• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.453-458
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• 2002

In order to search for reliable rapid methods of estimating bacterial counts in pork, this study was tried to measure resazurin reduction time which is simple in experimental method, low in analytical cost, able to estimate bacterial count within short time. The results were summarized as follows; Correlation coefficient between initial bacterial log count(25$^{\circ}C$/72hr, Y) and resazurin reduction time(X) from blue color to pink color during incubation at 25$^{\circ}C$ and 30$^{\circ}C$ was higher than other conditions as -0.95 and -0.94, respectively. Considering correlation coefficient and reduction time, incubation temperature was compatible at 30$^{\circ}C$, and regression equation(RE) was Y = -0.4386X + 7.7870. At a bacterial load of $10^2$cfu/$cm^2$, $10^3$cfu/$cm^2$ and $10^4$cfu/$cm^2$ in pork, reduction time was 13.2hr, 10.9hr and 8.6hr, respectively. Correlation coefficient between initial bacterial log count(30$^{\circ}C$/72hr, Y) and resazurin reduction time(X) from blue color to pink color during incubation at 30$^{\circ}C$ was highest among other conditions as -0.93, and RE was Y = -0.4171X + 7.5540. At a bacterial load of $10^2$cfu/$cm^2$, $10^3cfu/$cm^2$ and $10^4cfu/$cm^2$ in pork, reduction time was 13.3hr, 10.9hr and 8.5hr, respectively. Correlation coefficient between initial bacterial log count(35$^{\circ}C$/72hr, Y) and resazurin reduction time(X) from blue color to pink color during incubation at 30$^{\circ}C$ was highest among other conditions as -0.93, and RE was Y = -0.3514X + 6.7513. At a bacterial load of $10^2$cfu/$cm^2$, $10^3$cfu/$cm^2$ and $10^4$cfu/$cm^2$ in pork, reduction time was 13.5hr, 10.7hr and 7.8hr, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.93-102
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• 2003

This study designed and constructed an experimental column far adhesion efficiency test and conducted experiment to investigate the offensive odor adhesion efficiency of filter bed materials. The offensive odor adhesion experiment was conducted using mixture of high physical adhesion efficiency material, and the fixity of deodorization microorganism of selected filter bed material was tested using ammonia exclude microorganism A4-­2 and sulfur oxidation microorganism S5­-5.2 those were cultured at the Agricultural Chemical Department of Chungnam National University, and deodorization efficiency of selected filter bed material mixture was tested. Following are summary of these tests results. 1. Amount of elimination of the offensive odor gas of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide per unit volume was 0.054 and 0.016$\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in rice hull, 0.01 and 0.004 $\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in rice straw 0.158 and 0.01 $\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in coconut, 0.014 and 0.02$\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ perlite, 0.004 and 0.003$\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in high road ball, and 0.112 and 0.015 $\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in chaff of pine, respectively. 2. Amount of elimination of offensive odor gas of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide per unit volume was 0.045 and 0.014$\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in mixture 1, 0.079 and 0.016$\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in mixture 2, 0.123 and 0.017 $\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in mixture 3, 0.031 and 0.015$\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in mixture 4, 0.055 and 0.016$\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in mixture 5, and 0.111 and 0.020$\ell/\textrm{cm}^3$ in mixture 6, respectively. 3. The offensive odor elimination microorganism inoculated to mixture of chaff of pine(70%) and perlite(30%) showed the elimination efficiency of 99.06% and 96.61% against the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, respectively, during 24 hours period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.2028-2034
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• 2013

