• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.939-948
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• 2012

The most widely used data mining technique is to explore association rules. This technique has been used to find the relationship between items in a massive database based on the interestingness measures such as support, confidence, lift, etc. Association rules are frequently used by retail stores to assist in marketing, advertising, floor placement, and inventory control.In general, association rule technique generates the rule, 'If A, then B.', whereas negative association rule technique generates the rule, 'If A, then not B.', or 'If not A, then B.'. We can determine whether we promote other products in addition to promote its products only if we add negative association rules to existing association rules. In this paper, we proposed the negatively attributable and pure confidence to overcome the problems faced by negative association rule technique, and then we checked three conditions for interestingness measure. The comparative studies with negative confidence, negatively pure confidence, and negatively attributable and pure confidence are shown by numerical examples. The results show that the negatively attributable and pure confidence is better than negative confidence and negatively pure confidence.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.351-357
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• 2007

The Japanese Government selected Mutsu, Aomori Prefecture as a provisional spent-fuel repository site. This comes as a result of the prefecture's five-year campaign to host the site since 2000. Korea stores spent nuclear fuel within sites of nuclear power plants, and expects the storage capacity to reach its limit by the year 2016. This compels Korea to learn the cases of Japan. Having successfully hosted Gyeongju as a site for low-to-intermediate-level nuclear waste repository, Korea has already learned the potential process of hosting spent fuel storage site. The striking difference between the two countries in the process of hosting the site is that the Korean government had to offer the local city a large amount of subsidy for hosting through competitive citizens' referendum among candidate cities while it was the leadership of the local municipality that enabled the controversial decision in Japan. It is also a distinguishable characteristics of Japan that not a huge subsidy is provided to the local host city. I hope this study offers an idea to Korea's future effort to select a spent-fuel host site.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.219-233
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• 2000

This paper is designed to suggest marketing strategies suitable for each classified group by subdividing high school students, the new-generation consumers, by clothes-shopping orientation at jean markets and by identifying the demographic characteristics and the purchasing behavior of each classified group. The subjects consist of 644 high school students. female and male, in Seoul, who responded to my questionnaire research. In terms of the clothes-shopping orientation, pleasure shopping orientation, brand-based shopping orientation, fashion-oriented one, convenience-oriented one and economic one are in sequence. In light of the consumer group based on the factors of clothes-shopping tendencies, the convenience-oriented group ranks first, which is followed by pleasure shopping group, brand-based shopping group and economic one. The subjects turn out to have purchased jeans at time of necessity, The subjects are most liable to get information from their friends, which is followed by their shopping experiences and display. And they turn out to be little affected by family members, salespersons and the press. They regarded aesthetic standards as one of the most important standards, which are followed by size, fitting, personality expression and prices in order. On the other hand, they think little of such factors as friends and similarity. In terms of the standards to make a selection of shops, the respondents cite the quality of goods, the prices of jeans, and service. They didn't think much of the importance of the persuasion of those around them, the convenience of mass transportation facilities, and the approving rate of brands and so on. They resort to wholesale markets, department stores and low-pricing shops in sequence. They turn out not to be satisfied with product guarantees, and fashion. They relied on aggressive approaches like exchanges and refund in case they were dissatisfied with jeans.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.77-95
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• 2005

Objectives: This study measured the extent of local legislators' support for tobacco control policies and identified the predictors of that. Methods: Local legislators, from 21 Gu in Seoul Metropolitan City, underwent a self-administrated questionaire during the 6-week period from December 1, 2004 to January 15, 2005. Multiple linear regression model was used to assess relationships between five groups of variables(political factors including political ideology, personal characteristics, tobacco experiences, tobacco knowledge, contact with local health officers) and support for tobacco control policies based on an 11-item scale. Results: The rates of support for 'penalizing merchants who sell cigarettes to minors' and 'instituting a law mandating that parents should not smoke in a car when children are present' were highest as 87.5% and 82.0% respectively, and those for 'increasing price of cigarettes' and 'regulating stores that sell cigarettes' were lowest as 52.2% and 51.7% respectively. Support was higher among local legislators who thought government had a duty to promote healthy life styles, knew second-hand smoke could cause lung cancer, knew tobacco caused more deaths than alcohol. Support among ex-smokers and nonsmokers was higher than current smokers. Conclusions: The findings indicate that local legislators who oppose tobacco control measures may not be opposed to tobacco control per se, but are more generally opposed to a government role in health promotion, Thus, Tobacco control advocates need to be more attentive to the way tobacco control issues are framed for particular legislators. Further, they could work to increase tobacco knowledge among local legislators.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.904-913
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• 2005

