23-34
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate factors affecting health behaviors in late school-aged children from multicultural families. Methods: This study included 401 children (112 from multicultural families and 289 from non-multicultural backgrounds) in grades 4~6 in 11 elementary schools. Data on health behaviors and related factors (school adjustment, the mother-child relationship, self-efficacy, etc.) were collected from the children using self-reported questionnaires between May and June in 2019. The collected data were analyzed through a univariate analysis and multiple regression analysis. Results: The health behavior score of multicultural children was lower than that of non-multicultural children (t=3.32, p=.001). In multicultural children, school adjustment (β=.55, p<.001), mother-child relationship (β=.25, p=.001), and perceived health status (very healthy=1; β=.19, p=.011) were significant factors affecting their health behavior and explained 47.0% (F=30.93, p<.001) of the variance. Conclusion: Multicultural late school-aged children are at risk to engage in a lower level of health behaviors than their non-multicultural counterparts. More attention should be paid to ways of improving multicultural children's perceptions of their health status, maternal relationships, and school adjustment in order to promote health behaviors.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.447-458
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was conducted among 235 children aged 3 up to 11 yrs to examine the relationship between subjects' eating behaviors and obesity. Methods: The subjects were divided into three age groups: preschoolers aged 3 to 5 yrs, early elementary school students aged 6 to 8 yrs, and late elementary school students aged 9 to 11 yrs. As a tool for eating behaviors, the recently developed nutrition quotient (NQ) questionnaire was utilized. By age group, scores were gathered and calculated in the five factors, "Balance", "Diversity", "Moderation", "Regularity", and "Practice", which make up the NQ scores. Results: The NQ scores among those aged 3 to 5, 6 to 8, and 9 to 11 yrs did not exhibit any significant differences. Among the scores for the five factors of the NQ, the Diversity scores of those aged 9 to 11 yrs were significantly higher than the scores of those aged 3 to 5 and those aged 6 to 8 yrs. The scores of those aged 3 to 5 and those aged 6 to 8 yrs were higher than the scores of those aged 9 to 11 yrs in Moderation and Regularity. When the subjects were divided into loww-eight/normal and overweight/obese groups, among those aged 6 to 8 yrs, the NQ scores, Moderation, Regularity, and Practice scores were higher in the overweight/obese group than those in the low-weight/normal group. Among those aged 9 to 11 yrs, the overweight/obese group scored higher than the low-weight/normal group only in the Moderation component. Conclusion: From the results, to prevent obesity in elementary school students, it is practical to focus on training related to eating behavior items included in the Moderation component. Furthermore, personalized instructions on eating behaviors and nutritional education based on age are necessary to prevent obesity in children.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.501-510
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• 2020

Purpose: To develop a probability-based differential diagnosis for pediatric acute liver failure (PALF) based on age and socioeconomic status of the country of origin. Methods: Comprehensive literature search using PubMed, EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases was performed. Children 0-22 years of age who met PALF registry criteria were included. Articles included >10 children, and could not be a case report, review article, or editorial. No language filter was utilized, but an English abstract was required. Etiology of PALF, age of child, and country of origin was extracted from included articles. Results: 32 full text articles were reviewed in detail; 2,982 children were included. The top diagnosis of PALF in developed countries was acetaminophen toxicity (9.24%; 95% CredI 7.99-10.6), whereas in developing countries it was Hepatitis A (28.9%; 95% CredI 26.3-31.7). In developed countries, the leading diagnosis of PALF in children aged <1 year was metabolic disorder (17.2%; 95% CredI 10.3-25.5), whereas in developing countries it was unspecified infection (39.3%; CredI 27.6-51.8). In developed countries, the leading diagnosis in children aged >1 year was Non-A-B-C Hepatitis (8.18%; CredI 5.28-11.7), whereas in developing countries it was Hepatitis A (32.4%; CredI 28.6-36.3). Conclusion: The leading causes of PALF in children aged 0-22 years differ depending on the age and developmental status of their country of origin, suggesting that these factors must be considered in the evaluation of children with PALF.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2022

