• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2012

Background and Objectives : Sulcus vocalis could be classified into type I, type IIa, and type IIb. There have been a little reports about voice quality and treatment results related with types of sulcus vocalis. The authors conducted an analysis of voice and treatment according to different types of sulcus vocalis. Materials and Methods : This study was based on a retrospective chart review. The sulcus types were classified into type I and type II. Objective and subjective voice assessments were analyzed. Patients were treated individually with voice therapy, percutaneous steroid injection, and injection laryngoplasty. Comparison was performed on the voice difference between type I group and type II group, and between pre-treatment and post-treatment of each types. Results : One hundred and one patients were enrolled into this study, and 49 patients were type I and 52 patients were type II. Type I group showed longer mean maximal phonation time (MPT) than type II group, although other voice parameters didn't show any difference between two groups. Even after the management, almost all of the voice parameters didn't show improvement except MPT of type II group. Conclusion：Although the type I sulcus has been known as a non-pathologic lesion, it can result in some degree of voice change and discomfort, and thus need an active management. In this study, voice therapy, percutaneous steroid injection, and injection laryngoplasty showed limited effect to the both types of sulcus vocalis. Further studies for management of sulcus vocalis were needed.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.163-171
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• 2009

This study attempted to investigate vocal characteristics and differences in gender and voice classification among classical singers. Twenty-three female singers (M = 23.1 yrs, SD = 3.6 yrs, average 6.3 yrs singing experience, all classified as sopranos) and twenty male singers (M = 25.2 yrs, SD= 3.6 yrs, average 6. 3 yrs singing experience, 8 tenors, 12 baritones) were recruited to participate in the present study. Speaking fundamental frequency (FO), closed quotient (CQ), MPT (Maximum Phonation Time), breathing types, maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), and singers' formants were measured. In addition, vibratory patterns were observed using stroboscopy. Sfo, singing CQ, breathing types, formant frequency in singers' formants, MIP, MEP, and MPT were significantly different from gender to gender. Generally, singers' formants were observed in male singers and also the pattern of singers' formants was different between tenors and baritones. Lower singing CQ values were observed than speaking CQ values in the female singers (P<.001). Furthermore, MEP, MIP, and singing CQ were significantly lower for female singers than for males singers (P<.001). MPT and speaking FO, however, were not significantly different between tenors and baritones.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2002

Background and Objectives : The vocal fold nodules which were made by excessive contact or vibration of the vocal folds were classified to the soft nodule and the hard nodule in according to the hardness or the duration of nodule. Sometimes laryngologist saw the nodule to be located in different level. Authors thought that each nodule to be located in different level might have the different causes. Therefore we studied to know the relationship between the voicing technique and each vocal fold nodule to be located in different level. Materials and Methods : One-hundred forty nine patients who had the vocal fold nodule were evaluated. Sites and shapes of the vocal fold nodules were investigated using videostroboscopy. Videokymography was also used to scan the center of the vocal fold nodules during phonation and classified to several types. Same procedures were done on normal subject while he simulated the various types of voicing. And we compared the findings between both of them. Three different types of lesion can be distinguished. These are ML group that lesions were located from mid to low, MH group that lesions were located from mid to upper and HL group that lesions were located from lower to upper of the vocal folds. Results : The VKG findings of ML group and situation simulating with hard glottal attack and vocal fry were similar. MH group had a similar VKG findings with situation simulating with whispering or high pitch voicing. HL group had a similar VKG findings with situation simulating with loud voicing. Conclusions : Authors thought that each vocal fold nodule, which had different shapes and located in different level, related with the different types of voicing.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2024

Coarticulation is affected by the continuous movement of the articulator within a limited time and space through the neighboring segments and various overlaps. This study investigated the differences in coarticulation characteristics of children with reading disabilities and nondisabled children in CVC and VCV syllables consisted of stops, affricates, and vowels (a, i, u). The subjects were 13 children with reading disabilities and nondisabled children in the 2nd to 6th grades in elementary school. Two second formants were measured. One was measured at the point where the vowel began, and the other was measured at the mid point of the vowel stable section. Regression analysis was performed with F2 onset and F2 of the following vowel to obtain the locus equation (LE). 3-way ANOVA was conducted to the slope of the LE according to the groups (reading disabilities vs. nondisabled), places of articulation, and phonation types. In CVC syllable, dyslexic children showed a flatter slope than nondisabled children. With respect to the places of articulation, velar or bilabial sounds showed steeper LE slope than alveolar or palatal sounds. There were no main effects regarding group and phonation types variable for VCV syllable, and the significant differences in the places of articulation were also differed from the results for the CVC syllables. This study confirmed that dyslexic children showed a different pattern of coarticulation slope depending on the syllable structure. We also found that the higher pause rate of the dyslexic children had a stronger effect on the coarticulation in VCV structures.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2020

