• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.9-18
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• 2017

PURPOSES : This study evaluates the reasonableness of the recommended amount of deicing chemicals based on historical data for snow removal. The result can be used to aid decision-making for the reservation of cost-effective de-icing chemicals. METHODS : First, the recommended amount of de-icing chemical to use and historical usage data were evaluated to identify specific usage characteristics for each region. Road maintenance length and snow-removal working days were analyzed over the past five winter seasons. Next, differences in the recommended amount of chemical to use and actual use were compared using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Last, the two types of data were analyzed using a chi-square test to verify if the two distributions of variation pattern are statistically significant. We found that there are significant differences between the data from each region during the past five winter seasons. RESULTS : The results showed that the equation for calculating the amount of de-icing chemical to use appears to be revised. CONCLUSIONS : The results imply that the equation for calculating the amount of de-icing chemical to apply as a national standard is very important when the public agency makes decisions related to snow-removal.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.218-227
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• 2011

Korean commercial architecture is based on two distinctive characteristics of western modern architecture: grid frame structure and free facade. However, the original facade of the building disappears as numbers of commercial advertisements and signboards representing inner programs cover up the original facade. This is a unique feature of commercial architecture in Korea which I would call the surface phenomena of Korean commercial architecture. Common criticism on this type of building is that too many and too big signboards infringe upon the original pure facade of the architecture. Underlying assumption here is that signboards and commercial ads are inessential and decorative elements simply attached to the original pure facade of modern architecture. However, in this paper, I argue that commercial decorations is an essential aspect of korean commercial architecture rather than an inessential decorative element attached later to the essential facade of architecture and that it reflects the historical specificity of cultural and architectural modernity of Korea And thus, the surface phenomena of Korean commercial architecture should not be judged based upon the aesthetic paradigms of either western modern or postmodern architecture. Rather, it can be argued that surface phenomena of Korean commercial architecture is a reflection of a modernity beyond the paradigm of western modernism and postmodernism. The agenda of Korean commercial architecture is then not simply to restrict or to control signboards on the building facades with the intention to clean up facade of the building but rather to integrate the signs and commercial ads with the structure of architectural surface.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.51-62
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• 2018

This study examines the site and erection of the Government Complex Seoul which was a project attempted to assemble dispersed government buildings in a certain place. The study focuses on the fact that the project is situated between the 1960s' making of capital Seoul and Seoul urban planning, and the way how the project achieved symbolism in capital Seoul. The project, one of the 1960s' Major Government Buildings, led both plan of capital Seoul and transforming city Seoul. The 1960s' Major Government Building Plan had identical drive with the 1950's Major Government Building Plan, however the 1960s' had additional layer: Seoul urban planning. After restoration of the Capital building, Sejongro the capital street was planned to the site arranging government offices. The Government Complex Seoul was set to be a modern building on a site with historical context according to the plan. Because of the site, the Government Complex Seoul was constructed in aware of other buildings that represented a competitive high-rise atmosphere in the late 1960s, including the Capital building nearby. PAE International's plan was completed through a series of design modification, and it boasted a vertical aspect, unlike the horizontal-looking plan that was already won after the design competition. The Government Complex Seoul tried to acquire the symbolism in the central space of the capital Seoul and high-rised city Seoul. "The new construction method" was a requirement to achieve the height.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.155-166
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• 2007

The purpose of this research is to develop a conceptual model and prototype that establishes a new approach for building cost estimating in the schematic design phage. This research use the method that analyzes quantity and unit price separately to enhance schematic cost estimating through conducting literature review andi analyzing existing schematic cost estimating methods. In addition, this study proposes tile concept of cost breakdown structure including two more classifications: building element and floor compared to existing one only classified by trade. Thus, a Quantity Based Active Schematic cost Estimating(Q-BASE) model is developed founded on those two concepts. By applying proposed schematic cost estimating model, historical structure cost of residential complex building project is analyzed, and then, based on this analysis, prototype is implemented.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.32-43
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• 2012

