• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.493-500
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• 2003

This study was performed to determine the optimal dose of ozone for wound healing. Twenty Korean black goats were allocated to 4 groups. The skin wound with $1{\times}1cm$ was induced over the hoof. For 5 minutes per day, 0.1 ppm (Group I), 1 ppm (Group II) and 6 ppm (Group III) ozone gas was applied. In control group, 5 ml of normal saline was applied daily on the wound. Wound square was determined using color image analyzer at day 0, 4 and 14. Soft tissue depth of wound was determined using radiograph. Before the application of ozone gas, $1{\times}1cm$ of skin tissue was resected and observed for histopathologic findings. To determine the healing effect, $2{\times}1cm$ of wound tissue was resected and observed for histopathologic findings at day 14. In mean squares of wound, all experimental groups revealed more reduced mean squares than control group at day 4, and especially Group II (p<0.05) and Group III (p<0.05) revealed significant reduction. At day 14, Group I and Group II (p<0.05) revealed more reduced mean squares than control group, but Group III revealed less reduced mean squares than control group. In soft tissue depth of wound, all experimental groups and control group revealed swelling at day 4, compared with day 0. At day 14, all experimental groups and control group revealed reduction, compared with day 4, and especially Group II (p<0.05) revealed significant reduction. In histopathological findings, inflammation findings in epidermis and dermis, hemorrhagic finding in epidermis were revealed in control group. In Group I, inflammation finding was reduced, compared with control group. Formation of scab and many reepithelialization of epidermis were revealed. In Group II, inflammation findings in epidermis and dermis which were observed in control group were not found, normal skin tissue was revealed. In Group III, inflammation findings in epidermis and dermis were revealed, reepithelialization of epidermis was not founded. Slow healing process was observed, compared with Group I and II. It was concluded that Group II has excellent promotion effect of wound healing.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.549-559
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• 2008

This study was performed by questionnaire to investigate viewpoints regarding menu excavation and development of native local foods of adults in the Gyeongju area, classified by gender and age. The subject population consisted of 253 citizens(108 males and 145 females) living in Gyeongju. The findings are summarized as follows: The residents highly desired the 'enrichment of service and clean hygiene of local food restaurants', 'active marketing', 'necessity of excavation and development at the present time', and 'development with regional unique characteristics' with regard to the development of the local food choices in Gyeongju, whereas they did not particularly desire 'excavation development of cooking that often is served at family event(birth, marriage, death etc..)', nor 'guidance and enlightenment for many citizens'. The most influential obstacle hindering the development of Gyeongju local food was 'administration support deficiency of connection group agency', followed by 'interest deficiency about local food of restaurant business managers and citizens, different taste of each restaurant', and 'tradition cooking itself is insufficient in Gyeongju'. The most reasonable development menu for native local foods of the Gyeongju area was 'mushroom & beef hot pot(beoseothanu-jeongol)', 'glutinous barley bread(chalborippang)', 'mushroom & bulgogi hot pot(beoseot-bulgogi-jeongol)', 'grilled beef(hanu-sutbul-gui)', and 'grilled minced beef ribs(hanu-tteok-galbi)' in that order. On the other hand, the excavation and development validity scores for 'black goat soup(heukyeomso-tang)', 'gulfweed soup(mojaban-guk)', and 'parboiled octopus(muneo-sukhoe)' were very low.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.127-142
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• 1991