Purpose: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we conducted a Delphi survey that included the experts from the field of COVID-19 immunization in children aged 5-11 years. The aim was to organize collective expert opinions on COVID-19 vaccination in young children in the Republic of Korea, and so thus assist the vaccination policy. Methods: The panels included pediatric infectious disease specialists, preventive medicine experts, infectious disease physicians, and COVID-19 vaccine experts consulting the Ministry of Health and Welfare. The Delphi survey was conducted online using a questionnaire from February 14 to February 27, 2022. Results: The Delphi panels agreed that children were vulnerable to COVID-19, and the severity of illness was modest. Furthermore the panels reported that children with chronic illness were more susceptible to a worsening clinical course. There were generally positive opinions on the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in children aged 5-11 years, and experts gathered a slightly positive opinion that the adverse events of pediatric COVID-19 were not numerous. The benefits of COVID-19 vaccination were evaluated at a level similar to the potential risks in children. Currently, the only approved mRNA platform vaccine in children seemed to be sustainable; however, the recombinant protein platform COVID-19 vaccines were evaluated as better options. Conclusions: Due to the surge of the Omicron variant and an increase in pediatric cases, the COVID-19 vaccination in young children may have to be considered. Panels had neutral opinions regarding the COVID-19 vaccination in children aged 5-11 years. Thus monitoring of the epidemiology and the data about the safety of COVID-19 vaccination should be continued.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 2022

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the relationships among parenting role sharing, parenting stress, happiness, and parenting behavior of mothers with 6-year-old children. Methods: This study used data from the seventh Panel Study of Korean Children, which began collecting longitudinal data on a sample of newborn households nationwide in 2008 and will continue yearly until 2027. The participants were 1,560 mothers of children aged 6 years. We conducted statistical analyses using descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: The mean age of the mothers was 36.8±3.7 years. The mothers' perceived parenting role sharing (r=.07, p=.007), parenting stress (r=-.54, p<.001), and happiness (r=.38, p<.001) were significantly correlated with warm parenting behavior. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that parenting stress (β=-.47, p<.001), happiness (β=.15, p<.001), and parenting role sharing (β=.11, p<.001) were significant predictors for warm parenting behavior by mothers. Conclusion: It is essential to reduce mothers' stress and increase their positive emotions (happiness). Fathers should actively share parenting roles in raising children to enhance mothers' warm parenting behavior.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.141-148
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• 1985

It has been a long time since the cephalometrics was introduced to orthodontic field for diagnosis and treatment planning, but it's main concern was limited to hard, skeletodental tissue. It is well known that perioral and facial soft tissue determine the position of individual teeth and that the abnormality in size and shape of the soft tissue are able to cause malformed occlusion. Because of our lack of knowledge about resultant morphologic changes in the relationship between skeletal pattern and specific pattern of lingual and facial muscles, we can't help setting greater value on only abnormalities of teeth in the skeletal interrelationship. In a point of view that the orthodontist is dealing primarily with muscular structures around the dentition, the tongue, lips, and cheeks, therefore it may be desirable to estimate these structure and their potential influence on the dentition on developmental and time base. The author hit upon on idea of the aspect above, so studied on the intermaxillary space and tongue space and this study used the data from cephalometric films of 33 male and 40 female subject aged from 6 to 11 years of normal Korean children following results were obtained: 1. Means and standard deviation of Korean children were obtained. 2. Yearly increment of each variables were obtained. 3. There is the correlationship more than average among the variables except posterior intermaxillary height item. 4. There are differences between male children and female children in all variables except posterior intermaxillary space item. 5. All variables increased as the age increased except posterior intermaxillary height item of male children.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.165-181
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• 2002