Hangzhou, in China, is a city that has a history as long as 2,300 years and is renowned due to its natural scenery of a beautiful lake surrounded by gentle green hills. This world wide famous scenery, known as West Lake(西湖), in 2011, was included in the World Heritage Landscape List. Though this place experienced enormous development and changes during thousands of years, historic sceneries did not disappear with the passage of time. In contrary, they are refined and increased attributing to protection efforts from past dynasties. Therefore, research in landscape transition is significant for building livable environment and preserving historical landscape. This paper mainly focuses on history transition of city Hangzhou. First of all, its urban construction and guiding ideology is analyzed. Then, deep meticulous research is carried out on development and preservation achievements for dynasty Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing. In the end, from a historical point of view, this paper will provide a new perspective which would contribute to sustainable preservation of historical landscape. From the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the West Lake through several times of the rectification and construction, the present landscape was completed during thousand years several times through the construction.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.6
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• pp.225-262
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• 2002

Chief Consultant Archives Government Archives & Records Service -table of contents- 1. Introduction 2. Relationship of Historical Studies and Archive 3. Relationship of Archives and Archives 4. Conclusion; Historians, Archives, and Archivists, and Their Roles This essay is mainly written for historians who may have "little or limited experience" in dealing with archives and archivists in their course of historical research. It may sound very ridiculous to say that "historians have little or limited experience" in using archives but it is also true that many Korean historians have depended on various compiled editions of historical materials or personally donated and/or collected materials when they do research, rather than they would visit archives and search for the materials by themselves. This is the main reason for that the public archives in Korea have not served historians well and effectively, and vice versa, that historians have not visited archives sometime with no knowledge of archives, and have not requested opening of archives for their research. It is a simple fact that historian's study depends on the records he/she uses. Without records, there should be no history. Use of archives for historical research is a common thing and a must in modern archives. Records are selected to be preserved in archives for their preservation as well as their future use. Who select the records as archives? Archivists do mostly. Then, what are the criteria for the archivists to chose records as permanent preservable archives? Answers to this fundamental question have been provided by many historians and archivists. The closest answer may be that selecting archivists would be better trained and equipped with historical research and knowledgeable of the major trends in historical research. With his/her own experience of historical research and tracing the trends of historical studies and materials used in the historiography, they could chose better and appropriate records for future use using their prudence and discretion. It also means that historians have had influence on archivists in their selecting archives by providing the theme and context of historical studies of the time. Though not necessarily becoming a historian themselves, selecting or appraising archivists should understand the process of creating the records and should know how they become archives. This is a precondition to become a good archivist. But that's not all. They must know how the archives are used and what archives are used for what purposes. Among many other roles of modern archivists, selecting and describing the archives are the foremost tasks of an archivist. Archivists therefore developed modern methods to select future archives based on functional analysis and records series concept rather than a record file or item as a unit of selection. Historians are users or consumers of the archives held in the archives building or repository. The quality of their study depends on the "quality" of the materials they use. With the help of archivists not to mention of reference service, historians owe much to archivists in having an access to the materials they need, intellectually and physically. Too many closed archives and too long closed archives in the archives repository would benefit neither historians nor archivists. However, archivists can mostly react only to archive requests and demands made by historians for more wide accessibility. Using the FOIA, as in the U.S., or the Information Opening Act, as in case of Korea, historians can promote the use of historical materials as well as promoting accountability and transparence for the benefit to society as whole. In this context, it is vary desirable to establish a close professional relationship between historians and archivists even in the age of information society. At present, historians need more understanding of operation and importance of archives while archives administration need to realize the potential archival demands from research community and civil movement for clean government.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.109-113
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• 2007

