• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.29-40
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• 2019

이 연구의 목적은 한국어 음소의 최소대립쌍 출현 양상에 대해 계량언어학적으로 알아보는 것이다. 최소대립쌍은 한 언어에서 음소의 체계를 세우는 데 중요한 역할을 하고, 기능부담량의 측정에도 중요한 척도가 됨에도 불구하고 아직까지 한국어 음소의 최소대립쌍에 대한 전면적인 연구가 이루어지지 않았다. 이를 위해 "우리말샘"의 표제어 325,715개의 발음을 대상으로 초성 위치에서의 자음 최소대립쌍의 개수를 절대수치와 상대수치로 산출하고, 최소대립쌍을 이루는 두 단어의 품사 관계에 대해서 분석했다. "우리말샘"을 연구의 대상으로 삼은 이유는 최소대립쌍 분석은 기본적으로 사전을 통해서 이루어져야 한다고 판단했고, 한국어 사전 중 규모가 가장 크기 때문이다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 최소대립쌍은 총 153가지, 337,135개였다. 개수가 많은 음소 쌍(/ㅅ-ㅈ/, /ㄱ-ㅅ/, /ㄱ-ㅈ/, /ㄱ-ㅂ/, /ㄱ-ㅎ/)은 평음의 비중이 높고, 개수가 적은 음소 쌍(/ㅃ-ㅋ/, /ㄹ-ㅃ/, /ㅉ-ㅋ/, /ㄸ-ㅋ/, /ㅆ-ㅋ/)은 경음의 비중이 높았다. 최소대립쌍 형성에 많은 역할을 담당하는 음소를 개별 음소 단위에서 살펴보면 /ㄱ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅂ, ㅊ/ 순으로 높게 나타났는데, 경구개음의 비율이 높게 나타난 것이 특징적이었다. 삼지적 상관속을 이루는 장애음의 최소 대립쌍 관계에도 조음 위치와 조음 방법에 따라 차이가 나타났다. 최소대립쌍의 절대수치와 상대수치의 상관계수는 0.937로 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 둘째, 최소대립쌍을 이루는 두 단어의 품사는 '명사-명사'의 최소대립쌍이 70.25%로 가장 많았고, 그다음으로 '동사-동사' 쌍이 14.77%로 나타나 이 두 유형이 전체 85% 이상을 차지했다. 초성 최소대립쌍의 품사 일치율은 87.91%로 나타나 최소대립쌍은 의미 형태적으로도 비슷한 범주로 묶일 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 연구의 결과는 한국어 음소와 관련된 기초 자료로서 국어학, 언어 병리학, 언어 교육, 언어 습득, 음성 공학 등의 다양한 응용 분야에서 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제9권12호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2009

온라인 게임에서의 언어폭력 문제는 매우 심각하지만 그에 대한 효과적인 정책이나 기술적인 방법은 부족한 상황이다. 온라인 게임 서비스 업체에서는 금칙어 리스트를 작성하여 Swear Filter를 이용한 고정된 형식의 문자열 검색 방식을 통해 문제를 해결하려고 하고 있으나 사용자들은 다양한 방법으로 욕설을 조합 또는 변형시켜 기존의 필터링을 회피하고 있다. 특히 한글은 욕설의 변형이 매우 쉬운 특성을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에는 한글에 기초한 변형 욕설을 효율적으로 탐색하여 걸러내는 알고리즘을 제시한다. 이 알고리즘의 주된 특징은 변형 욕설의 표준형 변환과 자소단위의 반 전체 정렬(semi-global alignment), 이다. 실험 결과 저자들이 다양한 인터넷 게임 환경에서 직접 수집한 다종의 욕설 단어들에 대하여 약 90%의 우수한 필터링 성능을 보였다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.310-317
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• 2002

We have examined 20 tongue-tie patients who had been operated the lingual frenectomy in Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial surgery, Pusan National University for the effect of the lingual frenectomy on the tongue motion and speech, and divided patients into groups by age. Each group was separated as follows ; the age of 5-6, 7-9, 10-12, 13-15, and 16-18. We measured the frenal lengh, the range of tongue motion and evaluated the speech pre- and postoperatively. The preoperative patient groups have larger tongue tips and smaller lingual frenums than normal ones. In the preoperative patient group, there was significant obstacle of the protrusive and superior movement of the tongue. The exception was the laterotrusive movement on both sides. There was the lower value of the Picture Consonant Articulation Test(PCAT) in the preoperative 5 to 6 year-old group compared with normal group. In other age groups, there was no significant difference. The range of postoperative PCAT in all age groups has become as similiar as that of normal group. The 5 to 6 year-old group which had significant difference in PCAT was improved in PCAT. In conclusion, we propose that the PCAT as well as anatomical tongue size and functional tongue movement is the basis of the indication of lingual frenectomy and the 5-6 year-old is the optimal time of the lingual frenectomy for improvement of the tongue movement and the speech.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.181-191
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• 2005