This study was carried out to investigate fatty liver in Korean black goats. Adult female goats were divided into 3 test groups(A, B and C). Group A and B of goats each received 3 test consecutive daily doses of DL-ethionine at 75mg/kg and 150mg/kg body weight, respectively. Group C of goats was given 3 consecutive doses of the compound every 48 hours at 150mg/kg body weight. The clinical symptoms, hematological values, serum chemical values and histopathological study of the liver were investigated in the test animals. The results obtained are as follows ; 1. Fatty liver were observed in every test animal. 2. Some clinical symptoms( anorexia, depression) were appeared from 1st day to 7th day after administration of the compound in every test animal. In addition to these symptoms, diarrhea and salivation were generally observed in test animals which were given the compound at 150mg/kg body weight. The degree of these symptoms was dose dependent. 3. There was no significant variations in total WBC counts and fibrinogen values in the blood of test goats. The PCV values were significantly increased on 5th day of dosing in group A and B of goats. 4. The total lipid value was not changed but the concentration of NEFA was significantly increased on 3rd day of dosing with the compound and returned to normal value after 10 days hereafter. The value of triglycerides was significantly increased on 1st day and returned to normal value on 3rd day of dosing. The value of cholesterol was significantly decreased on 3rd day and returned to normal value on 10th day after treatment. 5. Total protein level was decreased on 10th day of dosing in the groups of B and C, and billirubin level was significantly increased on 7th day of dosing in every test group and returned to normal level after 13th day of administration. 6. The activity of GGT in serum was not changed while the activities of SDH and AST were significantly increased in every test goat and those values were returned to normal after 10~13th day of trestment. 7 The 35K-protein fraction in serum was not detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but this protein fraction was detected by the same method after treating the 21st and 22nd fraction which were obtained by column chromatography with Sephadex G-100. 8. The affected liver was congested and swollen on 3rd day, and yellowish brown in color and mottled appearance on 7th day of treatment. Histopathologically, fat droplets were common in the hepatocytes, this change was intensive on 7th day after treatment in group B and C. Hepatic cell necrosis was observed in some livers but this pathological change was disappeared and returned to normal after 13 days of treatment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2010

This experiment was carried out to estimate the nutritive value of mixed-sowing winter forage crop and whole crop barley by investigating the effects of feeding mixed-sowing winter forage crop and whole crop barley in KBG (Korean black goat) on feed intake, average daily body weight gain, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention. The 12 male KBG were divided into four experimental groups - i.e. T1: barley silage added group, T2: mixed-sowing hairy vetch silage added group, T3: mixed-sowing field peas added silage, T4: mixed-sowing Italian rye grass added silage group. Three KBG per each treatment were allotted into individual metabolic cages by Latin-square design. The results from this study are as follow. The DMI (dry matter intake) and organic matter intake in T4 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in T1 and T3 and crude protein intake in T4 also recorded the highest among treatments (p<0.05). The highest values in intakes of ADF and NDF were observed in T4 followed by T2, T1 and T3 in order. The average daily body weight gains in T4 and T2 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in TI and T3. The dry and organic matter digestibility in T2 and T4 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in T1 and T3. The crude protein digestibility in T1 was significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in T2 and T4. The nitrogen intakes in T2 and T4 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in T3. The results obtained from this study suggested that the feeds supplemented with whole crop barley with hairy vetch and Italian rye grass mixture silage increased KBG productivity resulted from increases in feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.962-972
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• 2023

Objective: This study determined the effects of dietary treatments and castration on meat quality, fatty acids (FAs) profiles, and volatile compounds in Korean native black goats (KNBG, Capra hircus coreanae), including the relationship between the population of rumen microbiomes and meat FA profiles. Methods: Twenty-four KNBG (48.6±1.4 kg) were randomly allocated to one of four treatments arranged into a 2×2 factorial structure. The factors were dietary forage to concentrate ratio (high forage [HF, 80:20] and low forage [LF, 20:80]), and a castration treatment (castration [CA] vs non-castration [NCA]). Results: Among meat quality traits, the CA group exhibited a higher percentage of crude fat and water holding capacity (p<0.05). The profiles of the saturated fatty acid (SFA) in meat sample derived from CA KNBG showed a significantly lower percentage compared to NCA individuals, due to the lower proportion of C14:0 and C18:0. Feeding a high-forage diet to KNBG increased the formation of C18:1n7, C18:3n3, C20:1n9, C22:4n6 in meat, and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) profiles (p<0.05). Consequently, the n6:n3 ratio declined (p<0.05). There was an interaction between dietary treatment and castration for formation of C20:5n3 (p<0.05), while C18:1n9, C22:6n3, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and the MUFA:SFA ratio were influenced by both diet and castration (p<0.05). Nine volatile compounds were identified and were strongly influenced by both dietary treatments, castration (p<0.05), and their interaction. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinctly different odor patterns in the NCA goats fed LF diets. Spearman correlation analysis showed a high correlation between rumen bacteria and meat PUFAs. Conclusion: These results suggest the essential effects of the rumen microbial population for the synthesis of meat FAs and volatile compounds in KNBG meat, where dietary intake and castration also contribute substantially.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 2015