The purpose of this survey was to assess the nutritional status of preschool children a county of Jeju Island. This study used health examinations results for preschool aged children, performed by the public health center of Pukjeju-gun in Jeju-do for over three years from 1999 to 2001, of children in kindergartens and children homes. The target children totaled 5,990 from the ages three to six. For a control group, 316 children from the nearby Jeju-city areas were included as well. The items of this research included height, weight, and hemoglobin values. 1. The average height of boys from ages three to six were 96.35cm, 102.14cm, 109.94cm, 111.00cm respectively, and girls were 94.96cm, 100.93cm, 108.33cm, 110.54cm respectively. The average weights of boys from ages three to six were 15.42kg, 16.93kg, 19.65kg, 19.67kg respectively, and the weight of girls were 14.90kg, 16.45kg, 18.88kg, 19.50kg respectively. 2. The percentages of children who did not reach 90% of the Korean standard height were 4.3% in boys 4.1% in girls. The percentages of children with less than 80% of the Korean standard weight were 7.6% in boys and 6.8% girls. The percentages of children over 120% of Korean standard weight were 10.4% in boys and 11.4% in girls. 3. As for the obesity level, the percentage of boys under-weighed(under 10% for standard weight for height) were 11.6% and girls, 9.5%, and the percentages of boys and girls with obesity($\geq$20%) were 3.6% and 4.4% respectively. 4. The mean hemoglobin value of boys were 11.83g/$d\ell$ and girls, 11.83g/$d\ell$. These were lower than the value of average normal Korean children (12.5g/$d\ell$). The mena hemoglobin values of the children in Pukjeju-gun were considerably lower than that of the children living in Jeju-city(12.3g/$d\ell$) as well. Anemia of Children of Pukjeju-gun were estimated at 38.1%(male) and 37.2%(female), by using Hemoglobin level(<11.5g/$d\ell$ 5. The rates of children included within the normal range of obesity level in Jeju-city and Pukjeju- gun were boys 80.2%, 71.6% in boys, and 77.4%, 72.4% in girls. The percentage of children living in PukJeju-gun included within the normal range were considerably low. 6. There were no changes in the Body Mass Index (BMI) during the three years from 1999 to 2001, but the percentage of children with anemia significantly increased. Health care for preschool aged children, especially in the rural areas, is very important. Centering on public health centers, it is necessary to systematically promote health care in the rural areas.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.707-716
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was to examine estimation variables and predicted probability for school-aged children's school adaptation. Methods: The subjects of this study consisted of 614 children. Data were analyzed by logistic regression using SPSS Windows 11.0. Results: 1. Girls adjusted themselves 1.65 times easier than boys, and 5th-and 6th-graders adjusted themselves slightly easier than 4th-graders. Children with monthly pocket money lower than 10,000 won adjust adjusted 2.92 times easier than those with a larger amount of pocket money, unhealthy children adjusted themselves 2.44 times easier than healthy ones, and children with low academic achievement adjusted themselves 2.68 times easier than those with high academic achievements. 2. As for family economic status, children who thought the economic condition of their family poor adjusted themselves 2.41 times easier than those who thought the economic condition of their family fine. As for conversation with people, children conversing with families and relatives adjusted themselves 2.69 times easier and those conversing with friends and others adjusted themselves 2.71 times easier than those conversing with none. Children from normal families adjusted themselves 3.44 times easier than those from deficiency families. 4. The overall prediction rate was 73.9%. Conclusions: It is concluded that nurses, teachers and parents are important in improving school-aged children's adaptation to school life.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the changing prevalence rate of Helicobacter pylori infection in children, of different age groups, with recurrent abdominal pain over a 10-year period. Methods: Children with recurrent abdominal pain who visited the pediatric outpatient clinic at university hospital were screened for H. pylori. Children were divided into 3 age categories of 4-5, 6-11, and 12-16 years. To study the changes in the annual prevalence rates of H. pylori infection, the study period was divided into 3 time periods: 2004-2007, 2008-2010, and 2011-2014. Urea breath test was performed for all children aged 4-16 years, with a cut-off value of 4.0‰ for children aged ${\geq}6$ years and 7‰ for children aged <6 years. Results: A total of 2,530 children (1,191 boys) with a mean age of $10.0{\pm}3.0years$ (range, 4.0-16.9 years) were included in the study. The total prevalence of H. pylori infection was 7.4% (187/2,530). The prevalence rate of H. pylori infection in children with recurrent abdominal pain was 8.0% (70/873) in 2004-2007, 7.7% (51/666) in 2008-2010, and 6.7% (66/991) in the 2011-2014. Nevertheless, a significant difference was observed in the prevalence rate between children <12 years old and ${\geq}12$ years of age (p=0.018). Conclusion: The prevalence of H. pylori infection in Korean children with recurrent abdominal pain was 7.4%, showing no significant decrease in the last 11 years; however, the prevalence rate in children <12 years old was significantly lower than that in those ${\geq}12$ years old.