• Journal of architectural history
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.15-26
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• 2018

As a result of reviewing various documents and existing researches, since the late Goryeo period, the most active period in the Ondol(溫突, Korean floor heating system) facilities is the 17th century. The phenomenological reason was recovering the buildings destroyed by the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592(壬辰倭亂) & the Manchu War of 1636(丙子胡亂), but the underlying cause was an abnormal climate in which a pair of summer and winter cold continued. In the 17th century, as the Ondol facilities grew rapidly without distinction between regions and classes, the supply and demand of fuel caused economic and natural environmental problems. And a negative and positive view on Ondol was suggested. Since the middle of the 18th century, when the demand and supply of Ondol reached its peak, which could no longer increase, a new awareness of Ondol began to grow. The room was called the Panbang(板房) and the Ondol, depending on the material that made up the floor. It was considered natural to have the Ondol from this time on. The Incan(因間) and Jo(竈) that were made to burn were started to be recorded as a kitchen, regardless of size and function. Changes in social awareness of Ondol have led to concerns about heating efficiency. A variety of architectural explorations were conducted. Such a search was later realized in concrete architectural form. There is a double Ondoll structure, and the column spacing is reduced compared to the previous one. The heat buffer space is formed around the Ondol room, and the double window can control the light and the air going in and out.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.159-172
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• 2019

It is known that the number of astronomers of a country registered to the International Astronomical Union (IAU) is correlated with that country's gross domestic product (GDP). However, the robustness of this relationship could be doubted, as the fraction of astronomers joining the IAU differs from country to country. Here we revisit this correlation by using more recent data, updated as of 2017. We find a similar correlation by using the total number of astronomers and astrophysicists with PhD degrees that are working in each country, instead of adopting the number of IAU members. We confirm the existence of the correlation. We also confirm the existence of two subgroups within this correlation. One group consists of advanced European countries having a long history of modern astronomy, while the other group consists of countries having experienced recent rapid economic development. In order to determine the cause for the correlation, we obtained the long-term variations of the number of astronomers, population, and the GDP for a number of countries. We find that the number of astronomers per capita for recently developing countries has increased more rapidly as GDP per capita increased, than that for fully developed countries. We collected demographic data of the Korean astronomical community and find that it has experienced recent rapid growth. From these findings we estimate the proper size of the Korean astronomical community by considering Korea economic power and population. The current number of PhD astronomers working in Korea is approximately 310, but it should be 550 in order for it to be comparable and competitive to the sizes of the Spanish, Canadian, and Japanese astronomical communities. If current trends continue, this number will be reached by 2030. In order to be comparable to the German, French, and Italian communities, there should be 800 PhD astronomers in Korea. We discuss ways to overcome the vulnerability of the Korean astronomical community, based on the statistics of national R&D expenditure structure in comparison with that of other major advanced countries.

• International Journal of Quality Innovation
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2005

This research topic evaluates the effectiveness and importance of environmental protection in the 21st century in light of the increasing demand on the earth's natural resources and the pressures on economic and industrial development to provide dynamic power. As the world and our fellow citizens become more conscious of environmental protection, companies are under greater pressure whilst pursuing economic growth. Therefore, domestic manufacturers have been devoting efforts to promote environmental management. This research conducts survey using questionnaires on the operational performance of the manufacturers who have ISO 14000 series accreditation and certification. The survey considers five dimensions/functions within a manufacturer, financial management, human resources management, production management, and marketing management. A total of 35 indices are used for analysis of the effects that the location, history, industry, number of employees, amount of capital, and revenue may have on the performance. This research targets the manufacturers approved of ISO 14000 series certification by Environment Administration Association. The statistical methods deployed are descriptive statistics, T-test, and single factor analysis of variance used for analysis. The conclusions reveal that a certain level of performance has been achieved in every dimension. After T-test, all the indices have reached a significant level. The indications are that ISO 14001 benefits all manufacturers the level of benefits however varies from company to company.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.301-311
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• 2020

With the recent global urban issues such as climate change, urbanization, and energy problems, the smart city was proposed as one of the solutions in urban planning. This study introduces the smart city initiatives of South Korea by examining the recent history of smart city policies and their limitations. This case study reflects the experience of one of the countries which thrived to building smart cities as their national key industries to drive economic growth. It also analyzes the trends of the smart city using big data analysis techniques. Although there are obstacles such as economic recession, failing to differentiate from the U-city, low service level than expected smart functionality, We could recognize the current status of the smart city policies in South Korea such as 1) Korean smart city development projects are actively implemented, 2) public consensus suggests that applying advanced technology and the active role of government need, 3) a comprehensive and strategic approach with the integration and application of advanced technologies is required as well, 4) investment by both private and public sectors need to deliver social improvements. This study suggests future direction of smart city polity in South Korea in the conclusion.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 1997

Gold mineralization of the Ogkye gold mine was deposited mainly in quartz veins up to 150 cm wide which occupy fissures in Cambrian Pungchon limestone. Ore minerals are relatively simple as follows: pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, electrum and galena. On the basis of the Ag/Au ratio on ore grades, mode of occurrence and assoicated mineral assemblages, the Ogkye gold deposit can be classified as pyrite-type gold deposit (Group IIB). Fluid inclusion data indicate that ore minerals were deposited between $400^{\circ}$and $230^{\circ}C$ from relatively dilute fluids (0.2 to 7.3 wt.% eq. NaCl) containing $CO_2$. The ore mineralization resulted from a complex history of $CO_2$ effervescence and local concomitant boiling coupled with cooling and dilution of ore fluids. Gold deposition was likely a result of decrease of sulfur activity caused by sulfide deposition and/or $H_2S$ loss accompanying fluid unmixing. Sulfur isotope compositions of sulfide minerals (${\delta}^{34}S=3.5{\sim}5.9$‰) are consistent with ${\delta}^{34}S_{H_2S}$ value of 4.8 to 6.1‰, suggesting mainly an igneous source of sulfur partially mixed with wall-rock sulfur.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.353-365
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• 2000

