• 대한가정학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.13-21
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• 1979

The purpose of this study were : (1) to analyze the commercial sizes in Korea , (2) to investigate the designs and materials of one-piece dresses, and (3) to ascertain the prices and tendency to sale of dresses. A questionaire and the interviews with some producers were used for this study. The questionaire was made with many items after the pretest. For the statistical analysis, 99 dresses were used among 141 dresses which were examined. The observation of ten observers was made in markets(group A), department stores (group B), and commercial agents of manufacture (group C). The period of observation was from April 10 to May 4 , 1979. The results of this study indicated that : (1) According to makers , the commercial sizes in Korea were different. The sizes were based on only waist in group A , body measurements in group B, and either of them in group C. (2) In dress style, the box dresses were popular in three groups. (3) The type of sleeve in group A, B and C showed in following order : set in sleeve > dropped shoulder > raglan sleeve. (4) The most necklines were finished with collars. The shirtwaist collars were popular in group A and C and the flat collars in group C. (5) In dress material , cotton/polyester was popular in group A, wool in group B, and silk in group C. The use of natural fiber and color in three groups decreased in following order : C>B>A. (6) The prices of dresses were from 10,000 to 35,000 won in group A, form 23,8000 to 49, 800 won in group B, and from 12,500 to 90,000 won in group C. (7) In case of group C, the elements which had influence on sale were color, design, and price.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2015

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of occupational stress and psychosocial stress to health promotion behaviors depending on characteristics of female office workers and emotional labor workers for sales. Methods: A survey of 207 female service workers engaging in sales of cosmetics in major department stores and 149 females working in the offices of cosmetics companies was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire. Results: It showed a significant difference in job demand and insufficient job control which are sub-domains of stress. The percentage of emotional laborers exposed to a high risk of psychosocial stress was higher than office workers. In office workers, occupational stress stemmed from insufficient job control and low reward of work was significantly related to psychosocial stress. But in emotional labor workers, stress from job insecurity, and organizational system were added. The relevant factors that affect health promotion behaviors were type of occupational stress, psychosocial stress, marital status, educational level and working career. Conclusions: Occupational stress and psychosocial stress were closely associated with health promotion behaviors. It was suggested that the development of health promotion programs which reduce the stress in female office and emotional labor workers.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

This study is intended to derive the adaptive reuse techniques through the history and aspects of new construction, extension, repair, and other works, limited to the deep and narrow lots facing Seongan-gil and Nammun-gil in Nammun-ro 2 ga of Cheongju, the historic urban area. The results are as follows. 1) In the case of newly built reinforced concrete buildings, the central part of the top floor of the residence or all floors are opened to the open space(void) to facilitate lighting and ventilation. This is developed as a convection phenomenon due to the temperature difference from the slits between buildings, which affects the entire air flow of the block. 2) The buildings of extension and repair are composed of two-story masonry or steel frame, both the front store facing the road and the house on the back, but it looks like one because it is in contact with each other. If only a small gap between the front and rear buildings is restored to an external space or a space equipped with sun light, a small breath can be provided in lighting and ventilation. 3) The existing two-story wooden stores and houses have lost their external space due to repairs. With minimal intervention to restore the small courtyard, slits, and space under the eaves, it will not only improve lighting and ventilation, but also create a unique appearance as a segment of the elongated store.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.441-447
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• 2012

In this study, ready-to-cook (RTC) pork bulgogi was investigated microbiologically to determine contamination levels. The investigation was conducted because of an increasing trend in the consumption of RTC meat products in Korea. Ninety marinated RTC pork bulgogi samples were collected from major retail outlets (M), department stores (D), and local markets (L) in Seoul, Korea from March to June 2011. This study examined total plate counts (TPC), Escherichia coli, and coliform bacterial counts, and the presence of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and E. coli O157:H7. The mean TPC values were 5.89, 6.08, and 5.89 Log CFU/g for M, D, and L, respectively. E. coli was not detected in any sample, but coliforms were present in 72 (80%) of the 90 samples collected. B. cereus, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella spp. were not detected; however, S. aureus and L. monocytogenes were detected in five (5.5%) and one (1.1%) of the 90 samples. Samples collected from M and D were contaminated with S. aureus and those from L with L. monocytogenes. These results demonstrate that the conditions under which RTC pork bulgogis are handled and processed are unsanitary.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.556-562
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the boron concentrations in 30 slime products and estimate children's dermal exposure to boron. Methods: Thirty slime products from online and offline stores were purchased for boron analysis. The boron content of each slime sample was analyzed using ICP-OES. A nationwide survey was performed to determine use patterns of slimes by a home-visit survey of 10,000 children divided into three age groups: 0-2, 3-6, and 7-12 years. The dermal exposure to boron was calculated using an exposure algorithm for child slime users. Results: The proportion of the child population using slime was 45.8%, and the mean use frequency was $2.5{\pm}3.8$ per week (range: 0.08-35). Mean time spent playing with slime was $19.6{\pm}11.3min$ (range: 1-100). Twenty-five of the thirty slimes contained a boron concentration exceeding the EU limit for toys made with sticky material of 300 mg/kg. Dermal exposure ranged from $0.0008-13.78{\mu}g/kg/day$ with the maximum weight fractions of boron in the 30 products. The dermal exposure estimate was the highest in 7-12 years old group. Conclusion: Slime use among Korean children may cause high exposure to boron. Regulation is needed to minimize boron exposure from slime products.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.121-136
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• 2019