The effect of zeolite on the quality properties of fresh and broiled pork loin was investigated using 84 pigs that were fed with different feed ration of zeolite (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% zeolite) for 3 months. The pH of fresh pork loin fed with 0% and 2.0% zeolite was 5.95, which was higher than those of others (P<0.05). The cooking loss of fresh pork loin fed with 0.5% and 1.0% zeolite were 26.24% and 26.42%, respectively, which was higher than those of others (P<0.05). The dissolution crude lipid of 1.0% zeolite (3.11%) was highest, but that of 0% zeolite was lowest (P<0.05). L and a values were highest in fresh pork fed with 1.0% zeolite, however, b value was highest in fresh pork fed with 2.0% zeolite (P<0.05). In the results of L value of the broiled pork loin, the feed ration with 0% zeolite was highest (75.49) and decreased as the feed ration of zeolite increased (P<0.05). The a and b values were highest in broiled pork fed with 0.5% zeolite (P<0.05). The hardness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness of fresh and broiled pork loin fed with 2.0% zeolite were highest and increased as the feed ration of zeolite increased (P<0.05). In the result of sensory evaluation in broiled pork loin, color preference was increased as the feed ration of zeolite increased (P<0.05). Taste preference was highest in the 1.0% zeolite (10.70), followed by 2.0% (8.72), 0.5% (7.64), and 0% zeolite (6.44) (P<0.05). Flavor and appearance preferences were not significantly different between the groups. Texture preference was decreased as the feed ration of zeolite increased. The overall preference was highest in the 1.0% with zeolite (10.80), followed by 0.5% (10.04), 0% (8.41), and 2.0% (7.92) with zeolite (P<0.05). In conclusion, the optimal feed ration of zeolite for broiled pork loin was between 0.5 and 1.0% zeolite.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.487-492
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• 2006

This study estimated characteristics and genetic parameters for milking traits in Holstein dairy cattle. Daily records (12,561) were available from a hundred fifty four lactating cows with sixty six sires at National Livestock Research Institute from November, 2005 to April, 2006. The cows were fed same rations, and were milked twice daily using milking parlour equipped with Alpro-system?? to collect milking records automatically. The experimental cows have averaged 1.9 parities, 139.7 days in milk, and 13kg milk yield per milking. Average milk flow was 64% of peak milk flow. Milking duration, peak milk flow, average milk flow, and milk yield per milking were 5.57±1.67 minutes, 3.58±0.79kg/minute, 2.28±0.51kg/minute, and 13.02±4.09kg, respectively. All traits in the morning milking were higher than those of in the evening milking, and were also increased with parity. Heritabilities for milking duration, peak and average milk flow, and milk yield per time were 0.49, 0.70 0.58 and 0.36, respectively. The genetic correlations of milking duration with peak milk flow, average milk flow, and milk yield per time were 0.48, 0.54, and 0.41, respectively. The correlations of milk yield per milking with peak milk flow and average milk flow were 0.23 and 0.30, respectively. In conclusion, milk flow was increased with milk yield; however milk flow was opposite relationship with milk duration. Further studies are not only necessary to warranty genetic parameters, but pre-installation of automatic recording system to collect daily milking record is also necessary.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.419-426
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• 2002

We conducted two experiments to evaluate the effects of chromium picolinate(CrP) on growth performance, carcass characteristics and plasma components in Holstein bulls. In trial Ⅰ, eight finishing Holstein bulls(300${\pm}$6.99Kg) were allocated to 2 treatments(control and 0.05% CrP) with 4 replication for 10-months. In results, growth performance was not affected by CrP addition. The plasma insulin concentration in 0.05% CrP group was about 2 times higher than the control group of Holstein bulls. The levels of plasma NEFA were significantly decreased to 59.00 mEq/dl with 0.05% CrP treatment(P<0.05), but the levels of plasma glucose and PUN were not altered by 0.05% CrP treatment. The grade of carcass was not different between control and 0.05% CrP group, but back fat thickness in 0.05% CrP group was increased in 22.33% compared with control group. In trial 2, fifteen growing- finishing Holstein bulls(160${\pm}$4.63Kg) were allocated to 3 treatments(control, 0.025% CrP and 0.05% CrP) with 5 replication for 14-months. During the overall experimental period, growth performance was not affected by CrP levels. The levels of hormone and metabolites were not affected by CrP supplementa- tion. The carcass characteristics were not different between control and treatment. These results show that the CrP may have no effects for beef cattle production because of degradation of CrP conjugation in the rumen. However treatment of short term provide a possibility the effects of development for lipogenesis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.451-459
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• 2011

