• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.160-175
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• 2013

There is the need to make a sharp distinction as regards JANGSEUNGs (Korean traditional totem poles) that are different in origin, history and function. This study is to identify the functions of the figures, as well as to trace stone JANGSEUNGs to their origins. In this regard, researched were conducted into the origins of JANGSEUNGs and their changes in history. There was a tradition in the GORYEO Dynasty (an ancient dynasty in the Korean Peninsula) that it erected JANGSAENGs (the archaic name of JANGSEUNGs) or allied stone figures within temples; especially, 'TONGDOSA GUKJANGSAENG SEOKPYO (a stone JANGSAENG that was erected by the royal command and is at the entrance of TONGDO Temple located in YANGSAN, South GYEONGSANG Province, South Korea)' functions as a stone monument rather than as a stone sign. In the engraved inscription, it is written that it should be erected in the form of PANA as before. 'PANA' refers to 'ZHONGKUI', a god in Chinese Taoism believed to exorcise devils that spread diseases. The inscription is to define the territory of TONGDO Temple. The article on HAN JUN GYEOM in a book 'WORAKGI (a travelogue on WORAK Mountain in North CHUNGCHEONG Province, South Korea)' written by HEO MOK makes it possible to guess the scale of GUKJANGSAENGs erected in DOGAP Temple. The stones, on which 'GUKJANGSAENG' or 'HWANGJANGSAENG' were engraved, are not JANGSAENGs but are demarcation posts. In the JOSEON Dynasty (the last dynasty in the Korean Peninsula) JANGSAENGs functioned as signposts. Unlike JANGSAENGs in temples, they were made of wood. At first, the word 'JANGSAENG' was written '長生' in Chinese characters, but in the JOSEON Dynasty another character '木 (wood)' was added to them, and thus the orthography was likely to change into 'JANGSEUNG.' In the JOSEON Dynasty, in addition, optative or geomantic figures were not called 'JANGSEUNG.' Historically, for instance, there has been no case where 'DOL HARBANGs (stone figures found only in JEJU ISLAND, South Korea)' are called 'JANGSEUNG.' In a book 'TAMRA GINYEON (a historical record on JEJU Island, South Korea)' it is written that KIM MONG GYU, JEJU governor, erected ONGJUNG Stones outside the fortress gate. ONGJUNG Stones usually refer to stone statues erected in front of ancient kings or dignitaries' mausoleums. Moreover, they were geomantic figures erected to suppress miasma. A magazine 'GWANGJUEUPJI (a journal on old GWANGJU, South Korea, 1899)' shows that two two ONGJUNG Stones were so erected that they might look at each other to suppress miasma from a pathway through which lucks lose. On the two stone figures located in BUAN-EUP, North JEOLLA Province, South Korea, inscriptions 'SANGWON JUJANGGUN' and 'HAWON DANGJANGGUN' were engraved. The words are to identify the figures' sexes. They are a kind of optative geomantic figures, and therefore there is no reason to call them 'JANGSAENG' or 'JANGSEUNG' or 'DANGSAN.' The words 'SANGWON' and 'HAWON' are closely associated with Taoism. Since then, the words have been widely used as inscriptions on stone figures in temples, and subsequently are used for JANGSEUNGs. A hatted ONGJUNG Stone, found in BUKANSAN Fortress, disappeared and other ones may be being buried somewhere. Meanwhile, ONGJUNG Stones in JEJU Island and stone figures in BUAN-EUP have hardly been displaced and thus have properly functioned. Stone figures, made in those days, seem to be most similar in function to JANGSAENGs made during the GORYEO Dynasty. Specifically, like earlier JANGSAENGs, stone figures made during the early to mid-18th century were likely to function not only as optative figures but as boundary stones. Most of stone figures in temples were made whenever the land use survey was conducted throughout the nation, but given that at the same period of time, the commonalty filed many lawsuits against grave sites, temples might erect many stone figures to mark their territories. Currently, wooden or stone figures are commonly called 'JANGSEUNG', but they were erected in different epochs and for different reasons. Their origins are to be sought in stone figures that functioned not only as optative figures in temples but as boundary stones during the GORYEO Dynasty.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.25
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• pp.119-132
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• 2004