This paper deals with an integrated problem of inventory control and dynamic pricing strategies for a commodity with price and sales-period dependent demand pattern, where a seller and customers have complete information of each other. The problem consists of two parts; one is each buyer's benefit problem which makes the best decision on price and time for buyer to purchase items, and the other one is a seller's profit problem which decides an optimal sales strategy concerned with inventory control and discount schedule. The seller's profit function consists of sales revenue and inventory holding cost functions. The two parts are closely related into each other with some related variables, so that any existing general solution methods can not be applied. Therefore, a simplified model with single seller and two customers in considered first, where demand for multiple units is allowed to each customer within a time limit. Therewith, the model is generalized for a n-customer-classes problem. To solve the proposed n-customer-set problem, a dynamic programming algorithm is derived. In the proposed dynamic programming algorithm, an intermediate profit function is used, which is computed in case of a fixed initial inventory level and then adjusted in searching for an optimal inventory level. This leads to an optimal sales strategy for a seller, which can derive an optimal decision on both an initial inventory level and a discount schedule, in $O(n^2)$ time. This result can be used for some extended problems with a small customer set and a short selling period, including sales strategy for department stores, Dutch auction for items with heavy holding cost, open tender of materials, quantity-limited sales, and cooperative buying in the on/off markets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.27-39
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• 2010

In addition, an intense competition depending on the diversity of consumer demands women's clothing brands show changes in market organization such as diversification of the circulation market and general market depression in this rapidly changing fashion environment. Companies tend to use fashion VMD (a marketing-strategic approach) as a differentiation method to create a fashion brand shop image as brand differentiation becomes difficult due to generalization of techniques. This study analyzes forms and types of VMD recognized by consumers within this marketing communication environment and Q methodology was adapted to analyze the subjective internal order of individuals. First, a set of stimuli that presented the brand name and another without it were prepared (two sets in total) to examine the effects in the presentation of the brand name. Stimulants with the brand name were presented to the subjects by the same method after an experiment through stimuli without the brand name presented. As a result, VMD recognition factors were classified into 4 Q factors in cases of stimuli without brand names and 2 factors in cases of stimuli with brand names. This indicates that among brand functions, the role of simplifying information management and grasping the thoughts of consumers was applied. This study has a practical value of presenting VMD directions of each brand image based on the factors discovered.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.74-82
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• 2015

Ryanodine receptor (RyR) is one of the two major $Ca^{2+}$ channels in membranes of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ stores and is found in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), endoplasmic reticulum (ER). RyR1 is also the major calmodulin-binding protein of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. Residues 4064-4210 in the RyR1 polypeptide chain has similar primary sequence with calmodulin (CaM) and was designated as CaM-like domain (CaMLD). When expressed as a recombinant peptide, CaMLD showed several CaM-like properties in previous studies. Still, previous studies of CaMLD were focused on protein-protein interactions rather than its own properties. Here, we studied the expression of CaMLD and its sub-domains corresponding to each lobe of CaM in Escherichia coli. CaMLD could be obtained only as inclusion body, and it was refolded using urea solubilization followed by dialysis. Using spectroscopic approaches, such as NMR, circular dichroism, and gel filtration experiment, we found that the refolded CaMLD exists as nonspecific aggregate, even though it has alpha helical secondary structure. In comparison, the first half of CaMLD (R4061-4141) could be obtained as natively soluble protein with thioredoxin fusion. After the removal of the fusion tag, it exhibited folded and helical properties as shown by NMR and circular dichroism experiments. Its oligomeric status was different from CaMLD, existing as dimeric form in solution. However, the second half of the protein could not be obtained as soluble protein regardless of fusion tag. Based on these results, we believe that CaMLD, although similar to CaM in sequence, has quite different physicochemical properties and that the second half of the protein renders it the aggregative properties.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.65-76
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• 2007