This paper introduces a system, Simulation based Stochastic Markup Estimation System (S2ME), for estimating optimum markup for a project. The system was designed and implemented to better represent the real world system involved in construction bidding. The findings obtained from the analysis of existing assumptions used in the previous quantitative markup estimation methods were incorporated to improve the accuracy and predictability of the S2ME. The existing methods has four categories of assumption as follows; (1) The number of competitors and who is the competitors are known, (2) A typical competitor, who is fictitious, is assumed for easy computation, (3) the ratio of bid price against cost estimate (B/C) is assumed to follow normal distribution, (4) The deterministic output obtained from the probabilistic equation of existing models is assumed to be acceptable. However, these assumptions compromise the accuracy of prediction. In practice, the bidding patterns of the bidders are randomized in competitive bidding. To complement the lack of accuracy contributed by these assumptions, bidding project was randomly selected from the pool of bidding database in the simulation experiment. The probability to win the bid in the competitive bidding was computed using the profile of the competitors appeared in the selected bidding project record. The expected profit and probability to win the bid was calculated by selecting a bidding record randomly in an iteration of the simulation experiment under the assumption that the bidding pattern retained in historical bidding DB manifest revival. The existing computation, which is handled by means of deterministic procedure, were converted into stochastic model using simulation modeling and analysis technique as follows; (1) estimating the probability distribution functions of competitors' B/C which were obtained from historical bidding DB, (2) analyzing the sensitivity against the increment of markup using normal distribution and actual probability distribution estimated by distribution fitting, (3) estimating the maximum expected profit and optimum markup range. In the case study, the best fitted probability distribution function was estimated using the historical bidding DB retaining the competitors' bidding behavior so that the reliability was improved by estimating the output obtained from simulation experiment.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.945-954
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• 2019

Cultural property is a valuable asset that connects the past with the present, and cultural heritage is now included in the international agenda of disaster risk reduction. Accordingly, the importance of building resilience of cultural assets has been on the rise, and the necessity of spatial information has been emphasized in building resilience. Therefore, in this study, A methodology for studying the resilience contained in cultural assets through linkage with historical map and time series spatial information is proposed and the proposed methodology was applied to cultural assets located in Gongju area. Georeferencing was performed on time-series images of aerial images and topographical map, and the changes in cultural assets and surrounding areas were found. The width of the river has changed due to the installation of the Keum River Estuary Dam and the dammed pool for irrigation. Nevertheless, the main cultural assets and monuments are located in the high-altitude area and thus have been well preserved. In this study, cultural property resilience was extracted using only map data and in future, it is necessary to conduct research to extract cultural property resilience through analysis of historical records such as geography.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2018

This study presents prediction and historical analysis of the long-term bed elevation change in the Mankyung-gang River. The study area is a 25 km long reach including middle and lower courses of the Mankyung-gang River. HEC-RAS program was used for numerical predictions, and values of roughness coefficients were calibrated. Then, predictions were made in the two periods, seven years from 1986 to 1993 and twelve years from 1993 to 2005. Simulation results were compared with two sets of measured data for bed elevations. Four sediment transport formulas, namely MPM's, Toffaleti's, MPM-Toffaleti's, and Yang's formula, were tested. Simulation results showed that none of the four sediment transport formulas predicted the bed elevation change in the period of 1986 - 1993. This is related to the fact that dredging work was performed in the upstream reach in the period of 1986 - 1993, and sediment was deposited in this part severely later. However, it was found that MPM-Toffaleti's formula predicted properly the bed elevation change for the period of 1993 - 2005.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.17-26
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• 2013

This study is aimed to investigate the characteristics of the elevations in the contemporary multi-family residential buildings in Paris. The survey was performed by studying 30 buildings which had won the multi-family residential project competitions, held in Paris in 2011. Since 30 buildings in the survey will be constructed in Paris in a couple of years, current trends of the elevations of the multi-family residential buildings can be extracted. Historically and also currently, in France, the multi-family housing has been studied to solve the various social problems; especially in Paris where the historical buildings and the modern and the contemporary buildings stand together in perfect harmony. The uniform elevations of the multi-family residential buildings in Korea, have been consist problems in the country. By studying the building elevations in Paris, the solutions to solve the current problems and to improve the situation, can be found. The study will be discussed in three different categories. First of all, the volume and the mass of building in the survey buildings, will be analyzed. Secondly, the openings in the facade, such as the windows and the balconies of the survey projects, will be analyzed. Finally, the materials and the colors of the facade will be discussed. By analyzing the elevations of the multi-family residential building projects, which had won the competitions, and are soon to be built in Paris, the various experiments and the attempts in building elevations, currently happening in Paris which is mostly known as a Haussmann style city, can be presumed, as well as the willingness of the city to reserve the historic buildings in the city.