한글 문자 인식에 있어서 ' ㅁ '과 ' ㅇ '의 오인식은 전반적인 인석성능의 저하를 가져오는 요소가 되고 있으나 이에 대한 연구가 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 'ㅁ'과 'ㅇ'을 효과적으로 인식하기 위한 새로운 특징 추출 방법을 제안하였다. 제안하는 방법은 변형된 하우스도르프 거리를 이용한 최적의 이웃 반경을 설정하고, 이 반경에 의해 이웃 픽셀과의 각도를 추출하여 두 자소를 구분하는 특징으로 사용하였다 실험을 통하여 분석한 결과 제안하는 특징 추출 방법은 기존의 방법들보다 적은 특징 개수를 사용하여 효율적으로 패턴을 인식할 수 있었으며 우수한 일반성 및 안정성을 나타내었다.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.119-122
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• 2009

Objectives : Ablation of carcinoma of the tongue leads to deficits in speech and swallowing, but none to date has provided all of the qualities of mobility and sensation to simulate the complex function of the tongue. The authors evaluated postoperative swallowing and pronouncing function in patients who underwent tongue reconstruction using free flap. Material and Methods : This is a retrospective review documenting the outcome of 42 patients between January of 1991 and August of 2008. We classified patients according to the size of resection of the tongue like as 7 partial glossectomy, 25 hemiglossectomy, 2 subtotal glossectomy, and 8 total glossectomy. Swallowing function was graded into 4 point scale and pronouncing function was analyzed using picture consonant articulation test. Aspiration was evaluated with videofluoroscopic swallowing study. Results : The average points for swallowing function were 3.43 in partial glossectomy, 3.52 in hemiglossectomy, 3 in subtotal glossectomy, and 2.63 in total glossectomy. The percentage of consonants correct showed 76.5% in partial glossectomy, 72.29% in hemiglossectomy, 47.69% in subtotal glossectomy, and 29.94% in total glossectomy. Aspiration was noted in 3 patients(1 hemiglossectomy and 2 total glossectomy) and 2 total glossectomy patients were taken permanent feeding gastrostomy. Conclusion : Free flap gave us proper volume in tongue reconstruction and showed good result in preserving swallowing function. Swallowing function difference according to the size of defect showed no statistical significance, whereas articulation function was shown to decrease in accuracy as the size of defect was larger.

• 음성과학
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• 제1권
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• pp.237-259
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• 1997

Cleft Palate speech appears to have hyper/hyponasality with velopharyngeal insufficiency and articulation disorders. Previous studies on Cleft Palate speech have shown that speech tends to have lower airflow and air pressure. To examine the aerodynamic characteristics of Cleft Palate speech, Aerophone II Voice function Analyzer was used. We measured sound pressure level, airflow, air pressure and glottal power. Three Cleft Palate adults and five normal adults participated in this experiment. The test words are composed of: (1) the sustained vowel /o/ (2) /CiCi/, where C is one of three different stop consonants in Korean (3) /bimi/. Subjects were asked to produce /bimi/ five times without opening their lips. All the data was statistically tested by t-test for Cleft Palate patients before operation groups and control groups and paired t-test for Cleft Palate patients before and after operation groups. The results were as follow: (1) Cleft Palate patients generally speak with incomplete oral closure and lower oral air pressure. As a result, the SPL of Cleft Palate before operation is 3 dB lower than control groups. (2) Airflow of Cleft Palate in phonation and articulation is lower than that of control groups. However, it increased after operation. Lung volume and mean airflow in phonation are significantly increased (p<0.05). (3) Although velopharyngeal function (velar opening rate) of Cleft Palate is poor in comparison with control groups, it was recovered after operation. In this event maximum flow rate and mean airflow rate are significantly increased (p<0.05). (4) Air pressure of Cleft Palate in speech is lower than that of control groups. In general, the air pressure of Cleft Palate increased after operation. In this event air pressure of glottalized consonant is significantly increased (p<0.04). (5) Glottal Power(mean power, mean efficient and mean resistant) of Cleft Palate patients is lower than that of control groups. But mean efficient and mean resistant of Cleft Palate patients increased significantly (p<0.05) after operation.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.83-102
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• 1989