The fashion market is expanding and competition is intensifying due to the contraction of consumption in response to the economic recession and changes in trends. In this study, design characteristics reflecting the brand identity and trend are analyzed as important factors for success. In this study, we will look at the design characteristics of knitwear among SPA brand products and help to plan knit designs. First, six brands were selected based on the sales and the number of stores in domestic and foreign SPA brands. The selected brands include UNIQLO, ZARA, H&M, SPAO, TOPTEN, and 8Seconds. We have selected weft knitting knitwear products(1,736 pieces), which are currently sold in domestic and foreign SPA brands, as silhouette items, knitwear design items, gauges, colors, patterns, images, and items as analysis items to analyze the causes of the differences in the design characteristics of domestic and foreign knitwear. The SPA brand has a wide range of tattoo floors, emphasizing practical aspects, a silhouette that fits the body, and a comfortable daily style. Domestic and foreign SPA brands did not show much difference, but Korean brands had a lower diversity of organization and used color for stable sales, showing a lower concern in trend and strong point color applications. If foreign brands pursue femininity based on a sexy image, Korean brands displayed a difference, emphasizing cute images. As for other design factors, it was found that brand identity was reflected more than domestically. As the cycle of trends becomes shorter, fast fashion is expected to continue in the future, and it is hoped that this research will be used as useful data for design projects of domestic companies.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2022

Discarded bio-wastes, such as seeds and rinds, cause environmental problems. Multiple studies have recycled bio-wastes as eco-friendly energy sources to solve these problems. This study uses bio-waste to fabricate a mandarin peel powder based triboelectric nanogenerator (MPP-TENG). The MPP-TENG is based on the contact separation mode. It generates an open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of 156V and 2µA, respectively. In addition, MPP-TENG shows stable operation over continuous 3000s without any deviation in output. Also, the device exhibits maximum power density of 5.3㎼/cm² when connected to a resistance of 100MΩ. In an energy storage capacity test for 1000s, the MPP-TENG stores an energy of 171.6µJ in a 4.7µF capacitor. The MPP-TENG can power 9 blue LEDs and 54 green lettering LEDs. These results confirm that the MPP-TENG can provide a new avenue for eco-friendly energy harvesting device fabrication.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.186-192
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• 2007

제주도를 포함한 전국규모로 15개 시 도에 위치한 도계장에서 직접 수거한 도계육에 대하여 미생물 오염도 조사로서 총세균수, 대장균군수 및 포도상구균수에 대해서 조사를 하였다. 특히 주요 인수공통 병원성 세균들인 Salmonella 속균과 Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, 그리고 E. coli O157:H7 균에 대해서도 함께 조사를 하였다. 그리고 도계장에서 보다 안전하고 위생적인 처리를 위해서 가장 흔히 사용되는 방법인 염소(20mg/L포함)를 첨가한 염소수로서 수세한 처리계육과 그렇지 않은 비처리 도계육 상호간에 대해서도 Salmonella 속균의 분리율과 기타 균종의 억제효과에 대해서도 비교조사를 수행하였다. 먼저 예비조사로서 강원지역을 비롯한 전국 6개 시 도의 도계장 유래 계육에 대해서 세균오염도의 비교조사에서는 포도상구균수, 대장균군수 및 총세균수의 순서로 오염도를 나타내었다. 이 성적은 시판계육의 미생물 오염도 수준보다는 $10{\sim}100$배 이상 낮은 오염도 성적이었다. 그리고 동일계육에 대한 Salmonella 속균의 분리율은 63.3%(19/30)였고, S. enteritidix (33.3%)가 가장 지배적인 혈청형이었으며, 동시에 S. typhimurium (3.3%), S. muenchen (30.0%)도 분리되었다. 하편, 염소수로 세척한 도계육은 총세균수와 대장균군수의 비교조사에서 비처리 계육보다도 약 100배정도로 균수의 억제효과를 보였다. 반면에 포도상구균수에서는 양자간에 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 알았다. 또한 Salmonella 속균에 대한 억제효과의 비교조사에서도 20 ppm의 염소처리로서는 포도상구균과 마찬가지로 Salmonella 속균에 대해서도 뚜렷한 억제효과를 발휘하지 못한 것으로 확인되었다. 한편 보다 확대된 규모의 조사결과에서 제주도를 포함한 부산, 경남, 대구, 경북, 전남, 광주, 전북, 충남, 대전, 충북, 강원, 서울, 인천 및 경기지역을 포함하여 총 15개 시 도의 도계장 수거계육에서 Salmonella속균은 58.3%(67/115)에서 분리되었고, S. muenchen (57.3%)과 S. enteritidis (22.7%)가 대부분을 차지하였고, 인수공통병원균 중에서는 L. monocytogenes(43.5%), C. jejuni(37.4%), S. aureus(30.4%)의 순서로 분리되었으나, E. coli O157:H7은 국내 계육에서 전혀 분리되지 않았다. 결과적으로 도계육이 위생적이며 안전하게 시판되기 위해서는 최종적인 도계공정 이후 다양한 유통과정에서 발생될 수 있는교차 및 추가오염의 기회를 줄이기 위한 보다 철저한 위생관리 대책과 보완대책이 필요하다는 사실을 이 성적을 통하여 비로소 확인할 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 1997