Annals of the Joseon Dynasty is the authentic record of the historical facts and events taken place throughout the entire period of 472 years(25 generations, 1392~1863)described in a chronological order. The tremendous volume of the records contains the factual events taken place in almost all the fields of the Joseon Dynasty ranging from politics, economy to history of the dynasty. Not only because of its affluent contents but also with the precision of its records, it was designated as the National Treasure No. 151 in1973 by the Korean government and also registered as the Memory of the World by UNESCO in October 1997.This study is to report a exhaustive investigation results on the conservation state of annals of the Joseon Dynasty, especially Mt. Jeongjoksan edition, under the storage of the Kyujanggak in order to obtain the current condition, and thereby to estimate the any deterioration of the waxed volumes in the future. According to results of the investigation, we are going to verify damage causes of annals of the Joseon Dynasty, and to consider scientific conservation methods for the permanent preservation of invaluable cultural heritage. The major problem with the preservation of annals has arisen particularly from the deterioration of the waxed volumes of the Mt. Jeongjoksan edition. In order to provide for the counter measures for this problem, we have conducted twice investigations(first :1998~1999, second : 2003) to the internal and external conditions of waxed volumes(Annals of King Taejo~Annals of King Myeongjong).The result of the investigation has indicated that the paper quality of the some of the waxed volumes (Annals of King Taejong~Annals of King Sejong) is cracked and folded and the pages are imbedded to each other due to the hardened or congealed wax on the paper. Some of the pages are even getting moldy. And in order to detect as to whether“ there has been any deterioration progressed to the waxed books in the modern storage facility of the Kyujanggak equipped with constant temperature and humidity condition, the first investigation(1998~1999) and the second investigation(2003) have recorded the values of acidity, whiteness and moisture rate of the waxed paper, reporting an observation that there has been no difference on the measuring items. This indicates that no virtual deterioration has been progressed so far to the waxed volumes preserved in the Kyujanggak. Also, except for the causes of deterioration to the paper by insects and microorganisms, the major cause for the paper damage seems to the change of moisture of the paper caused from the alteration of the temperature and humidity of the storage environment. With this understanding in mind, we have conducted an environmental investigation on the three selected points of the storage in the aspects of the temperature, humidity, air current, $CO_2$,HCHO, and $SO_2$.It has been observed that the temperature stood at $16.9^{\circ}C~20.2^{\circ}C$ and the humidity was stable between 53%~56% during the period of the investigation. The concentration of the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide of the storage were very similar to those in the air. These data lead to presume that there is no problem in the aspect of carbon oxidization. But the concentration of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and formaldehyde of the storage were detected a little higher than those of standard. Therefore, we consider that it is necessary to ventilate the internal air of the store room by means of operating air purification devices.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.58
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• pp.25-84
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• 2001

This study investigated about the Panchuk Earth Wall that is the Hardened-Heaped Earth Wall, which was surveyed in the South Korea area. The Panchuk Earth Wall was classified into the 2 types depending on the existence and nonexistence of Seok-yeol(石列), t

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.27
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• pp.51-78
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• 2012

The types of cartoon market are classified with publishing cartoon(a cartoon magazine & comics) and webtoon. The revitalization of the cartoon market makes cartoonist create many cartoons. By studying many methods for the revitalization of the cartoon market, this paper argues the expanded methods of comics market which is a sort of publishing cartoon market. The expanded methods of comics market are two kinds, one is the revitalization of the comics market and the other is the creation of the comics market. This paper focuses on Genre-mixed Knowledge-Cartoon in order to extend the cartoon market. Also, After studying the Creation Proceed of cartoon market through Genre-mixed Knowledge-Cartoon, we would like to develope the New Creation Model of Cartoon Market. We selected three case(the Real Estate Agency expressed as Cartoon, Let's find an answer in sided figure blank, miraculous English grammar) for this study. With this, we analyzed the case that the matters for analysis is the essential particulars of plan-publishing-distribution's proceed. As a result, we found out the possibility of new cartoon market's creation through Genre-mixed Knowledge-Cartoon. For that reason, we was able to develop 'the New Creation Model of Cartoon Market through Genre-mixed Knowledge-Cartoon'. This paper provides the possibility about the New Creation Model of Cartoon Market through Genre-mixed Knowledge-Cartoon. With this, we will make many plans for creation of Genre-mixed Knowledge-Cartoons. Therefore, This plans will help cartoonists to create the Genre-mixed cartoons.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.4 no.10 s.36
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• pp.34-46
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• 1972