The current study was conducted to determine the effects of herbal supplement on growth performances and diarrhea in Hanwoo calves. Total 24 Hanwoo calves (3 treatments: 8 calves per treatment) were randomly assigned to either Control (no treatment), Treatment 1 (0.3% herb supplement), or Treatment 2 (0.5% herb supplement) diets for 150 days. Total body weight gain and total feed intake per head in Treatment 1 was 142.8 kg and 545.9 kg, respectively, and it was higher (p<0.05) compared to other groups. The blood total cholesterol range was 86.43~97.00 mg/dl, triglycerides 13.26~13.86 mg/dl, GOT 76.97~79.60 mg/dl, GPT 19.54~20.97 mg/dl, WBC 8.75~9.95 k/${\mu}{\ell}$, RBC 10.14~11.91 M/${\mu}{\ell}$, and hemoglobin 10.74~11.20 g/$d{\ell}$, respectively, with no significant (p>0.05) differences among treatments. The blood immunoglobulin G levels were 5.74~6.05 mg/ml which tended to decrease as experimental period extended. Total number of pathogens in feces showed peaks at 1~2 months after the initiation of experiment, and tended to decrease thereafter. Total number of Eimeria spp., E. coli and BVDV in feces showed no significant differences but control group showed higher counts than both treatment groups. During overall period, the incidence of pathogenic diarrhea in calves of 2 treatment groups was much lower than control group calves (C: 24, vs T1: 9, T2: 13 heads), however, it was not significant (p>0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of herbs in Hanwoo calf diets might be beneficial to improve growth performances and prevent diarrhea.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of sawdust bedding barn on manure handing, management labour and physiological aspect of dairy cows, and then to establish the criteria on the optimum utilization method of sawdust bedding barn. 46 tie stall barns and 49 sawdust bedding barns were surveyed to cmopare the milk productivity between two different barns, and also 5 tie stall barns, 15 sawdust bedding barns and 1 rice hull bedding barn were selected to study the utilization situation of sawdust barn in Kyung-Ki province area. The major results obtained were as follows; 1. The roof material of sawdust barn were consisted of 66% vinyl house, 23% PVC light and 11% slate and galvanum coated tin. Most of the floor structure was earth ground with the rate of the approximately 82%. 2. The average occupied area of sawdust bed per cow was 15.2 $m^2$, depth that 30 cm and the utilization period was 12 months. 3. Milk Yield was significantly higher at sawdust barn than at tie stall barn(P<0.01). Bacterial and somatic cell count in raw milk were less at the sawdust barn than in tie stall barn. However, there was not significance difference between two barns. 4. The labour hour needed to cow management in the sawdust barn was approximately 48% of that of tie stall barn. 5. The temperature and moisture content measured in sawdust bed were closely affected by seasonal ambient temperature. The skin and hair of cow were much cleaner at the PVC light roofed sawdust barn than any other roof materials. 6. The additives used for improving of fermentation did not show any effect on temperature and moisture content in sawdust bed. When the ambient temperature was $30.4^{\circ}C$, the surface temperature of measured 1 cm above the sawdust bed was $12.2^{\circ}C$ lower and the temperature of 100 cm above the sawdust bed was $2.4^{\circ}C lower under shading net facility than that of vinyl roofed one.7. The hoof length of miking cow was 7.95 cm in tie stall and 9.19 cm in sawdust barn with high significance (P<0.01). And disease occurence such as mastitis and foot-rot tended to decrease in the sawdust barn. 8. The number of total bacteria and coliform bacteria were less in the sawdust bed compared with earth ground resting area. And a parasite strongyloides papillosus was detected but without any infected cow. 9. The nitrate($NO_3N$) content in non-roofed earth ground resting area and earth ground under the sawdust bed was likely to pollute the ground water. 10. In economic point of view, rice hull bedding barn was the cheapest among different systems. And in the sawdust bedding barn PVC light + slate roofed barn was most desirable, and vinyl roofed one the least.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.653-660
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• 2002

