• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2010

The bearing wall apartments which occupy the majority of multi-residential apartment buildings built in Korea, are known for having limited architectural plan flexibility, posing challenges in terms of maintenance and remodeling. The economic losses and environmental issues resulting from the reconstruction of bearing wall apartments are now accumulating to the extent that they are becoming a national concern. Multi-residential apartment buildings, which are now the dominant form of residence in Korea, must accommodate diverse customer needs and changes in life style. A new concept of Rahmen structure with architectural flexibility is Green Frame. GF multi-residence housing is expected to reduce construction costs and shorten the construction schedule by overcoming the shortcomings of conventional bearing wall apartments. This goal is consistent with the national policies that target the reduction of resource and energy consumption. In addition, GF will be established as a core contributor to achieving a reduction in $CO_2$ emissions, which will enable the sustainable growth of domestic construction industry, and address the low-carbon green growth drive implemented by the government.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.63-73
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• 2017

In contemporary society, it is increasingly common to spend more time indoors. As such, there is a continually growing desire to build comfortable and safe indoor environments. Along with this trend, however, there are some serious indoor-environment challenges, such as the quality of indoor air and Sick House Syndrome. To address these concerns the government implements various systems to supervise and manage indoor environments. For example, green building certification is now compulsory for public buildings. There are three categories of green building certification related to indoor air in Korea: Health-Friendly Housing Construction Standards, Green Standard for Energy & Environmental Design(G-SEED), and Indoor Air Certification. The first two types of certification, Health-Friendly Housing Construction Standards and G-SEED, evaluate data in a drawing plan. In comparison, the Indoor Air Certification evaluates measured data. The certification using data from a drawing requires a considerable amount of time compared to other work. A 2D tool needs to be employed to measure the area manually. Thus, this study proposes an automatic assessment process using a Building Information Modeling(BIM) model based on 3D data. This process, using open source Industry Foundation Classes(IFC), exports data for the certification system, and extracts the data to create an Excel sheet for the certification. This is expected to improve the work process and reduce the workload associated with evaluating indoor air conditions.

• Clean Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.439-448
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• 2014

The potential mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) is studied in the Pohang steel industrial complex (PHSIC). The total GHG emission in 2010 is estimated to be in the range from 4,174,000 to 4,574,000 $tCO_2-eq$ in PHSIC. To meet the target proposed by the government, it is needed to reduce 552,000 $tCO_2-eq$ at minium by 2020. To estimate the potential amount of GHG reduction, the technologies used in the voluntary carbon reduction projects are applied to 51 companies which are subject to GHG target management. From the viewpoint of technological availability and payback period, the fuel conversion and waste heat recovery have an advantage in the short term with a possibility to reduce 160,000 $tCO_2-eq$. In the mid term, the thermal technologies in steel and iron industry have the potential to cut 229,000 $tCO_2-eq$, while the electrical technologies have the potential of 125,000 $tCO_2-eq$ reduction. The gap between the target GHG mitigation and potential reduction using the short and mid term technologies is about 38,000 $tCO_2-eq$, which should be compensated by the fundamental process innovation and the implementation of the most cutting-edge technologies including renewable energy.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2010

Objectives : We developed and proposed a guideline for safety and performance assessment of electric moxibustion apparatus (class II medical device). Methods : We drafted the guideline for safety and performance assessment of electric moxibustion apparatus by referring the existing standards, guidelines and measurement data from commercially available products. Temperature characteristics such as maximum temperature and ramp time, and physical characteristics such as weight, noise and diameter were measured. User friendliness was also evaluated for commercial devices. Results : This guideline only can be applied to the electric moxibustion apparatus where moxa is being heated by electricity for medical proposes. Maximum temperature of higher than $50^{\circ}C$ can be achieved mostly. Ramp rate of temperature seems to be reliable. Control of temperature is needed to be improved. Moxa and its derivative products seem to be regulated for reliable temperature performance for clinical application. Requirements for design and development of electric moxibustion apparatus are suggested : temperature indicator, temperature control and its accuracy, safety measure, surge protection, user friendliness and instruction for use (IFU). Design recommendation of the reduction of noise level and energy loss are suggested for better products. Conclusions : We proposed a guideline for safety and performance assessment of electric moxibustion apparatus to improve the quality of relating products and aid their commercialization by aiming higher industrial competitiveness of the medical device sectors in Korea. Discussion with related institutes such as industry, academy and government is further required. Public hearings also need to be held prior to the establishment of a final guideline and standard.

