• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.53-65
• /
• 1986

The montane forests of Ulreung Island, Korea, were investigated by the ZM school method. By comparing the montane forests of this island with those of Korean Peninsula and of Japan, a new order, F a g e t a l i a m u l t i n e r v i s, a new alliance, F a l g i o n m u l t i n e r v i s, a new association, H e p a t i c o-F a g e t u m m u l t i n e r v i s and Rhododendron brachycarpum-Pinus parviflora community were recognized. The H e p a t i c o - F a g e t u m m u l t i n e r v i s was further subdivided into four subassociations; Subass. of Sasa kurilensis, Subass. of Rumohra standishii, Subass. of Rhododendron brachycarpum and Subass. of typicum. Each community was described in terms of floristic, structural and environmental features.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
• /
• 1997.11a
• /
• pp.77-84
• /
• 1997

Cone calorimeter measurements can be used for the calculation of effective material properties, which can be used as input parameters in modeling of fire. Main parameter measured in Cone calorimeter is heat release rate. Some other parameters as time to ignition, effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate or total heat released is also measured in Cone calorimeter. Total heat released is important from the point of view of total energy available in material in Fire situation. Cone calorimeter. measurements were done on several wood species (oak, beech, spruce, poplar). Measurements were provided at external irradiances 30, 50 and 65 ㎾/$m_2$ in horizontal orientation. Heat release rate data were evaluated and compared as a function of external irradiance for various species of wood. furthermore the influence of external irradiance on effective heat of combustion and total heat release was also evaluated for the period of flame combustion.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.54 no.1
• /
• pp.68-75
• /
• 1981

The genetic structures at one leucine aminopeptidase locus (LAP-A) of acorns, seedling raised in greenhouse and forest form the two beech provenances. West Germany and Rumania, were investigated and compared with each other. In many pair wise comparisons significant differences in genotypic structure as well as genic structure were ascertained between different developmental stages. In both the provenances, the allele $A_2$ seems to have advantage at both seedling stages raised under two different conditions. Homozygous carriers of $A_2$ allele survived best in greenhouse, while heterozygous carriers especially with $A_2$ allele possessed great viability under more variable environmental conditions. Since a distinct different genetic background was present in two base populations, the identical effect of the allele $A_2$ confirms the adaptiveness of this locus. With aid of some measures such as viability parameter and genetic distance, the character of occurred viability selection of further explained. The possible significance of this locus at this early stage is discussed in relation to adaptation of this long lived tree species to heterogeneous environment.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.23-35
• /
• 2010

For the sustainable conservation of forests within and around the somma of Nari basin in Ulleung Island, the stand structure and dynamics with the aspect, altitude and stand types were estimated by using analyses of importance value, plant species diversity, S$\o$rensen's similarity index and distributions of diameter classes. Results of the importance value analysis with vegetation stories on each stand showed that Fagus engleriana and Acer okamotoanum were dominant in most stands regardless of the aspect and altitude of the forest around the somma of Nari basin and the plant species composition among stands was not significantly different. The forest within Nari basin was composed of pine, beech, alder and deciduous-mixed stand. Moreover, the species composition was greatly different among the four stands. The diversity of plant species within stand was in general higher within Nari basin than around the somma, and among stands within Nari basin, the plant species diversity of pine and deciduous-mixed stand showed higher values than that of beech and alder stands. The similarity index among stands with aspect and altitude showed that the index among stands of eastern, western and northern slope in forest around the somma and forest within the basin ranged from 0.68 to 0.69, and the similarity among four stands with altitude was very high having index range from 0.85 to 0.95. The patterns of diameter class distribution of the major dominant species from four altitude classes followed an almost normal bell-shaped distribution. The results were interpreted as an indication that these forests will in general maintain a stable stand structure. Therefore, despite diverse topographic features around Nari basin, the stand structure and plant species composition among stands were not diversified as expected. For the conservation of diversity of forest plant species and of forest ecosystems, a promising and intensive program should be considered.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.199-202
• /
• 2008

