• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.218-229
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• 2011

Dyeing properties of cotton and ramie fabrics with pine needles colorants were studied by investigating the analysis of pine needles colorants, the effect of dyeing conditions (such as dye concentration, dyeing temperatures and times on dye uptakes), effect of mordants, and color change. The various colorfastness of dyed fabrics were evaluated for practical use; in addition, the antimicrobial ability, ultraviolet-cut ability, and deodorant ability were estimated. In the UV-Visible spectrum, the wavelength of the maximum absorption for pine needles extract was 285nm, and pine needles colorants produced a yellow color. From FT-IR and GC-MS results, it was assumed that chromophoric substance from pine needles extracts were mixed with flavonol tannin and flavanol tannin. An increased dyeing concentration resulted in a larger dye uptake and a Freundlich absorption isotherm was obtained. A larger dye uptake occurred as the dyeing time and temperature increased. Post-mordanting was more effective than pre-mordanting and the dye uptake of fabrics improved by mordanting. The colorfastness of dyed fabrics showed a low rating; however, colorfastness to washing and dry cleaning of cotton fabrics mordanted with N.Cu, and friction fastness of ramie fabric mordanted with Cu improved. The dyed fabrics showed very good antimicrobial abilities of 99.9%. In addition, the ultraviolet-cut ability and deodorant ability improved in fabrics dyed with pine needles extracts.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.258-264
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• 2005

The objectives of this study were to study 1) emergence of pine bark beetles, 2) larval density in residual timber on Idlest land by each felling season, and 3) the secondary damage rates in the tended forest. Pine forest land which had undergone tending had a higher secondary damage ratio $(59.6\%)$ by pine bark beetles than forest land that was not tended $(2.8\%)$. The number of escape holes averaged 11.3 0.31 per $250 cm^2$ on the bark of leaf trees in the tended forest. The number of escape holes was higher in the Jinju site than in the Hamyang site. The larval habitat density of pine bark beetles as compared with each felling period was higher after mid-October than in forests tended early in October. Thus, forests should be tended before early October in order to prevent secondary damage from pine bark beetles. Secondary damage in the tended forest was higher in the upper part $(75.5\%)$ of the tree crown than in the lower part $(49.2\%)$. The damage was higher in terminal shoots $(80\%)$ than in lateral shoots $(48\%)$. Therefore, secondary damage by pine bark beetles can cause deterioration of the elongation growth of the forest trees. In conclusion, if by-products of tended pine forest forests are neglected, they will be utilized as a propagation site for pine bark beetles (Blastophagus piniperda L). The propagated adults will damage the tender shoots of the leaf trees and thus seriously limittheir elongation.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.409-420
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• 2007

Since 1988, pine wilt disease has spread over rapidly in Korea. It is not easy to detect the damaged pine trees by pine wilt disease from conventional remote sensing skills. Thus, many possibilities were investigated to detect the damaged pines using various kinds of remote sensing data including high spatial resolution satellite image of 2000/2003 IKONOS and 2005 QuickBird, aerial photos, and digital airborne data, too. Time series of B&W aerial photos at the scale of 1:6,000 were used to validate the results. A local maximum filtering was adapted to determine whether the damaged pines could be detected or not at the tree level from high resolution satellite images, and to locate the damaged trees. Several enhancement methods such as NDVI and image transformations were examined to find out the optimal detection method. Considering the mean crown radius of pine trees, local maximum filter with 3 pixels in radius was adapted to detect the damaged trees on IKONOS image. CIR images of 50 cm resolution were taken by PKNU-3(REDLAKE MS4000) sensor. The simulated CIR images with resolutions of 1 m, 2 m, and 4 m were generated to test the possibility of tree detection both in a stereo and a single mode. In conclusion, in order to detect the pine tree damaged by pine wilt disease at a tree level from satellite image, a spatial resolution might be less than 1 m in a single mode and/or 1 m in a stereo mode.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.695-701
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• 2006

This study is based on the utilization of pine mushroom for processing products by development of pine mushroom Jung-Gwa. The results were summarized as follows: Pine mushroom Jung-Gwa were prepared with four different amounts (20, 30, 40, 50%) of honey. Pine mushroom Jung-Gwa color value was the highest by 20% soaking honey-water product and 40% soaking honey-water product was the lowest. Strength and hardness of 20% soaking honey-water product was the highest. Appearance to product of 50% soaking honey-water was the highest preference by all age of except 20's. The honey content of more and more external appearance preference was became higher. Product of 40% soaking honey-water was best by flavor of pine mushroom Jung-Gwa. A sugary tastes comparison 50% soaking honey water to 40% soaking honey water was not distinction. The texture was appeared a statistically significant difference by products of 20%, 30% soaking honey-water. Product of 20% soaking honey-water was favorite in 20's and product of 30% soaking honey-water was favorite in 30's. In overall preference test for pine mushroom Jung-Gwa of 40% soaking honey water was preferred by all age. Oligosaccharide helped geriatric diseases and cheaper. Thus this study used oligosaccharide but the result was not a statistically significant difference of pine mushroom Jung-Gwa products quality by comparison honey-water to oligosaccharide. Therefore oligosaccharide utilization products was thought worth a lot more by processing price and functional.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.409-419
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• 2017