• Clean Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.258-268
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• 2016

In this work, carboxymethylcellulose-based composite superabsorbent hydrogels were prepared by electron beam radiation. The composition of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) varied from 4 wt%, 5 wt%, and 6 wt% to 7 wt% based on the amount of distilled water in the syntheses of hydrogels. Graphite oxide, reduced graphene oxide, activated carbon, and bentonite were used as additives for the synthesis of composite superabsorbent. The effect of CMC composition and the type of additives on the gel properties of the prepared hydrogels was investigated. In order to verify the functional groups in the prepared materials, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used. In addition, mechanical strength, gel fraction, swelling kinetics, and equilibrium swelling ratios were measured for the prepared hydrogels. Swelling experiments were carried out in distilled water, urea solution, and physiological saline water. Prepared hydrogels were reused for 5 times, and gel fraction and swelling ratio were measured at every 24 hours. Among the prepared hydrogels, $C_{5%}GO$ and $C_{5%}rGO$ exhibited excellent mechanical property and relatively high swelling ratios for urea solution and physiological saline water with promising applicability as slow-release fertilizers.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.651-656
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• 2016

Bee pollen is produced by honeybees and is considered one of the most balanced and nourishing nutritional supplements available. Historically, bee pollen has been prescribed for its healing properties and consumed for its high-energy supply. Recent research has provided evidence that bee pollen has diverse biological activities, such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and even anti-cancer effects. However, the outer membrane of the pollen grain, exine, is highly resistant to most acidic solutions, high pressure, and even digestive enzymes, and the resulting low bioavailability limits its nutritional and clinical applications. This study applied a wet-grinding method to destroy the exine effectively, and it then examined the pollen's enhanced biological activity. First, microscopic observations provided strong evidence that wet grinding destroyed the exine time-dependently. In addition, the content of polyphenols, well-known ingredients of bee pollen and used as internal standards for the quality control of commercial pollen preparations, increased up to 11-fold with wet grinding. Further, the anti-oxidant activity demonstrated on the ABTS anti-oxidant assay, as well as the DPPH radical scavenging assay, was also dramatically increased. Together, the results presented here support a new technology by which bee pollen can be used as a resource for medical, nutritional, and cosmetic applications.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.57-81
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• 2010

Since the Republic of Korea is highly dependent on fossil fuels despite high oil prices, it urgently needs to renew its economic and social system to cut carbon emissions and achieve green growth. Therefore, reforming or eliminating subsidies related to the use of fossil fuels is a timely and oppropriate policy recommendation for Korea. It would be a win-win deal for Korean society as it would not only reduce the use of environmentally harmful fossil fuels but also enhance economic efficiency. In particular, cross-subsidies for industrial, agricultural and night thermal-storage power services make up more than 80 percent of all subsidies provided to the entire electric power industry sector of Korea. Of these cross-subsidies, this paper analyzes the electricity subsidy for industries, which takes up the largest share (about KRW 1.6583 trillion yearly), among the environmentally harmful subsidies in the electric power sector. Thus, the paper focuses on the analysis of ripple effect anticipated when this is reformed. To examine the effects of this subsidy reform, price elasticities were estimated using the ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag) model and quarterly data from 1990 to 2007. The main results of this study show that 1) annual energy demand for electric power in the industrial sector would drop by 12,475,930MWh and 2) $CO_2$ emissions would plummet by 2,644,897 tons per year if the subsidy were reformed. We can deduct from this that the abolition of environmentally harmful subsidies in the electric power sector in the Republic of Korea would considerably contribute to $CO_2$ emissions abatement in the country.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.495-500
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• 2009