After their first appearance on Earth, bacteria have exerted significant influence on geochemical behavior of elements. Numerous evidence of their control on geochemistry through geologic history has been observed in a variety of natural environments. They have mediated weathering rate, formation of secondary minerals, redox transformation of metals and metalloids, and thus global cycling of elements. Such ability of bacteria receives so considerable attention from microbiologists, mineralogists, geologists, soil scientists, limnologists, oceanographers, and atmospheric scientists as well as geochemists that a new and interdisciplinary field of research called 'geomicrobiology' is currently expanding. Some recent subjects of geomicrobiology which are studied extensively are as follows: 1) Functional groups distributed on bacterial cell walls adsorb dissolved cations onto cell surfaces by electrostatic surface complexation, which is followed by hydrous mineral formation. 2) Dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria conserve energy to support growth by oxidation of organic matter coupled to reduction of some oxidized metals and/or metalloids. They can be effectively used in remediating environments contaminated with U, As, Se, and Cr. 3) Bacteria increase the rate of mineral dissolution by excreting proton and ligands such as organic acids into aqueous system. 4) Thorough investigation on the effects of biofilm on geochemical processes is needed, because most bacteria are adsorbed on solid substrates and form biofilms in natural settings.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.556-562
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• 2008

The building HVAC systems have very different qualities of performance and durability with the superintendent's ability for management and maintenance. The poor management of these systems finally lead to the shortening of the life expectancy and result in the increase of operating costs and energy consumptions due to low efficiencies. This study presents an example of appropriate use of the LCC(Life Cycle Cost) analysis in a process of maintaining and repairing old HVAC equipments, by demonstrating the difference of optimal economic life, decrease of running cost, and energy consumption according to the management level of the HVAC equipments. But there are no reliable life expectancy and performance history data at present for optimal management of various building service equipments. Therefore, it is necessary to construct long-term database on operation results of them for more accurate and optimized LCC analysis.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.390-398
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• 2007

Purpose: This comparative descriptive study was conducted to determine differences in maternal health related characteristics, child rearing burden, and social support depending on economic status. Method: Using home visits, data were collected from 100 poverty stricken mothers, 51 in the extremely poor group and 49 in the low income group, and 200 mothers of a general group being seen in one public health center. The instrument used for this study was a self-report questionnaire to identify maternal health variables including child rearing burden and social support. Results: Parent's education level, marital status, and primary caregiver were significantly different according to socioeconomic status. Poverty stricken groups showed poor rates for prenatal checkups, lower Fe supplementation, and more artificial abortions and history of cesarean section. Continuing breast feeding as planned was significantly lower for mothers with low economic status. Present health problems of the mother, child-rearing burden, and social support were not significantly different among the three groups. Conclusion: These findings suggest that special attention and interventions for the poverty stricken groups is important to improve maternal and child health status.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 1974

From the point of view of geological history, the land of South Korea is regarded as the subject of processes of the changes in formations of several geological blocks such as Kyonggi massif, Yeongnam massif, Taebaegsan basin, Kyungsang basin and so on. Through the long period of geological chronology, the present topography and geotectonics have been formed by the complicate interactions of epirogenetic movements, magmatism, orogenesis, differential vertical movements, metamorphism and sedimentation. The reason of the crust movements mentioned above, is suppossed that the Pacific and West Pacific plate have subducted directly or indirectly into the East Asia plate. This fact can be endorsed by the results of the studies on the heat flow, gravity anomaly, absolute age dating, tectonic lineation, lithofacies and the temperature of hot spring in South Korea. The formations of metal ore deposits as well as other geological processes can be determined by the mechanical control of the plates and be divided into several systematic patterns. The investigation of about 110 metal mines in South Korea shows the following results. (1) Plate boundary volcanic type is about 28% (2) Plate boundary plutonic type is about 44% (3) Intraplate sedimentary type is about 26% (4) Intraplate magmatic type is about 2%.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.1-35
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• 1969

The structure and geologic history of the Triassic basin in southern Connecticut have been interpreted by using gravimetric data. A gravity survey of 800 gravity stations was made by the U.S. Geological Survey in the southern Connecticut area. The resulting data were reduced by the Bouguer method and then plotted and contoured along with the generalized geology. Residual gravity maps were prepared by different methods to obtain the most plausible agreement with the known geology of the area. Seven gravity profiles across the basin are presented to show the distribution of the Triassic deposits that could produce the measured anomalies. It is concluded that the basin was formed by successive step faulting in the late Triassic period and that the sediments accumulated progressively in this basin. The deepest portion of the basin is located in the middle of the present Triassic belt and reaches a depth of about 2 miles below the surface. The data also appear to indicate the possible source areas for the basalt which at present forms the lava flows, sills, and dikes exposed in the Cheshire and Gaillard regions. The information concerning the tectonic history of the Connecticut Triassic Valley aids considerably in establishing the geologic history of the Appalachians in late Triassic time.