1. 육추율 육성율 성계생존율 육추율 99.7$\%$는 1회 98.5$\%$, 2회 99.2$\%$, 3회 99.8$\%$, 4회 98.3$\%$ 5회 98.7$\%$와 근사하다. 육성율 평균 87.1$\%$는 1회 97.5$\%$, 2회 97.2$\%$, 3회 96.6$\%$, 4회 97.9$\%$에 비하여 10$\%$정도 낮으며 5회 89.7$\%$보다도 2.6$\%$ 낮은데 이는 근년 많이 발생하는 마렉병 및 백혈병이 주원인이며,(7회 검정계 부터 마렉병 예방접종)현 김포검정사 신축이 장마로 인하여 지연되므로서 더욱 임시육추사에서의 육성기간에 스트레스를 받았기 때문이며 성계생존율은 평균 75.3$\%$이며, 1회 80.3$\%$, 2회 84.8$\%$, 3회 71.8$\%$, 4회 87.3$\%$, 5회 71.4$\%$ 이었다. 이를 폐사원인별로 보면 세균성 질환으로 인한 폐사가 전체폐사수의 8.9$\%$ 병독(마렉병 및 백혈병)이 61.5$\%$원충 0.7$\%$ 대사장애 9.2$\%$ 생식기장애 3.4$\%$ 내장파열(간파열 탈항등) 5.7$\%$ 곰팡이 1.1$\%$ 기타(복막염 장염등) 9.5$\%$로 마렉병 및 백혈병이 주인이며 이를 검정각회별로 보면 1.2회 32.3$\%$, 3회 43.3$\%$, 4회 41.3$\%$, 5회 56.2$\%$, 6회 61.5$\%$로 매년 증가하고 있다. 2. 성성숙일령 전체평균 155.9일로 가장 빠른 구는 4구의 144일이고 가장 늦은 구는 23구의 166일이며 1일 189.2일, 2회 181.2일 보다 30일 정도 빨라진 것은 1.2회 검정은 산란율 50$\%$ 연2일 산란한 전일로 계산하였으며 3회 검정부터는 산란율 50$\%$에 달한 일령으로 계산하였기 때문이다. 3. 산란율 산란지수 산란율 평균 64.6$\%$이고 최상위구는 77.1$\%$, 최하위구는 52.8$\%$이며 유색품종 평균산란율은 58.4$\%$ 백색품종은 66.6$\%$이며 성성숙일령이 빨라짐에 따라 전체산란율은 약간 떨어지고 있다. 산란지수-평균은 189.7개로 200개 이상 산란한 상위군이 모두 성계생존율이 높은 구임을 알 수 있다. 4. 사료요구율 전체평균 2.8로 1회 3.54, 2회 3.1., 3회 3.98 4회 2.87, 5회 2.83으로 점차 개선되어 가고 있으며 유색품종의 사료요구율 평균은 3.3이었다. 5. 난평균중량 평균 58.4g로 최상위구는 60.8g, 최하위구는 56.6g 이며 국산계의 평균난중은 57.9g 외국제 평균난중 58.6g이었다. 6. 체중 평균체중은 300일령 2,117.g, 500일령 2,207이며 유색품종은 300일령 2.6160g, 500일령 2.656.7g이었다. 7. 사료 섭취량 사료섭취량 평균은 1일수당 육추기 33.6g, 육성기 68.5g, 산란기 109.9g이었다. 8 경제성 총수입은 2,539,799 으로 전체수입의 85.3$\%$가 계란수입이고, 폐계 수입은 14.7$\%$이다. 지출은 총계 1,854.517원으로 전체 지출의 92.5$\%$가 사료비, 7.5$\%$가 초생추대이었다. 9. 후기 마렉병 백신이 71년 중반기부터 수입되므로써 마렉병 예방접종을 하지 못하므로서 전체 폐사 수의 61.5$\%$를 차지하는 많은 피해를 보았다.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.69
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• pp.41-62
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• 2007