This study aims to compare the acoustic characteristics of vowel phonation in children with spastic and dyskinetic cerebral palsy (CP). Thirty-four children aged 4-12 years with CP participated in the study (spastic 26, dyskinetic 8). Voice samples for the acoustic analysis were extracted from a sustained vowel /a/. All acoustic measures were made using Praat. Group differences were compared by an independent t-test or Welch-Aspin test, if the equivalence assumption was not met. The results of this study are as follow. First, maximum phonation time(MPT) was significantly shorter for the dyskinetic CP than for the spastic CP. Second, shimmer percent was significantly increased in the dyskinetic CP than in the spastic CP. Lastly, there were no significant group differences in both the first formant and the second formant. These findings indicate that the dyskinetic CP has a poorer respiratory capacity and poorer laryngeal function than the spastic CP. On the other hand, both groups have a comparable ability to articulate the vowel /a/. The results of the present study help speech language pathologists identify the speech motor control ability of children with two types of CP (spastic and dyskinetic) and help to make an intervention plan associated with a specific type of CP.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 1997

There are two types of phonetic study, acoustic and physiologic, for differentiating the three manner categories of Korean stop consonants. On the physiologic studies, there are endoscopic, electromyographic(EMG), electroglottographic(EGG) and aerodynamic studies. In this study, I tried to investigate general features of Korean stops using EGG study for the open quotient of vocal fold and baseline shift during speech, and aerodynamic characteristics for e subglottal air pressure, air flow and glottal resistance at consonants. On the aerodynamic study, the glottalized and aspirated stops may be characterized by e increasing subglottal pressure comparing with lenis stop at consonants. The airflow is largest in the aspirated stops followed by lenis stops and glottalized. The glottal airway resistance (GAR) showed highest in the glottalized followed by the lenis, but lowest in e aspirated during e production of consonants, and showed highest in e aspirated, but low in the glottalized and lenis during the production of vowel. The glottal resistance at consonant showed significant difference among consonants and significant interaction between subject and types of consonant. The glottal resistance at vowel showed significant difference among consonants, and e interaction occured between subject and types of consonant. The electroglottography(EGG) has been used for investigating e functioning of e vocal folds during its vibration. The EGG should be related to the patterns of the vocal fold vibration during phonation in characterizing the temporal patterns of each vibratory cycle. The purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamic change of EGG waveforms during continuous speech. The dynamic changes of EGG waveforms fir the three-way distinction of Korean stops were characterized that the aspirated stop appears to be characterized by largest open quotient and smallest glottal contact area of the vocal folds in e initial portion of vocal fold vibration ; the lenis stop by moderate open quotient and glottal contact area ; but the glottalized stop by smallest open quotient and largest glottal contact area. There may be close relationship between the OQ(open quotient) in the initial voice onset and the glottal width at the time of consonant production, the larger glottal width just before vocal fold vibration results in the smaller OQ of the vocal fold vibration in the initial voice onset. The EGG changes of baseline shift during continuous speech production were characterized by the different patterns for the three types of Korean consonants. The small and less stiffness change of baseline shift was found for the lenis and the glottalized, and the largest and stiffest change was found for the aspirated. On the baseline shift for the initial voice onset, they showed so similar patterns with for the consonant production, larger changed in the aspirated. for the lenis and the glottalized during the initial voice onset, three subjects showed individual difference each other. I suggest at s characteristics were strongly related with articulatory activity of vocal tract for the production of consonant, especially for the aspirated stop. The suspecting factors to affect EGG waveforms are glottal width, vertical laryngeal movement and the intrapharyngeal pressure to neighboring tissue during connected spech. So the EGG may be an useful method to describe laryngeal activity to classify pulsing conditions of the larynx during speech production, and EGG research can be controls for monitoring the vocal tract articulation, although above factors to affect EGG would have played such a potentially role on vocal fold vibratory behavior obtained using consonant production.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.424-433
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• 2015

This study tried to investigate the differences between auditory preferences for a discrimination study of minimal pairs with the different onset and the same nucleus of a syllable on the basis of articulator-distance in case of Korean infants and toddlers. As a result we found a main effect for articulator-distance and age but not an effect according to the types of phonation especially in terms of tense. Former results are line with the previous studies having reported the order of consonants acquisition based on the places of articulation suggesting that more sensitive responses for the contiguous and different phonemes may lead earlier acquisition for the same place of articulation of the speech sounds. Specifically, bilabial soudns are followed by alveolar and palatal sounds in order. The latter results also showed that tense consonants got a high rate of recognition beside lax consonants according to the age and sex.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2008

