• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.152-157
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• 2009

To obtain pure lines for breeding $F_1$ varieties of Primula malacoides, 10 lines that were considered uniform in growth and flowering characteristics were selected from self-crossings of the sixth generation ($S_6$). Plant height of the selected lines ranged from 20.8 to 33.2 cm, and number of leaves ranged from 33.6 to 54.2. The selected lines flowered at 181.4 to 207.8 days after sowing. Three lines, including 'PR-03-81', flowered in less than 190 days from sowing, while six lines, including 'PR-03-228', only flowered after more than 200 days from sowing. In terms of petal color, six lines, including 'PR-03-81', were pink, three, including 'PR-03-236', were purple, and line 'PR-03-275' was white. Flower diameter ranged from 2.4 to 2.9 cm, and number of pedicels per plant was between 15.4 and 26.4. Number of flowers per pedicel ranged from 20.2 to 30.2. Germination was more than 70%, and number of seeds per capsule (pod) ranged from 110.0 to 162.8. In summary, plant height was low and flower diameter was small and plants had many flowers and readily formed seeds. The selected lines are not only valuable as ornamental plants but could also be used as breeding materials for $F_1$ hybrids of Primula polyantha.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.51-59
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• 2015

The year 1997 was when Korean Journal of Public Relations Research started to publish research articles. This study addresses the issue of theories in Korean public relations research. A total of 166 research papers are analyzed to see characteristics and changes during 2003-2012. Through this meta analysis, the researcher tries to see the big picture and discusses the right direction for the future of the public relations in many ways. Three different groupings were adopted to classify theories in the 10 year perion - 1. origins of theories(public relations field, related neighbor field, distant field), 2. target of analysis(individual, organization, society), 3. level of approach (systematic pluralistic, rhetorical, critical approach). According to the findings, though getting better, it was 'cold season' in public relations research because theories utilized in Korean public relations research were not very excellent qualitatively and qualitatively. Interdisciplinary approach is discussed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.591-599
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• 2008

A murine model immunized by systemic and mucosal delivery of plasmid DNA vaccine expressing glycoprotein B (pCIgB) of pseudorabies virus (PrV) was used to evaluate both the nature of the induced immunity and protection against a virulent virus. With regard to systemic delivery, the intramuscular (i.m.) immunization with pCIgB induced strong PrV-specific IgG responses in serum but was inefficient in generating a mucosal IgA response. Mucosal delivery through intranasal (i.n.) immunization of pCIgB induced both systemic and mucosal immunity at the distal mucosal site. However, the levels of systemic immunity induced by i.n. immunization were less than those induced by i.m. immunization. Moreover, i.n. genetic transfer of pCIgB appeared to induce Th2-biased immunity compared with systemic delivery, as judged by the ratio of PrV-specific IgG isotypes and Th1- and Th2-type cytokines produced by stimulated T cells. Moreover, the immunity induced by i.n. immunization did not provide effective protection against i.n. challenge of a virulent PrV strain, whereas i.m. immunization produced resistance to viral infection. Therefore, although i.n. immunization was a useful route for inducing mucosal immunity at the virus entry site, i.n. immunization did not provide effective protection against the lethal infection of PrV.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2015

The objective of this study is to characterize a toxicity of Polygalae Radix (PR) in F344 rats and to find a dose levels for the 13 weeks toxicity study. PR is well known as medicinal herb in many Asian countries for treatment of expectorant, tonic, tranquillizer, antipsychotic agent and functional diet for improving memory. However, there is insufficient background information on toxicological evaluation of PR extract to support its safe use. Therefore, we conducted toxicological evaluation of this drug in compliance with OECD and KFDA guideline in this study. The extract of PR was administered orally to F344 rats at dose levels of 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 3500 and 5000 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks. Each group was composed to five male and five female rats. In the result, there were no treatment PR-related adverse changes in food consumption, hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, gross finding at necropsy, organ weight examination. Four males at 5000 mg/kg/day were found dead during the treatment period. These animals showed salivation. The cause of death is still under investigation. The animals treated at 500, 1000, 2000, 3500 and 5000 mg/kg/day showed salivation and all animals at 5000 mg/kg/day exhibited lower body weight and cumulative weight gain in compared to those of control animals. Therefore, we recommend that a dose group of 3500 mg/kg/day is a highest treatment group in 13-week exposure study.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2008