This thesis is focused on the bat symbol, especially prevalent crafts’ pattern in late Joseon period on museum collections. For the use and reperception of them, I am aimed for appropriate analysis of bat symbol by co connotation which reflects the characteristics on number.plastic.color symbol. This point of view, bat idea and bat paintings in Joseon period will be the source of meanings to the denotation of bat patterns. In the museum collections, bat paintings and patterns are calculated 324 objects. By functional classification, the bat patterns on dwelling-crafts for the royal and for the people will be discussed. In result, the bat paintings were only a few, however, usually connoted Taoist hermit with super-natural powers.longevity.protector of Lightning-God.praying for long life, which were based on Taoism. Meanwhile the bat symbol of dwelling-crafts for the royal projected the longevity and prosperity of king and queen. By he Five Blessings and good auspices in Ching dynasty, number of '5.4' implied 'Five Blessings', Through the correct recognition of homo-phone, "a bat(蝠, fu)=happiness(福, fu)$\rArr$five bats(五蝠)$\rArr$Five Blessings(五福 )." In the case of bat symbol on the dwelling-crafts for the people, especially its for women, it expressed on the metal-decoration of furniture and paper-crafts. In the metal-decoration, the signified of bat symbol were expellant-evil('guard') that of characteristic signifier, white-silver color, number '1' and 'flying-type'. The bat symbol on paper-crafts for the people signified 'double happiness'.harmony.sons with number of '2', 'Five Colors' and the transformation of 'flying-type'. Accordingly, the bat symbol on the dwelling-crafts for the people marked 'happiness and guard', because the people had concrete cognition the bat symbol as a denotation of 'happiness and 'guard' by itself

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.68
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• pp.41-57
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to review educational value of cultural heritage sites first and then, to examine the importance of interpretation and interpretation methods and process briefly to utilize cultural heritage sites as important resources for public education and cultural tourism. The educational value of cultural heritage sites is not limited to provide visitors with various information on historical facts and events related to the cultural heritage site, but to provide the public with a new recognition of the importance of the preservation of cultural heritage sites by understanding the site well. In order to utilize the educational value of the cultural heritage site, interpretation must be emphasized as an important element of cultural heritage sites management and much attention should be given on the development and practice of interpretation programs in each cultural heritage site. In order to develop an interpretation program of the site, a specific target audience must be defined first to find most resonable scope and direction of an interpretation program and then, site specific interpretation themes (or a theme) should be developed from the interpretive topic. According to these defined elements, an interpretation program(s) is established by using various interpretation methods and techniques in order to provide visitors with useful information and knowledge on the site efficiently. Interpretation methods and techniques are various as defined by various ways and most effective methods or techniques are employed as a specific interpretation program is presented most effectively. The evaluation processes in planing stage, during developing stage, and after completion of interpretation program development are important processes to find out any problems of planed interpretation program and to revise or update the interpretation program. Conclusively, the direction of cultural heritage sites management in Korea has focused on the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage sites to preserve the original conditions of cultural heritage sites so far. This direction on current practice on cultural heritage sites management should he changed to more active utilization of the sites and interpretation of the sites is a way to accomplish the this goal.