Total laryngectomy is the most useful procedure tor advanced laryngopharyngeal cancer, but it remains the major problem such as loss of voice. Voice restoration is essential for every patients who undergo a total laryngectomy. Ideal voice rehabilitation methods can resolve three factors. First, every laryngectomee can produce voice sufficient for communication, second every patient should be allowed to use both hands freely during phonation, and last, the voice restoration methods should be easy and safe without complication during and after treatment. Among various voice rehabilitation procedures during or after total laryngectomy, it can be divided electronic and pneumatic methods. In pneumatic methods, there are also divided both pulmonary air and non-pulmonary air methods. The non-pulmonary air methods include esophageal speech, buccal speech, and pharyngeal speech. Pulmonary air methods are divided into surgical and non-surgical such as pneumatic speech aid. In the surgical methods, there are neoglottic operation, tracheopharyngeal shunt, and tracheopharyngeal shunt operations. Recently, tracheoesophageal shunt with or without prosthesis are being recognized the most effective method. Blom-Singer low pressure prosthesis, Panje button, and Provox are well known types of prosthesis in the tracheoesophageal shunt operation. Amatsu method is a kind of famous tracheoesophageal shunt method without using prosthesis. Authors tried to review the published articles for evaluation of effectiveness and problems of tracheoesophageal shunt operation with or without prosthesis. In conclusion, indwelling type of prosthesis and pharyngeal myotomy and plexus neurectomy are recommended for higher success rate during tracheoesophageal puncture procedure. More over, Amatsu method is also one of the recommended voice rehabilitation procedure during total laryngectomy. In this situation, pharyngeal myotomy and plexus neurectomy may be helpful for better fluent communication.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2011

Background and Objectives : Vocal fold bowing is an organic voice disorder that is associated with an abnormal structure of the vocal folds whereas vocal fold polyp is a functional voice disorder caused by an abnormal use of the vocal folds. Both types of vocal folds share a common property in that they make one's voice breathy or strained. The purpose of this study is to compare voice from two types of vocal folds and to offer information of clinical importance. Materials and Method: Vocal fold bowing and vocal fold polyp groups consisted of 7 male subjects, respectively. All subjects recorded /a/ in the state of measuring MPT (maximum phonation time), repeating 3 times, by a voice recorder (48 kHz sampling rate; 24 bit quantization). They answered the questions of K-VHI. Time domain parameters (such as perturbation parameters including HNR, Jitter, etc.) were calculated for the whole duration of /a/ and those of the frequency domain were measured in initial 40 ms and stable 40 ms of /a/, respectively. Mann-Whitney V-test was used for the time domain parameters and K-VHI survey, and Wilcoxon signed rank test was applied to the frequency domain parameters (H1, H2, H1-H2). Results: For K-VHI survey and the time domain analysis, there was no significant difference between bowing and polyp group. For frequency domain analysis, H1 and H2 showed a significantly different result between two groups. Vocal fold bowing group has longer duration and lower intensity than that of vocal fold polyp group in the 'aspirated interval', which could be observable prior to ordinary vowel oscillation. Conclusion: Both groups seem to show breathy voice. This could be referred on the basis of the value of H1-H2. The K-VHI survey says that subjects with vocal fold bowing feel more uncomfortable than subjects with vocal fold polyp.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.128-132
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• 2004

Objectives : The total laryngectomy for laryngeal cancer has made patients be afraid of voice loss. Early staged glottic or supraglottic cancer can be treated with conservative laryngeal surgery which preserve voice, though which was not normal voice comparing before. Voice analysis is used to evaluates objectively the quality of the voice in pre- and postoperation, 4 different types of conservative laryngeal surgery : laser cordectomy, supracticoid partial laryngectomy, vertical partial laryngectomy, and supralottic laryngectomy. Materials and Methods : The patients who received conservative laryngeal surgery(laser cordectomy : 23 cases, vertical partial laryngecotmy : 9cases, supracriocoid partial laryngectomy : 6cases, supraglottic laryngectomy : 8cases) from 1995 to 2001 in the Asan medical center. Fundamental frequency(F0), shimmer, jitter, noise to harmony ratio(NHR), maximum comfortable phonation time and subglottic pressure were used as parameters for voice analysis. Results : The patients who received laser cordectomy(shimmer : 5.26${\pm}$1.12%, jitter : 3.33${\pm}$0.42%, NHR : 0.47${\pm}$0.02, MPT : 9.32${\pm}$3.59sec) and supraglottic laryngectomy(shimmer : 4.39${\pm}$1.03%, jitter : 1.49${\pm}$0.14%, NHR : 0.51${\pm}$0.06, MPT : 8.9${\pm}$0.59sec) showed better results than other two procedures, but differed from normal value. Especially the patients who received supracricoid partial laryngectomy(shimmer : 9.23${\pm}$1.56%, jitter : 5.81${\pm}$1.23%, NHR : 5.89${\pm}$1.13, MPT : 6.3${\pm}$1.18sec, MFR : 632${\pm}$89ml/sec) had poorer quality of voice but presented fast functional recovery time, and the subjective symptom was improved as time goes by slowly. Conclusion : The appropriate conservative laryngeal surgery for each cancers and stage can preserve the acceptable voice for patients. Supracricoid partial laryngectomy for T1b glottic cancer can be used for acceptable voice despite its poor voice analysis.