For the detection of contaminated liquid spawn, we selected suitable medium, indicator and developed method of diagnosis. The growth of pathogenic bacteria, Pseudomonas sp., and fungi, Trichoderma sp., in YPL media was better than in PDA and NA. In addition, the changes of color and absorbance of media were obviously showed when contaminated liquid spawn by pathogenic bacteria and fungi was incubated on YPL including phenol red for 48 hour at $25^{\circ}C$. The color of YPLP after incubating of infected liquid spawn by Pseudomonas sp. and Trichoderma sp. were changed from orange to red and to scarlet, respectively. Whereas, the color of YPLP after incubation of only Pleurotus ostreatus indicated yellow at liquid spawn. Therefore, it is possible to easily distinguish contaminated liquid spawn by color of change in YPLP.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.345-349
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• 2015

Betulinic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Jujube tree (Zizyphus jujuba Mill), has been known for a wide range of biological and medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antihelmintic, antinociceptive, and anticancer activities. In the study, we investigated the antiviral activity on influenza A/PR/8 virus infected A549 human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line and C57BL/6 mice. Betulinic acid showed the anti-influenza viral activity at a concentration of $50{\mu}M$ without a significant cytotoxicity in influenza A/PR/8 virus infected A549 cells. Also, betulinic acid significantly attenuated pulmonary pathology including increased necrosis, numbers of inflammatory cells and pulmonary edema induced by influenza A/PR/8 virus infection compared with vehicle- or oseltamivir-treated mice in vivo model. The down-regulation of IFN-${\gamma}$ level, which is critical for innate and adaptive immunity in viral infection, after treating of betulinic acid in mouse lung. Based on the obtained results, it is suggested that betulinic acid can be the potential therapeutic agent for virus infection via anti-inflammatory activity.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-35
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• 2012

The rapid growth and popularity of Twitter have been one of the most influential phenomena in the era of social network system and the mobile internet, which also opens up opportunities for new business strategies; in particular, PR and marketing area. This study analyzed use of Twitter in terms of user characteristics and message attributes. Actual field data from the Twitter for PR and Marketing of a representative Korean IT company (Company "K") was used for this analysis. Research findings show that overall corporate twitter users show passive attitude in retweet behavior. Also, users who have relatively small network size (less than 1,000) are more active in retweet than power twitterians that have big network size(over than 10,000). It is showed that the rate of retweet is higher in the order of recruiting, promotional event, IT information, and general PR message. In the conclusion section, practical implications based on the research finding are thoroughly discussed.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.181-206
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• 2014

Let $R={\bigoplus}_{\alpha{\in}\Gamma}R_{\alpha}$ be a graded integral domain graded by an arbitrary grading torsionless monoid ${\Gamma}$, and ⋆ be a semistar operation on R. In this paper we define and study the graded integral domain analogue of ⋆-Nagata and Kronecker function rings of R with respect to ⋆. We say that R is a graded Pr$\ddot{u}$fer ⋆-multiplication domain if each nonzero finitely generated homogeneous ideal of R is ⋆$_f$-invertible. Using ⋆-Nagata and Kronecker function rings, we give several different equivalent conditions for R to be a graded Pr$\ddot{u}$fer ⋆-multiplication domain. In particular we give new characterizations for a graded integral domain, to be a $P{\upsilon}MD$.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 2002

Microstructural investigations of $(Li_{1/2}Pr_{1/2})TiO_3$ (LPT) complex perovskite compounds were carried out using X-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy. LPT has not only the ordering of A-site cation deficiencies but also has the antiphase and inphase tilting of oxygen octahedron and the antiparallel shift of cations. Both the antiphase boundaries and the ferroelastic domains are present in the microstructure. Spinodal decomposition is found in the microstructure. The measured dielectric properties were ${\varepsilon}_r=84.6,\;Q\;{\Large f}_o=776\;GHz,\;{\tau}_{f}=-233.66ppm/^{\circ}C$.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 2002

Microstructural investigations of $(Na_{1/2}Pr_{1/2})TiO_3$ (NPT) complex perovskite compounds were carried out using X-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy. NPT had not 1:1 chemical ordering of Asite cations but had the antiphase and inphase tilting of oxygen octahedron and the antiparallel shift of cations. Both the antiphase boundaries and the ferroelastic domains were not present in the microstructure. Unidentified second phase was found in the microstructure. The measured dielectric properties were ${\varepsilon}_r=99.6,\;Q\;{\Large f}_o=1124\;GHz,\;{\tau}_{f}=-233.64ppm/^{\circ}C$.