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.58-74
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• 2002

This paper constitutes a descriptive investigation and used a structured questionnaire to investigate nurses' and doctors' recognition of cancer patients. The subjects were extracted from the medical personnel working at the internal medicine, the surgery ward, the obstetrics and gynecology department, the pediatrics department, the cancer ward, and the emergency room of five general hospitals located in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. The research lasted from August, 2001 to September 2001. Total 137 nurses and 65 doctors were included and made out the questionnaires directly distributed by the investigator. The study tool was also developed by the investigator and consisted of such items as the demographic and social characteristics, the medical personnel's recognition degree of cancer and cancer patients, their recognition of the management of cancer patients, and their participation in a hospice. The results were analyzed using the SPSS Window program in terms of technological statistics, ranks, t-test, and ANOVA. The reliability was represented in Cronbach' α=.75. The nurses' and doctors' recognition degree of cancer and cancer patients had an overall average of 3.86 at the 5 point-scale. The items that received an average of 4.0 or more included 'Medical personnel should explain about the cancer cure plans to the cancer patient and his or her family', 'A patient whose case has been diagnosed as a terminal cancer should be notified of it, 'If I were a cancer patient, I would want to get informed of it,' and 'Cancer shall be conquered whenever it is'. In the meantime, the items that received an average of 3.0 or less was 'My relationship with the cancer patient's family has gotten worse since I announced his or her impending death.' And according to the general characteristics and the difference test, the recognition degree of cancer and cancer patient was high among the subgroups of nurses, females, married persons, who were in their 30s, who had a family member that was a cancer patient, and who received a hospice education. The biggest number of the nurses and doctors saw 'a gradual approach over several days'(68.8%) as a method to tell a cancer patient about his or her cancer diagnosis or impending death. Those who usually tell tragic news were the physician in charge(62.8%), the family members or relatives(32.1%) and the clergymen(3.8%) in the order. The greatest number of them recommended a cancer patient's home as the place where he or she should face death because they thought 'it would stabilize his or her mentality'(91.9%) while a number of them recommended the hospital because they 'should give the psychological satisfaction to the patient'(40%) or 'should try their best until the last moment of the patient's death'(30%). A majority of the medical personnel regarded 'smoking or drinking' and 'diet' as the causes of cancer. The biggest symptom of a cancer patient was 'pain' and the pain management of a cancer patient was mostly impeded by the 'excessive fear of drug addiction, tolerance to drugs and side effects of drugs' by medical personnel, the patient, and his or her family. The most frequently adopted treatment plan of a terminal cancer patient was 'to do whatever the patient or his or her family wants' to resort to a hospice' and 'to continue active treatment efforts' in the order. The biggest reasons why a terminal cancer patient went to see a doctor were 'pain alleviation' 'control of symptoms other than pain(intravenous supply)' and 'incapability of the patient's family' in the order. Terminal cancer patients placed their major concern in 'spiritual(religious) matter' 'emotional matters' their family' 'existence' and 'physical matters' in the order. 113(58.5%) of the whole medical personnel answered they 'would recommend' an alternative treatment to a terminal cancer patient mostly because they assumed it would 'stabilize the patient's mentality.' Meanwhile, 80(41.5%) of them chose 'not to recommend it mostly due to the unverified effects and high cost of it(78.7%). A majority of them, I. e. 190(94.1%) subjects said they 'would recommend' a hospice to a terminal cancer patient mostly because they thought it would help the patient to 'mentally prepare'(66.6%) Only 17.3% of them, however, had received a hospice education, most of which was done through the hospital duty education(41.4%) and volunteer training(34.5%). The follows are results of this study: 1. The nurses and the doctors turned out to be still passive and experience confusion in dealing with a cancer patient despite their great sense of responsibility for him or her. 2.Nurses and Doctors realize the need of a hospice, but an extremely small number of them participate in a hospice education or performance. Thus, a whole recognition of a hospice should be changed, for which purpose a hospice education for nurses and doctors should be provided. 3.Terminal cancer patients preferred their home to a hospital as the place to face their impending death because they felt it would bring 'mental stability.' And most of nurses and doctors think it would be unnecessary for them to be hospitalized just for control of their symptoms. Accordingly a terminal cancer patient can be cared at home, and a home hospice care needs to be activated.