Although Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) forests near temples are valuable as forests of the cultural landscape, they are likely to be deteriorated because of vegetation succession and climate changes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the vegetation structure, the pine vitality, and the site environmental characteristics of the pine forests near temples to identify the correlation between pine tree growth and location environment. We selected Chuneunsa, Wonhyosa, Jeungsimsa, and Taeansa Temples since these four areas still had the healthy pine forests. In all four studied area, the pine trees dominate the canopy layers while the deciduous broadleaf trees mostly inhabited appeared in the lower layers. The growth of pine trees in Jeungsimsa and Wonhyosa areas was not as good as Chuneunsa area where the pine trees tended to be older. We found higher total nitrogen content in soil in Jeungsimsa area than other areas, maybe because of increase in total nitrogen caused by the development of low vegetation in the area. This peculiarity may have led to the pine trees in the area to fall behind the deciduous broadleaf trees in competition for nitrogen nutrient and thus to show deteriorated growth. The altitude and the twig length showed a negative correlation as did the degree of slope and the mean importance percentage of the pine tree. In other words, the growth environment such as soil became poorer when the altitude and the degree of slope increased, and thus the growth amount and dominance of the pine trees were lower. The degree of slope showed a positive correlation with the twig length of the pine tree. Within boundaries of location environment where the pine tree forests were dominant, it seemed that growth of the pine trees was more favorable as the slope was steeper because the trees could avoid competition with deciduous broadleaf trees. On the other hand, the growth of pine trees deteriorated as the electrical conductivity of soil increased; increase in soil nutrients might have accelerated vegetation development of deciduous broadleaf trees and thus aggravated the growth environment of pine trees to negatively affect maintaining the health of the pine tree forests.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.82-88
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• 1997

A study was carried out to evaluate the values of roughages available in Korea on feed intake and digestibility of Korean native goats and consequently to apply its results to the feeding system of Korean goats as a basic information. The results are as follows. 1. The protein contents in Alfalfa and Acacia leaf were 17.6 and 16.3% respectively 11.7 and 6.8% higher than orchardgrass and pine needle. Ether extract tom pine needle was about two times higher than other roughage sources which are 9.2%. 2. Dry matter intake per day in goats fed alfalfa, acacia leaf and orchardgrass was higher (P < 0.05) at 590.3, 543.8 and 496.58 respectively and 217.lg in pine needle. 3. Dry matter intake per basal weight (DM glkg of B$W^{0.75}$ and DM g/kg of BW%) was higher in goats fed acacia leaf at 68.5 and 3.5% respectively than any other treatments goats fed pine needle showed the lowest (P< 0.05) dry matter intake at 28.6 and 1.5% respectively. 4. Dry matter digestibility was highest (PcO.05) in alfalfa fed goats at 61.4%. Dry matter digestibilities in orchardgrass, pine needle and acacia leaf were 58.0, 46.8 and 46.6% respectively. 5. Total digestible nutrients were highest (P< 0.05) in Alfalfa fed goats at 59.5%. Total digestible nutrients in orchardgrass, pine needle and acacia leaf were 54.2, 50.7 and 47.7% respectively. 6. In conclusion, the value of orchardgrass as feed for goats was as excellent as alfalfa and although acacia leaf had a less value than alfalfa in goats, it is considered to be used as a protein supplement in diets for goats due to its high content of protein and excellent palatability. Intake of pine needle in Korean goats in this study was satisfactory and it indicates the possibility of its use as a supplement in diets for goats. However, fkther investigation will be necessary particularly on the deleterious effects of ether extracts of pine needle

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2001

To examine the effects of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the tree growths of central Korea, tree rings of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) , Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) and yew (Taxus cuspidata) were analyzed. Korean pine and red pine samples were collected from 4 and 7sites in Sorak Mountain ranges, respectively ; yew from one site in Sobaek Mountain. Correlations between ring-width and monthly temperature data showed generally positive relationships for the Korean pine and yew chronologies, but negative ones for the red pine chronologies. In the analysis of correlation between ring-width and monthly S0 index data, only one Korean pine chronology at the lower Hangaerung valley site, and one red pine chronology at Baekdamjang shelter site showed significant relationships ; negative with April SOI for the former and positive with previous August-September SOI for the latter. The other chronologies at higher elevation sites did not indicate any significant correlations with SOI.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1047-1053
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Korean red pine bark extract as an antibiotic replacement on cecum microflora, immune functions, blood lipids, carcass characteristics, and growth performance in broiler chickens. There were four treatment groups: a control group, an antibiotic group, and two treatment groups receiving 65 and 80 ppm Korean red pine bark extract. Growth performance, carcass weight, dressing percentage, and breast and thigh muscle weight of the broiler chickens fed 80 ppm of red pine bark extract was higher than the broilers of the control group and the antibiotic group. Abdominal fat was lower in both groups of broiler chickens fed red pine bark extract, but the growth of immune organs such as the thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius was significantly higher in the group that received a diet supplemented with 80 ppm red pine bark extract than in the control group and antibiotic group. Concentrations of triacylglyceride and total cholesterol were significantly lower in both groups that received red pine bark extract when compared to the control group and the antibiotic group. The concentration of serum IgG was significantly higher in the 80 ppm red pine bark extract group than in the control group and the antibiotic group. The numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the cecum digesta were significantly increased, while the numbers of Escherichia coli and Salmonella were significantly reduced in the group that received 80 ppm red pine bark extract when compared to the control group and the antibiotic group. These results suggest that the a diet with 80 ppm Korean red pine bark extract as a replacement for antibiotics improve the cecum microflora, immune functions, blood lipids, carcass characteristics and growth performance of broiler chickens.