This study was carried out to offer basic information for the promotion of the goat industry and the improvement of mountainous-pasture management by investigating seasonal changes in forage and livestock productivity according to the grazing-pasture type. The forage productivity of rangeland was the highest (p < 0.05) in summer and decreased in autumn; but that of pasture was the largest (p < 0.05) in spring and had relatively stable productivity with minor seasonal differences, although it decreased slightly in autumn. The dry matter content was not seasonally different at pasture, but it was changeable from spring to autumn at rangeland. The crude protein content increased in autumn at pasture (p < 0.05), and decreased in summer and autumn compared with spring at rangeland. The crude fiber content was lower and the ether extract was higher at pasture compared with rangeland. The average daily gain of the goats was different depending on forage productivity and pasture type; consequently, the lowered forage productivity at rangeland compared with pasture means that rangeland needs to be changed or improved to a pasture type that provides a more effective grazing system for goats.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the feeding fermented agro-industrial by-products on estimating the productivity and nutrient utilization of fattening black goats. Four experimental groups were set up with each of 6 animals for a 30 days feeding trial on growth performance and 12 black goats on nutrient digestibility were allocated to 4 groups of 3 animals each by latin-square design, control (offered concentrate and rice straw) and 3 treatment groups (offered fermentation feed and rice straw). Average daily gain (ADG) showed a significant high in control group, T3 was lower than other groups (p<0.05). DM and OM intake (kg/head) were 718.8, 680.9 g and 634.2~699.2 g, 602.8~660.4 g for control and treatment groups, respectively. As increasing of rice bran content was decreased feed intake. Digestibility of DM and OM for control group were significantly higher than treatment groups (p<0.05), and T3 treatment group with 30% rice bran was the lowest among treatment groups. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher in control and T1 groups. Thus, these results showed that productivity and nutrient utilization were similar between fermentation feeds with agricultural by-products and commercial feeds. However, this study was suggested that it must contain less than 5.0% crude fat because of feed efficient was decreased by increasing of rice bran content.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

This study was conducted to predict the energy requirements for maintenance and growth of female Korean black goats during their growth and pregnancy phases. Fifty female goats ($18.7{\pm}0.27kg$) in their growth phase with an average age of 5 months were stratified by weight and randomly assigned into 5 groups. They were fed 5 diets varying in metabolic energy (ME) [2.32 (G1), 2.49 (G2), 2.74 (G3), 2.99 (G4), and 3.24 (G5) Mcal/kg] until they were 9-month-old. After natural breeding, 50 female goats ($30.7{\pm}0.59kg$) were stratified by weight and randomly assigned into 5 groups. They were fed 5 diets varying in ME [2.32 (P1), 2.43 (P2), 2.55 (P3), 2.66 (P4), and 2.78 (P5) Mcal/kg]. The average feed intake ranged between 1.5 and 2.0% of the body weight (BW), and there was no significant difference between the treatment groups with goats in growth or pregnancy phases. Average daily gain (ADG) in diet demand during the growth phase increased with an increasing ME density and ranged from 46 to 69 g/d (p<0.01). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved with the ME density during the growth phase (p<0.01). The intercept of the regression equation between ME intake and ADG indicated that energy requirement for maintenance of goats during growth and pregnancy phases was $103.53kcal/BW^{0.75}$ and $102.7kcal/BW^{0.75}$, respectively. These results may serve as a basis for the establishment of goat feeding standards in Korea. Further studies are required to assess the nutrient requirement of goats using various methods for improving accuracy.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine grazing intensity of growing Korean native goats (Capra hircus coreanae) on mountainous pasture. It was carried out to obtain basic information for improvement of mountainous pasture management and establishing feeding system of Korean native goats. Castrated, male goats (n=10) with average initial body weight (BW) of $23.33{\pm}2.15kg$ and an average age of 4 months were used in this study. Grazing goats were supplemented by concentrates with 1.0% of BW. The crude protein content of forage was the highest in October ($22.71{\pm}0.25%$) and there were significantly differences (p<0.05) in monthly comparison. The forage productivity of pasture was the highest from May to June ($1718.7{\pm}207.5{\sim}1672.0{\pm}422.8kg/ha$ but it was decreased in July ($1356.0{\pm}103.8kg/ha$) because of drought and summer depression. Average daily gains (ADG) of goats were the highest in June ($99.5{\pm}6.4d/g$). Grazing intensity was calculated by forage productivity and dry matter intake (DMI) and was the highest in May (65 head/ha). As shown in the results of this research, grazing intensity was suggested to average 39 head/ha from May to October. It is desirable that adequate grazing intensity was maintained by adjusting supplemental feed.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2007