• the MEAT Journal
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• s.36 summer
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• pp.41-60
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of brands pork: a crossbred between Korean native and wild pigs (Y), a commercial LYD breed fed with probiotics (J), and a commercial LYD fea without probiotics (M). The moisture and crude ash content of Y treated pork was higher than those for J and M brands, but the crude fat content of J pork was significantly lower (p<0.05) than Y and M brands. The moisture and crude fat contents of Y gilts were higher (p<0.05) than those of barrows. The pH values of Y gilts were higher (p<0.05) than those of gilts of J and M brands. The Land W values of Y pork were lower (p<0.05) than with J and M brands. The springiness value of J pork was significantly higher (p<0.05) than Y and M porks. The sensory scores of Y pork were higher than pork of J and M. The juiciness of gilts of M brands was higher (p<0.05) than for barrows. With regard to the fatty acid profiles among the pork loins, linoleic and arachidonic acid contents of Y pork were higher than with J and M, while the palmitic, pamitoleic, stearic, and oleic acid contents were lower. The saturated fatty acid (SFA) content of Y pork was lower than that for J and M ones, while the unsaturated fatty acids (USFA), essential fatty acids (FFA), USF/ASF A ratio, FFA/SFA ratio, and EFA/USFA ratio were higher. The stearic acid content of M barrows was higher (p<0.05) than that for gilts.

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-45
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• 2007

People in the end of life and their families suffer in their physical disease and other aspects as a whole person. They need hospice care to palliate their total suffering in physical, emotional, social and also spiritual aspect through professional hospice team. To care their whole personal needs, hospice team must be a multi-discipline team which consists of medical doctors, nurses, social workers, pastors and volunteers. Recently those who die in hospice palliative care unit have trend to increase more than in home year by year. So it is necessary to develop the nursing intervention program to be performed by multi-discipline team approach for in-patient of hospice palliative care unit. The purposes of this study were to develop of wholistic hospice nursing intervention program for inpatient of hospice palliative care unit. The subjects of study were collected from 30 patients those who were over 18 years old and admitted in hospice palliative care unit of S hospital in P city with agreement in hospice palliative care in their terminal disease. The period of data collection was from December 15, 2003 to March 15, 2004. The result were as follows : 1. The result of Wholistic Hospice Nursing Program's development was as follow : A Wholistic Hospice Nursing Program was developed by me in this study is one of the service program for hospice palliative care unit. It was named as ‘Rainbow Program’ to be approached easily by hospice patients. The purposes of it are to improve the quality of life of the terminal patients with their dignity, to help them live in abundant and meaningful in their lives, to care them in peaceful in dying process with understanding them in whole personal, and also to palliate the grief and suffering of the bereaved. It was provided by hospice professionals(nurses, medical doctors, social worker, pastors, art therapists) and volunteers those who were educated in hospice for multi-diciplinary team approach to collaborate with each role play I 20-30 minuters of each through visiting their rooms individually and a place of hospice palliative care unit of S hospital in P city. The subjects of it were the terminal patients those who admitted hospice palliative care unit and their familes. with agreement in hospice palliative care in their terminal disease. The characteristics of it were multi-disciplinary team approach, whole personal care, individual care and total care according to their needs in their condition. The contents of it were pain control, symptom control, counseling patient, counseling family, hair cutting, hair shampooing, bed bath, recreation, taking a walk, event of culture(screen, recital, festival of praises, exhibition and so on), pastoral counseling, ritual service in bed, praying, service in bed, sing a worship praise, listening to the music, sharing remembrance of life, individual visiting music service(sing and praying), meditation Bible, art therapies(dance and drawing), social worker's counselling, confessing and sharing love and thanksgiving. The experimental group subjects participated in Wholistic Hospice Nursing Program which takes 120 minutes per session, total 10 sessions(total 1,200 minutes) altogether. In conclusion, this Wholistic Hospice Nursing Intervention can be used actively for whole personal well-being of the patients in hospice palliative in hospice palliative care unit and also applied in hospice practice as an useful model of multi-disciplinary team approach by hospice professionals.