In the present study, it was aimed to further indentify the intracellular action mechansm of cromakalim and levcromakalim in the porcine coronary artery. In intact porcine coronary arterial strips loaded with fura-2/AM, acetylcholine caused an increase in intracellular free $Ca^{2+}$ $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ in association with a contraction in a concentration-dependent manner. Cromakalim (1 ${\mu}M$) caused a reduction in acetylcholine-induced increased $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ not only in the mormal physiological salt solution (PSS) but also in $Ca^{2+}$-free PSS (containing 1 mM EGTA). In the skinned strips prepared by exposure of tissue to 20 .${\mu}M$ B-escin, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate ($IP_3$) evoked an increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, but it was without effect on the intact strips. The $IP_3$-induced increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ was inhibited by cromakalim by 78% and levcromakalim by 59% (1 .${\mu}M$, each). Pretreatment with glibenclamide (a blocker of ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channels, 10 .${\mu}M$) and apamin (a blocker of small conductance $Ca^{2+}$-activated $K^+$ channels, 1 .${\mu}M$) strongly blocked the effect of cromakalim and levcromakalim. However, charybdotoxin (a blocker of large conductance $Ca^{2+}$-activated $K^+$ channels, 1 .${\mu}M$) was without effect. In addition, cromakalim inhibited the $GTP{\gamma}S$ (100 .${\mu}M$, non-hydrolysable analogue of GTP)-induced increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$. Based on these results, it is suggested that cromakalim and levcromakalim exert a potent vasorelaxation, in part, by acting on the $K^+$ channels of the intracellular sites (e.g., sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane), thereby, resulting in decrease in release of $Ca^{2+}$ from the intracellular storage site.

• 분석과학
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.212-220
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• 2015

This study aims to identify the characteristics of phthalates (DMP, DEP, DBP, DEHA, BBP, DEHP, and DNOP) and heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in cosmetics and their containers. Phthalates and heavy metals may be endocrine distruptors. Sixty-five cosmetics were purchased from online and offline stores in Busan. This study developed a simultaneous method for the analysis of phthalates by GC-FID. The results showed that among the 65 cosmetics, DBP, DEHP, and DEP were detected at 20.0%, 7.7%, 1.5%, respectively. The amounts of DBP and DEHP detected in 18 samples were less than 100 μg/g, which satisfies the Regulations of Cosmetic Safety Standards in Korea. In order to detect phthalates in cosmetic containers, a dissolution test was conducted by extracting solutions, such as water, n-heptane, 20% ethanol, 50% ethanol and 4% acetic acid, which were prepared with different levels of pH, alcohol content, and fat content following the Korea Standards and Specifications for Utensils, Containers, and Packaging. The results showed that DMP, DBP, DEHA, BBP, DEHP, and DNOP were not detected, DEP was detected in plastics such as PE, PP, and others, when a 50% alcohol solvent was used. Phthalates may not be detected in cosmetic containers if they are not packaged with the above 20% alcohol constituent. We also analyzed the concentration of heavy metals, such as Pb, Cd, and Hg, by using ICP-OES and a mercury analyzer. The ranges of concentration were ND~2.71 μg/g for Pb, ND~0.31 μg/g for Cd, and ND~0.01 μg/g for Hg, which are below the regulated level.