• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.267-273
• /
• 2002

Regeneration process of the Korean beech (Fagus multinervis Nakai) forest was studied in relation to the distributional pattern and age structure. In this study, it was clarified that the Korean beech forest is regenerated in both way: seedlings(sexual reproduction) and sprouts(vegetative reproduction) formations. In the large gaps, seedling may be established, resulting in clusters of even-aged individuals. But in the small-sized gaps, there may filled by the extention of surrounding trees and/or by the young trunks, which have sprouted from the base of stumps. As most gaps in the F. multinervis forest were derived from falling of a single stem, regeneration by sprouts seems to be more common than that by the seedlings.

• 한국생태학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2002.08a
• /
• pp.133-139
• /
• 2002

Regeneration process of the Korean beech (Fagus multinervis Nakai) forest was studied in relation to the distributional pattern and age structure. In this study, it was clarified that the Korean beech forest is regenerated in both way: seedlings(sexual reproduction) and sprouts(vegetative reproduction) formations. In the large gaps, seedling may be established, resulting in clusters of even-aged individuals. But in the small-sized gaps, there may filed by the extention of surrounding trees and/or by the young trunks, which have sprouted from the base of stumps. As most gaps in the F. multinervis forest were derived from falling of a single stem, regeneration by sprouts seems to be more common than that by the seedlings.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.33 no.6
• /
• pp.686-694
• /
• 2019

This study was carried out to identify the long-term changes to beech forest due to climate change in Ulleung-do. To study the traits of the stand structure of beech forest with micro-topography, we investigated the distribution of the basal area, important values, and indicated species in a small ridge between Albong basin and Seongin-bong peak, and 1-ha stands (20 m × 20 m, 25 sites) dominated beech species including on the upper slope and valley parts. The result showed that the indicator species characterizing the vegetation communities were Tsuga sieboldii, Rhododendron brachycarpum, and Mitchella undulata in the small ridge and Celtis jessoensis, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, and Ulmus laciniata in the valley part. Moreover, the individuals with the total DBH < 10 cm were more predominant in the small ridge and upper slope than in the valley part, the individuals with DBH = 10-25 cm were predominant in the small slope, and individuals with DBH = 25-45 cm and DBH > 45 cm were predominant in the upper slope. The reason for the predominant distribution of beech stand with DBH<10 cm in all terrains is suggested to be germination by nutritional propagation rather than secondary succession caused by artificial disturbances and seed propagation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.144-152
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of lime fertilization and light intensity on beech regeneration strategy in a mature beech forest(ca. 150 years old) gaps, which was located in the soiling areas Germany, where the soil is an acid brown earth. For the experiment canopy gaps of 30m diameter were cut, and one canopy gap remained as untreated while the other was limed(3t dolomite h $a^{-1}$). Soil chemistry, soil water potential, light intensity(PAR), ground vegetation, beech seedlings and mycorrhiza were investigated along transect from the stands into gaps to the north. The results of this study are followings: 1) In the limed gap, soil chemistry was greatly improved and a vigorous herb layer developed as compared to the unlimed gap. 2) Development and growth of the beech seedlings in the unlimed gap were generally deficient. Specially, developments of lateral roots were very lack. 3) Through the lime fertilization, the minerals contents of beech leaves such as calcium(Ca) and magnesium(Mg) were increased, while manganese(Mn) was decreased. There was antagonism between potassium(K) and calcium(Ca) or magnesium(Mg). 4) The relative mycorrhiza frequency(RM) in beech seedlings of the southern edge was very higher than that of the middle part, and through the lime fertilization extension of the species Laccaria amethystina appeared clearly. The results of this study showed that lime fertilize in forest, where the soil is acid, will be necessary..

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.44 no.4
• /
• pp.241-255
• /
• 2020

Background: The stem exclusion stage is a stage of forest development that is important for understanding the subsequent understory reinitiation stage and maturation stage during which horizontal heterogeneity is formed. Over the past 11 years (2009-2019), we observed a deciduous broad-leaved forest in the Albongbunji Basin in Ulleungdo, South Korea in its stem exclusion stage, where Fagus engleriana (Engler's beech) is the dominant species, thereby analyzing the changes in the structure (density and size distributions), function (biomass and species richness), and demographics. Results: The mean stem density data presented a bell-shaped curve with initially increasing, peaking, and subsequently decreasing trends in stem density over time, and the mean biomass data showed a sigmoidal pattern indicating that the rate of biomass accumulation slowed over time. Changes in the density and biomass of Fagus engleriana showed a similar trend to the changes in density and biomass at the community level, which is indicative of the strong influence of this species on the changing patterns of forest structure and function. Around 2015, a shift between recruitment and mortality rates was observed. Deterministic processes were the predominant cause of tree mortality in our study; however, soil deposition that began in 2017 in some of the quadrats resulted in an increase in the contribution of stochastic processes (15% in 2019) to tree mortality. The development of horizontal heterogeneity was observed in forest gaps. Conclusions: Our observations showed a dramatic shift between the recruitment and mortality rates in the stem exclusion stage, and that disturbance increases the uncertainty in forest development increases. The minor changes in species composition are likely linked to regional species pool and the limited role of the life-history strategy of species such as shade tolerance and habitat affinity. Our midterm records of ecological succession exhibited detailed demographic dynamics and contributed to the improvement of an ecological perspective in the stem exclusion stage.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.65-78
• /
• 2011