Inonotus obliquus is a fungus that causes white heart rot on several broad-leaved species. This fungus forms typical charcoal-black, sterile conks (chaga) or cinder conks on infected stems of the birche (Betula spp). The dark brown pulp of the sterile conk is formed by a pure mycelial mass of fungus. Chaga are a folk remedy in Russia, reflecting the circumboreal distribution of I. obliquus in boreal forest ecosystems on Betula spp. and in meridional mountain forests on beech (Fagus spp.) in Russia, Scandinavia, Central Europe, and Eastern Europe. Distribution at lower latitudes in Western and Southern Europe, Northern America, Asia, Japan, and Korea is rare. Infected trees grow for many years without several symptoms of decline. The infection can penetrate through stem injuries with exterior sterile conks developing later. In the Czech Republic, cinder conk is found on birches inhabiting peat bogs and in mountain areas with a colder and more humid climate, although it is widespread in other broad leaved species over the Czech Republic. The most common hosts are B. pendula, B. pubescens, B. carpatica, and F. sylvatica. Less frequent hosts include Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa, Alnus incana, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus cerris, Q. petraea, Q. robur, Q. delachampii, and Ulmus sp.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.65 no.1
• /
• pp.68-73
• /
• 1984

The purpose of this paper was to figure out the efficiencies of two sampling techniques, a simple random sampling and a two-stage P.P.S. (probability proportional to size) sampling, in estimating the volume of the mature coniferous stands near Salzburg, Austria. With black-and-white infrared photographs at a scale 1:10,000, the following four classes were considered; non-forest, young stands less than 40 years, mature beech and mature coniferous stands. After the classification, a field survey was carried out using a relascope with a BAF (basal area factor) 4. For the simple random sampling, 99 points were sampled, while for the P.P.S. sampling, 75 points were sampled in the mature coniferous stands. The following results were obtained. 1) The mean standing coniferous volume estimate was $422.0m^3/ha$ for the simple random sampling and $433.5m^3/ha$ for the P.P.S. sampling method. However, the difference was not statistically significant. 2) The required number of sampling points for a 5% sampling error were 170 for the two stage P.P.S. sampling, but 237 for the simple random sampling. 3) The two stage P.P.S. method reduced field survey time by 17% as compared to the simple random sampling.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.239-249
• /
• 1982

The outlines of superior stands, including species mixed, age classes, canopies, and ecological conditions of the stands, were examined in the forests of west Germany, Sweden, and Netherland. The establishment schemes of tree seed orchards for the production of high genetic quality seed were also investigated in the present study. 1. The meteorological conditions, abundant in precipitation and high in relative humidity, prove it to be oceanic climate characteristics in the Scandinavia located in high latitude and north-western part of Europe. The photo periodical characteristics following to day-length and the frost times determine the patterns of tree growth and distribution as well as the tree adaptability due to bud-setting and bud-flushing in Sweden forest. 2. The European forests are generally characterized by dense multistoried forest type composed of upper stories of tall tree species such as Norway spruce, fir, Scots pine and beech, lower stories of shade tolerant poles and saplings of spruce, fir, beech, and floor vegetations covered with birch, oak and hornbeam etc. 3. The single tree selection method and group shelterwood method are commonly applied for silvicultural system but shelterwood method and clearcutting method practiced partially in limited area. Badischer Femelschlagbetrieb and Bayerischer Femelschlagbetrieb are popularized to the regeneration of Schwarzwald but selection method applied in part. 4. Tree cuttings are properly limited so as not to exceed annual increment volume for the sustained yield and the preservation of ecosystem in European forest management. Land preservation and recreation function are more interested with the promotion of wood production in the forest management. 5. Careful attentions are paid to the reforestation of the introduced exotic species, such as Douglas-fir, red oak, pines from America, Japanese larch, Italian poplar etc., with concern against the insect and pest damage, and the meteorological damage. 6. Some intensive studies on tree improvement, such as selection of plus tree, selection of plus stand for seed collection, provenance trial, progeny test of clone, hybrid seed orchard for clone complexing, are performed in the countries and the great part of the seed required for reforestation are supplied from the seed orchard established in Sweden and Netherland.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.61 no.1
• /
• pp.27-36
• /
• 1983