This study was investigated factors affecting the pregnancy rates after transfer of pronuclear microinjected embryos for the production of transgenic Korean black goats. Embryo transfer was carried out in 343 recipient Korean black goats from September 1999 to June 2000. Estrus was induced by the insertion of intravaginal progesterone devices $CIDR^(R)$ for 2 weeks. A single injection of 400 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin was administered at 48h before $CIDR^(R)$ removal to increase the proportion of does cycling and ovulation rate. Good quality embryos were prepared by microinjection of DNA into the pronuclei of fertilized goat oocyte and cultured in vitro. Pronuclear microinjected $1{\sim}8$ cell stage embryos were surgically transferred into the oviducts of the recipient at day 4 or 5 following $CIDR^(R)$ removal, and morula to blastocyst stage embryos were surgically transferred into uterus at day 9. Pregnancy was diagnosed by transrectal ultrasound scanning at $20{\sim}30d$ and 8 weeks following embryo transfer. The pregnancy rate was affected by several factors, such as estrus induction, the number of previous transfer, transfer site, stage of CL (corpus luteum), the number of recipient CL, stage of embryos and the number of transferred embryo. The pregnancy rate was significantly higher in recipients that came into estrus naturally than recipients that induced to come into estrus with $CIDR^(R)$(59.1% vs. 36.8%; P<0.05). The pregnancy rate was higher when the embryos were transferred into the left oviduct than transferred into the right oviduct (42.9% vs. 35.3%; P<0.05). The pregnancy rate of recipients with $CH_1$ (early) stage corpus hemorrhagicum in ovary was hi틴or than recipient with $CH_3$ (late) stage hemorrhagicum (47.5% vs. 17.9%; P<0.01). Higher pregnancy rates were obtained by transfer of 1-cell stage embryos into oviduct while late blastocysts (51.6% vs. 66.7%; P<0.01) into uterus. The pregnancy rates when 3 embryos were transferred to recipients were significantly higher than when 2 embryos we.e transferred (47.6% vs. 27.0%; P<0.05). Although there were no significant difference among the group, adhesion of reproductive organs, uterine size, ovulation rate of recipients, presence of large follicle and difficulty of transfer affected pregnancy rate of recipient. Higher pregnancy rates were obtained in the recipients with $8{\sim}15m$ diameter uterine horn as compared to the recipients with <5m diameter or >20mm diameter uterine hem (38.9%, 20% vs. 18.2%), in the recipients with large follicle in the ovulated ovary ipsilaterally (53.6% vs. 37.1%) and in the transfer which was carried out easily (39.2% vs. 27.8%, 0%). In conclusion, the high rate of pregnancy was achieved following transfer of pronuclear microinjected embryos when three or four 1-cell stage embryos were transferred into oviduct with $CH_1$ stage corpus hemorrhagicum in the ovary of recipient which came into estrus naturally.