Purpose: It is generally accepted that smooth muscle contraction is triggered by intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) released from intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ stores such as sarcoplasmic teticulum (SR) and from the extracellular space. The increased $[Ca^{2+}]^i$ can phosphorylate the 20,000 dalton myosin light chain $(MLC_{20})$ by activating MLC kinase (MLCK), and this initiates smooth muscle contraction. In addition to the $[Ca^{2+}]_i$MACK-tension pathway, a number of intracellular signal molecules, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase C (PKC) and others, play important roles in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction. However, the mechanisms regulating contraction of depletion of SR $Ca^{2+}$ in mouse gastric smooth muscle strips is not still clear. Methods: To investigate the rotes of $Ca^{2+}$ influx and SR $Ca^{2+}$ release channel on gastric motility, isometric contraction and $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ were examined in mouse gastric smooth muscle strips. Results: High KCl, ryanodine, an activator of $Ca^{2+-}$induced $Ca^{2+}$ release channel, and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), an inhibitor of SR $Ca^{2+-}$ATPase evoked a sustained increase in muscle contraction and $[Ca^{2+}]_i$. These increases induced by high KCl, ryanodine, and CPA were partially blocked by application of verapamil ($10{\mu}M$), a L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel inhibitor. Additionally, in $Ca^{2+-}$free solution (1 mM EGTA), ryanodine and CPA had no effect contraction and $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in fundic muscle strips. Conclusion: These results that extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ influx and depletion of SR trigger $Ca^{2+}$ influx through verapamil-sensitive $Ca^{2+}$ channel, and extracellular and SR $Ca^{2+}$ store may functionally involve in the subcellular $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization in mouse gastric muscle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.4 s.103
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• pp.15-32
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to research on the actual condition of production and selling in silver apparel market. For the questionnaire, 19 women's wear brands which were in higher ranking of sales in boutiques and madame-zone of department stores were selected. Pattern makers of each brand were questioned about 40 items for this research. The results of the questionnaire were as follows: 1) According to the result of the survey on the made-to-wear production of 19 ready-to-wear manufacturers, there was the gap was in ages between the target and the real consumer. Consumers of these brands were older and aged more broadly than their target ages. 2) Most of the consumers of silver-zone has thick waists, common heights, fat shapes. Custom-made clothes are ordered in many cases because of the big abdomen(50.0%) and H-shape(58.3%) of a somatotype. The body size variation of user population is needed for a good fit. 3) All brands(100%) of this research are using KS standards in the label of clothing, but they don't use these data in their production by reason of unawareness and distrust about these data. These inconsistency between the label and the real size of products may cause a confusion when consumers buy ready-to-wear. 4) Silver apparel manufacturers have need of anthropometry information and dummy(78.6%) suitable for their target consumers to increase their satisfaction about their apparel fit.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 1965

1. In the tortoise, Amyda japonica, a cold-blooded animal readily available in this country, the role of catecholamines in the regulation of free fatty acids(FFA) metabolism was investigated in both in vivo and in vitro studies. 2. Norepinephrine elevated both FFA and glucose levels in plasma. 3. When $50{\mu}g/kg$ of Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and Isopropylarterenol were administered intravenously, the relative effectiveness of mobilizing FFA was in the descending order of potency-Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and Isopropylarterenol. 4. In order to exclude the 'tonic influence of the endogenous catecholamines', reserpine was given to some animals. Two days after the reserpine-treatment, glucose showed a significant increase over the solely vehicle treated controls, FFA but an insignificant one. Excised auricles from those animals showed a diminished response to tyramine. Seven days after the treatment, however, when the depletion of catecholamines from the tissue stores seemed to be complete, judged from the absence of the response of isolated auricles to tyramine, both FFA and glucose levels were definitely lowered. 5. In in vitro experiments Epinephrine enhanced the FFA-release from the adipose tissue. The effect increased proportionately with the concentration until a maximal effect was attained at a concentration of 1x $10^5$ g/ml. 6. The order of potency in releasing FFA from adipose tissue in vitro was the same as in vitro, i.e., Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and Isopropylarterenol, but the differences were much less marked. 7. Ergotamine exerted no lipolytic action, but inhibited the lipolytic effect ef Epinephrine significantly. 8. Nethalide showed a slight lipolytic effect per se but inhibited the Epinephrine-induced lipolysis significantly. 9. Catecholamines play an important role in regulating FFA metabolism in the cold-blooded animal, just as in the warm-blooded animals, and the tortoise, Amyda japonica, may be used in the studies of fat metabolism as well as the rat.