• Composites Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.241-246
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• 2017

The brittle nature in most FRP composites is accompanying other forms of energy absorption mechanisms such as fibre-matrix interface debonding and ply delamination. It could play an important role on the energy absorption capability of composite structures. To solve the brittle nature, the adhesion between pines and composites was studied. Thermal treated pines were attached on carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) by epoxy adhesives. To find the optimum condition of thermal treatment for pine, two different thermal treatments at 160 and $200^{\circ}C$ were compared to the neat case. To evaluate mechanical and interfacial properties of pines and pine/CFRP composites, tensile, lap shear and Izod test were carried out. The bonding force of pine grains was measured by tensile test at transverse direction and the elastic wave from fracture of pines was analyzed. The mechanical, interfacial properties and bonding force at $160^{\circ}C$ treated pine were highest due to the reinforced effect of pine. However, excessive thermal treatment resulted in the degradation of hemicellulose and leads to the deterioration in mechanical and interfacial properties.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.33-46
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• 1970

Pinus densiflora stands are common secondary forest communities on infertile soils in Korea. The stands are results of long severe past biotic pressure such as cutting, burning and grazing. These could be regarded as biotic climax in Korea. Because of their prevalent occurrence, relatively simple species and age composition, and their domestic economic importance, study of their distributional patterns may give some basic knowledge for better utilization of land resources in Korea. To detect distributional patterns and interspecific associations ten pine stands, each of which was homogenious with respect to topography and physiognomy, were subjectively selected from pine stands in Kyunggi Province near Seoul in 1969 and were made object of this study. Four contiguous systematic samples of count for trees, shrubs and seedlings from belt transects were collected from homogeneous areas within ten natural pine stands. The belt transect was 64m or 128m in length, and 1m, 2m or 4m in width. Basic units within the transect ranged from 64 to 256. The data from the contiguous transects were analysed in terms of multiple split-plot experiment. Departure from randomness of stem distribution, i.e., pattern, was tested in terms of variance mean ratio. For the detection of association between species, correlation coefficient was calculated for different block sizes. The values of ${\gamma}$ were tested by the usual t-test. Fine trees within one of the stands showed significant regular distribution through out the blocks. Within other eight stands pines were randomly distributed at basic unit with 4$\times$4m, 2$\times$2m, 2$\times$1m and 1$\times$1m. One significantly clumped distribution at basic unit 2$\times$2m, however, was observed from one of the pine stands. These randomly distributed groups were themselves significantly regularly distributed throughout the blocks for four pine stands. For the other four pine stands, in addition to the random distribution at the basie unit(the primary random group), randomly distributed groups with 32m dimension(the secondary random groups) were also observed. Both the primary and the secondary random groups were significantly regularly distributed at the rest of blocks. Pine seedlings were not distributed randomly thoughout the blocks. Within three of the ten stands they were contagiously distributed. Important shrub species underneath pines such as Querus serrata, Q. acutissima, Leapedeza intermedia, Rhododendron Yedoense var. poukhanenae, Juniperus utilis, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum shnwed consistently similar distributional pattern with the pine at each stand. The shrub species pairs; Rhododendron Yedoense var. poukhanenae/Quercus serrata, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum/Lespedeza intermedia were significantly negatively associated from 1m to 4m dimensional block sizes but became significantly positively associated from 8m sized blocks on. On the other hand the shrub species pairs; Lespedeza intermedia/Robinia Pseudoacacia, and Lespedeza bicolor var, japonica/Lespedeza intermedia were also significnalty negatively associated from 1m to 8m sized blocks but became significantly positively associated from 16m sized blocks on. The associational pattern between Rhododendron mucronul tun var. poukhanenae and Lespedeza intermedia was not consistent throughout the stands. In some stands negative associations were observed throughout the blocks except NS 32. From these observatons micro-edaphic variation within the pine stands seems not to be great enough to cause distributinal difference of pine trees within the ten pine stands. Among each species and pine seedings, however, the edaphic variation within the pine stands may be great enought to cause distributional variation.