We considered KIT gene as a candidate gene for the white-spotting pattern in cattle. This study was carried out to detect genetic variation of c-KIT receptor gene and to investigate association between the mutation and the white-spotting pattern in cattle. PCR-RFLP analysis within intron 6 of c-KIT receptor gene were performed with 8 cattle breeds including Hanwoo, Angus, Brown Swiss, Charolais, Hereford, Holstein, Limousin and Simmental. When PCR product of approximately 2,440 bp including intron 6 of c-KIT receptor gene was sequenced, four nucleotide substitutions were found within intron 6 of the bovine c-KIT receptor gene. In PCR-RFLP analysis, three alleles (A, B and C), two alleles (A and B) and two alleles (A and B) at each locus were identified by MspⅠ, BsrBⅠ and NdeⅠ, respectively. Although frequencies of allele at each locus were different among cattle breeds, we could not get any evidence related with white or white spotting phenotypes in these mutations on intron 6 of c-KIT receptor gene. However, we can not entirely exclude the possibility that c-KIT receptor gene is responsible for white spotting phenotype in cattle. Thus, further studies need to detect other mutations in c-KIT receptor gene and to test association of those mutations and coat color phenotypes in cattle.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1079-1088
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• 2003

This study was conducted to test the efficacy of the automatic liquid feeder(designated as NLRI) developed by National Livestock Research Institute, Korea for 7-day old early-weaning piglets. The other automatic liquid feeder imported from USA(designated as IALF) was used for a comparative purpose. A total of sixty piglets of 7 days of age were allotted to three treatments. The control group of 20 piglets was raised by their own sows until 21 days of age, while others were shifted to automatic liquid feeders of either NLRI or IALF on 7 days of age and reared during 14 days post-weaning. After then, all the piglets were fed nutritionally identical mash diets until 70 days of age. Compared with control group, body weight of piglets reared on automatic liquid feeders were lighter(P〈0.05) at 21 days of age [5.55kg (control) vs 4.97 (NLRI) and 4.98kg (IALF)], while heavier(P〈0.05) at 70 days of age(24.82kg vs 30.17 and 29.42kg). The results indicated that pigs reared on liquid feeding showed higher(P〈0.05) average daily gain than control pigs during the whole experimental period [346.7g (control) vs 425.8 (NLRI) and 416.1g (IALF)], while no difference was found in feed/gain (1.67 vs 1.78 and 1.84). There was no difference in growth performance and incidence of diarrhea between two automatic liquid feeders, NLRI and IALF. Compared with control group, intestinal villi tended to be shorter in liquid feeding group during the first week, but were recovered within two weeks. The results suggest that the automatic liquid feeder newly developed by National Livestock Research Institute, Korea can be successfully used for rearing young piglets weaned at very early age.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.833-840
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• 2004

The current study was conducted to analysis the effects of sex and live weight on carcass characteristics using total 773 Hanwoo, and to assess the effects of quality grade on chemico-physical and sensory characteristics in longissimus muscle. Results show that both steer and cow received superior quality grade to bull within the same weight c1ass(P < 0.05). Marbling score, texture, maturity, meat color and fat color were significantly( P< 0.01) affected by sex, whilst only marbling score and maturity were significantly affected by live weight. The ultimate quality grade showed significant relationships with marbling score(r = - $0.81^{**}) meat color (r= 0.21^{**}) fat color(r = 0.10^{**}) and with texture(r = 0.41^{**})$ but that had no such a relationship with maturity. WB-shear force and cooking loss were decreased when carcass grade was increased(P < 0.01), but water-holding capacity was identical between the quality grades. Objective meat color dimensions in lightness, redness and yellowness were increased for higher quality grade(P< 0.01). Meat flavor, juiciness and tenderness received higher scores for higher quality grade(P< 0.01). Intramuscular fat content had significantly relationships with WB-shear force(r = 0.$56^*), water-holding capacity(r = 0.18^{**}), juiciness(r = 0.46^{**}), tenderness(r= 0.49^{**})$, and flavor intensity(r = 0.$34^*$). In addition, a higher WB-shear force was related to a lower flavor, tenderness and juiciness scores.