Ozone ($O_3$) is a main component of photochemical oxidants, and a phytotoxic anthropogenic air pollutant. In North America and Europe, the current concentration of $O_3$ has been shown to have significant adverse effects on vegetation. In this review, we summarize the experimental studies on the effects of $O_3$ on the growth and photosynthetic activity of Japanese forest tree species to understand the present knowledge and provide sound basis for future research toward the assessment of $O_3$ impacts on Japanese forest ecosystem. Since the 1990s, several Japanese researchers have conducted the experimental studies on the effects of ambient levels of $O_3$ on growth and physiological functions such as net photosynthesis of Japanese forest tree species. Although the sensitivity to $O_3$ of whole-plant growth is quite different among the species, it was suggested that the current ambient levels of $O_3$ in Japan are high enough to adversely affect growth and photosynthetic activity of Japanese forest tree species classified into high $O_3$ sensitivity group such as Japanese beech. The N load to soil has been shown to reduce the sensitivity to $O_3$ of Japanese larch and increase that of Japanese beech. To establish the critical level of $O_3$ for protecting Japanese forest tree species, therefore, it is necessary to take into account the N deposition from the atmosphere. There is little information on the combined effects of $O_3$ and other environmental factors such as elevated $CO_2$ and drought on growth and physiological functions of Japanese forest tree species. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the experimental study and accumulate the information on the combined effects of $O_3$ and any other abiotic environmental factors on Japanese forest tree species.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
• /
• v.16 no.2 s.30
• /
• pp.59-65
• /
• 2005

As physical condition of students improves, there is a need to develop human body-friendly desk and chair for students. In this study, desks and chairs were manufactured with curved veneer lamination under high frequency heating and pressing, using ten wood species such as Japanese red pine, Korean pine, pitch pine, Japanese larch, yellow poplar, black locust, oak, radiata pine, beech, and birch. The performance of these products were evaluated. The results obtained were summarized as follows; With high frequency heating, the turned lamination of veneers with full size sheet ($3{\times}6\;feet$) prepared by rotary lathe peeling was successfully applied for making the members of desk top, leg frames of desk and chair. Bending strengths of desk tops were relatively greater for yellow poplar, black locust and red pine, which were similar to those of beech and birch. Bending strengths of desk legs were classified into greater species group (red pine, yellow poplar, larch) and lower species group (radiata pine, Korean pine, pitch pine). Compressive strengths of chair legs in parallel direction to the lamination were greater in black locust and larch. On the other hand, differences between outer and inner gap at the top and drawer bottom of desk top were rather larger for the laminations of birch and beech, and less for those of yellow poplar and pitch pine, showing greater stability of open drawer space. In results, yellow poplar, larch, pitch pine and red pine showed good appearance and strength properties at the curved veneer lamination. Accordingly, it was believed that these domestic woods were able to substitute for birch which was being imported for the use of veneer-laminates type furniture.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.36-43
• /
• 2006

Using fluidized bed type fast pyrolysis system (capacity 400 g/h) bio-oils were produced from beech (Fagus sylvatica) and softwood mixture (spruce and larch, 50:50). The pyrolysis was performed for 1~2 s at the temperature of $470{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. Pyrolysis products consisted of liquid form of bio-oil, char and gases. In beech wood bio-oil was formed to ca. 60% based on dry biomass weight and the yield of bio-oil was 49% in soft wood mixture. The moisture contents in both bio-oils were ranged between 17% and 22% and the bio-oil's density was measured to $1.2kg/{\ell}$. Bio-oils were composed of 45% carbon, 47% oxygen, 7% hydrogen and lower than 1% nitrogen,which was very similar to those of original biomass. In comparison with oils from fossil resources, oxygen content was very high in bio-oils, while no sulfur was found. More than 90 low molecular weight components, classified to aromatic and non aromatic compounds, were identified in bio-oils by gas chromatographic analysis, which amounted to 31~33% based on the dry weight of bio-oils.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.60 no.1
• /
• pp.10-16
• /
• 1983

This survey was carried out in Schneegattern Forest District which is located 40 km northeast of Salzburg, Austria. The purpose of interpretation with two sampling methods, stratified sampling and unstratified sampling, on B & W infrared photos, with a scale of 1:10,000 was to know coniferous stand volumn and to reduce the cost, Forest stands were classified into 4 groups; those were non-forest, young stands, beech, coniferous stands. Coniferous and beech stands were devided into age classes I (41-80 years), II (above 81 years). After this delineation sample points were designated on the orthophoto map whose data were transferred from the aerial photos. The volumn data were calculated from DBH using relascope in the field and the results were as follows. 1) Coniferous stand volumn per hactare was ($470{\pm}31.9m^3$ 2) The diameter distribution of $C_1$ was binomial, but $C_2$ showed normal distribution. 3) The stratified sampling method was better than unstratified sampling method.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.109-122
• /
• 1989

The vegetation and landscape of Hokkaido were phytosociologically referred. The region of F a g e t e a c r e n a t a e on Hokkaido is divided into two types of deciduous broad-leaved forest: the oak (Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata) forests mixed with conifers (mainly Abies sachalinensis) and the beech (Fagus crenata) forests of northernmost distribution in far-east Asia. The oak forests, which is dominated by Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata in Japanse islands, seem to be developed from different climatic and edaphic conditions, especially in the amount and sharing pattern of precipitation in a year, and weak acid brown forest soil, volcanic ash soil and sandy soil. On the all-inclusive phytogeographical view-point, Hokkaido is situated at northernmost region of F a g e t e a c r e n a t a e (cool-temperate zone)neighboring with subarctic and subalpine vegetation, vegetation, but the evergreen broad-leaved forest (C a m e l l i e t e a j a p o n i c a e, warm-temperate zone) is abscent.