This study was performed to get the basic information on nitric acid pulping of beech wood. In order to reduce the consumption of nitric acid, alkali pretreated woods were applied to a nitric acid pulping process. It consisted of nitric acid treatment to a high residual lignin content and the subsequent delignification with alkali, required far less chemical than the single stage method. At the first stage of nitric pulping, pulp yield descreased with increasing cooking time and 3 percent of nitric acid was more effective on the delignification of wood than 1 or 2 percent. Alkali pretreatment of wood improved significantly the rate of delignification, and 79 percent of the pretreated yield was good enough for excellent delignification. The dissolution of carbohydrate (mainly xylose) was increased with increasing cooking time, especially at the second stage. It would be considered that carbonyl groups introduced to polysaccharides in wood by nitric acid oxidation caused the degradation of carbohydrates.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.82 no.2
• /
• pp.139-151
• /
• 1993

The virgin forests on and around Sungin-bong in Ulreung-do, an island situated between the Korean peninsula and Japanese archipelago, were investigated phytosociologically. They were classified into two communities, i.e. Fagus crenata var. multinervis - Majanthemum dilatatum community and F. crenata var. multinervis - Sasa kuriensis community. The former was subdivided into several units ; Acer takesimense - Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum group, including Tsuga sieboldii - Taxus cuspidata var. tatifolia subgroup and a typical subgroup, and Acer mono var. savatieri - Rumohra standishii group, including Dystaenia takeshimana subgroup and a typical subgroup. The other was subdivided into two subunits ; Acer okamotoanum group and a typical group. It was estimated that this area was orginally covered with beech and maple dominated forest vegetation and with Machilus dominated forest or bamboo forest. However, in these days, The natural vegetation of it has been destroyed and in future, may also be disturbed gradually by human activities. Judging from the coincidence method, the structure and distribution of the forest communities was more related to altitude than to topography. The phytomass, based upon the basal area of each community to $100m^2$ showed that Acer mono var. savatieri - Rumohra standishii group ($BA=7574.1cm^2$, $P=9,882,058cm^3$) haved the largest value and Tsuga sieboldii - Taxus cuspidata var. latifolia subgroup($BA=2126.3cm^2$, $P=1,746,755cm^3$) showed the smallest value. The flora of the vascular plants collected from this area consists of 71 families, 187 genera, 243 species, 1 subspecies, 44 varieties, 6 forms and 294 taxa in total.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.322-328
• /
• 2021

This study was carried out to evaluate potential of Hypsizygus marmoreus (brown cultivar) as a functional food and drug materials. H. marmoreus were divided into pileus and stipe and extracted in hot water and 80% ethanol. The total polyphenol content was highest in the hot water extracts (pileus 17.15±0.19 mg of GAE g, stipe 7.37±0.16 mg of GAE/g) and pileus compared to the ethanol extracts (pileus 10.23±0.14 mg of GAE/g, stipe 3.76.±0.19 mg of GAE/g) and stipe. Also, hot water extracts of pileus from H. marmoreus (brown cultivar) was more effective DPPH, ABTS, ORAC value, reducing power than ethanol extracts and stipe extracts. The pileus and stipe extracts were confirmed to be non-cytotoxic in the mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 determined by WST-1 (4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulphonate) assay. Overall, extracts of H. marmoreus (brown cultivar) was higher antioxidant activity than other mushrooms, and no cytotoxicity. Therefore, H. marmoreus (brown cultivar) showed potential as a functional food and drug materials. The brown cultivar of H. marmoreus have higher antioxidant activity than white cultivar, H. marmoreus seem to have different antioxidant activity depending on the cultivar.