Actinide sorption to the geological materials can reduce the mobility and bioavailability of radionuclides released to the environment through the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear energy. Under circumneutral pH conditions, actinide sorption can be enhanced by phosphate anions sorbed on oxide mineral surfaces as indicated by the sorption of trivalent lanthanide ions ($Ln^{3+}$), the chemical analog for trivalent actinide ions ($Ac^{3+}$). In this paper, we examined a ternary sorption system of trivalent europium ions ($Eu^{3+}$) sorbed onto boehmite (${\gamma}$-AlOOH) surfaces pre-sorbed with phosphate anions (${PO_4}^{3-}$), using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. In the Eu-$PO_4$-boehmite ternary sorption system, $EuPO_4$ surface precipitates were formed as implicated by Eu $L_{III}$-edge EXAFS spectroscopy. Phosphorus K-edge EXAFS fingerprinting indicated a bidentate mononuclear surface complex formation of phosphate sorbed on boehmite surfaces as well as $EuPO_4$ surface precipitate formation.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.48-59
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• 2016

The earth has been warming due to $CO_2$ gas emissions from fossil fuel cars and a ship. So the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle(FCV) using hydrogen as a fossil fuel alternative energy is in the spotlight. Hyundai Motor Company of Korea and a car companies of the US, Japan, Germany is developing a FCV a competitive. Obtained hydrogen as a by-product of the coke plant, oil refineries, chemical plants of steel mill, coal is reacted with steam at high temperatures, methane gas, manufacture of high purity hydrogen Methane Steam Reforming and hydrogen detachable reforming method using the Pressure Swing Adsorption or Membrane Reforming technical or decomposition of water to produce electricity. Hydrogen is the electronic industry, metal and chemical industries, which are used as rocket fuel, etc. are used in factories, hospitals, home of the fuel Ene.Farm system or FCV. And a method of storing hydrogen is to store liquid hydrogen and a method for compressing normal hydrogen to the hydrogen container, by storing the latest hydride or Organic chemical hydride method is used to carry the hydrogen station. Korea is currently 13 hydrogen stations in place and in operation, plans to install a further 43 places.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.327-333
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• 2016

Reinforced concrete structures have found wide usage in land and maritime applications. However, the corrosion of reinforced concrete has been recognized as a serious problem from economic and safety standpoints. In previous studies, the corrosion behavior of the inner steel bar embedded in mortar (W/C: 0.4, 0.5) was investigated using electrochemical methods. In this study, multiple mortar test specimens (W/C: 0.6) with six different cover thicknesses were prepared and immersed in flowing seawater for five years. Subsequently, equations related to the cover thickness, period of immersion, and corrosion characteristics of the embedded steel bar were evaluated using electrochemical methods. Prior to immersion, the corrosion potentials indicated an increase with increasing cover thickness, and after five years, all corrosion potentials demonstrated a trend in the positive direction irrespective of the cover thickness. However, the relationships between the corrosion potential and cover thickness were not in complete agreement. Furthermore, after five years, all of the corrosion potentials indicated values that were nobler compared to those obtained prior to immersion, and their corrosion current densities also decreased compared to their values obtained prior to immersion. It was considered that the embedded steel bar was easily corroded because of the aggression of water, dissolved oxygen, and chloride ions; a higher W/C ratio also assisted the corrosion process. The corrosive products deposited on the surface of the steel bar for five years cast a resistance polarizing effect shifting the corrosion potential in the nobler direction. Consequently, it was considered that the W/C ratio of 0.6 showed nearly same results as those of W/C of 0.4 and 0.5. Therefore, the corrosion potential as well as various parameters such as the cover thickness, period of immersion, and W/C ratio must be considered at once for a more accurate evaluation of the corrosion property of reinforced steel exposed to marine environment for a long period.