This study was done to analyze the sound distortion, before and after insertion of the palatal palates. For this study, 4 healthy subjects (3 males and 1 female, each 24-year-old), who were born in Seoul were recruited from K university, and 3 type palatal plates were fabricated, each palatal thickness being 1.0mm, 2.5mm, dentoalveolar portion 2.5mm and elsewhere 1.0mm, named B,C,D-type repectively, and informants's sounds of /사(sa), 서(se), 소(so), 수(su), 스($s\.{+}$), 시(si)/ were recorded, without plate, and with palatal plates of different types, in succession. A series of analysis were adminstered through a 16 Bit IBM PC/AT using linear combination methods. These experiments were analyzed by the Cepstrum (Weighted and Euclidian), Log Area Ratio, Linear prediction correlation methods The findings led to the following conclusions : 1. It was confirmed that the same consonant, /ㅅ(s)/, variously distorted by the following vowel. 2. By and large, 시($s\.{+}$) was the most distorted in all conditions, and (sa), 소(so) were the least distorted in each condition. 3. There were no persistant correlation of the palatal plate types, and sound distortions of each informant were diverse with no regularities. 4. There were persistent correaltion to the Cepstrum (Weighted, Euclidian), Log Area Ratio. However, Linear prediction correlation has a different alteration pattern.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.167-181
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• 2021

Purpose : This study was conducted to investigate whether phonetic complexity affected the type and frequency of articulation errors and the acoustic duration of consonants and words produced by children with functional articulation and phonological disorders. Methods : The participants in this study were 20 children with functional articulation and phonological disorders and 20 children without such disorders who were between 3 years 7 months old and 4 years 11 months old. The participants were asked to name what they saw in pictures and their responses were recorded. The types and frequencies of articulation errors and the acoustic duration of words were analyzed and words were categorized as being of either 'high' or 'low' phonetic complexity. The acoustic duration of initial and final consonants and vowels following initial consonants were compared between the groups according to articulatory complexity. Results : Children with functional articulation and phonological disorders produced articulation errors more frequently when saying high complexity words and had longer word duration when saying low-complexity words than children without such disorders. There was no major difference in initial and final consonant duration between the groups. but the main effect of articulatory complexity on the duration of both consonants was significant. Conclusion : These results suggest that the articulatory-phonic structure of words influences the speech motor control ability of children with functional articulation and phonological disorders. When articulating consonants, children with functional articulation and phonological disorders had speech motor control ability similar to that of children without such disorders.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2000

Objective: In order to investigate the functional brain anatomy associated with verbal and visual working memory, functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed. Materials and Methods: In ten normal right handed subjects, functional MR images were obtained using a 1.5-T MR scanner and the EPI BOLD technique. An item recognition task was used for stimulation, and during the activation period of the verbal working memory task, consonant letters were used. During the activation period of the visual working memory task, symbols or diagrams were employed instead of letters. For the post-processing of images, the SPM program was used, with the threshold of significance set at p < .001. We assessed activated brain areas during the two stimulation tasks and compared the activated regions between the two tasks. Results: The prefrontal cortex and secondary visual cortex were activated bilaterally by both verbal and visual working memory tasks, and the patterns of activated signals were similar in both tasks. The superior parietal cortex was also activated by both tasks, with lateralization to the left in the verbal task, and bilaterally without lateralization in the visual task. The inferior frontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex and temporal gyrus were activated exclusively by the verbal working memory task, predominantly in the left hemisphere. Conclusion: The prefrontal cortex is activated by two stimulation tasks, and this is related to the function of the central executive. The language areas activated by the verbal working memory task may be a function of the phonological loop. Bilateral prefrontal and superior parietal cortices activated by the visual working memory task may be related to the visual maintenance of objects, representing visual working memory.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2008년도 춘계종합학술대회 A
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• pp.763-767
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• 2008

유 무성음의 음원을 이용한 음성부호화 시스템에서는 프레임 내에 유성자음과 무성자음이 공존하는 경우 음질의 왜곡을 수반할 수 있다. 따라서 프레임 내에 유성자음과 무성자음이 공존하지 않도록 하기 위해서 무성자음을 탐색 및 검출을 포함하는 천이구간을 제안하였다. 본 연구는 최소 자승법과 주파수 대역 분할법을 사용함으로써 TS 근사합성의 새로운 방식을 제시하였다 결과적으로 이 방식은 0.547kHz이하와 2.813kHz 이상에서의 주파수 정보를 이용함으로써 TS내에서 고품질의 근사합성 파형을 얻을 수 있었다. 중요한 것은 최대 오류신호는 TS내에 저 왜곡 근사 합성파형이 생길 수 있다는 것이다. 이 방식은 유성음/묵음/TS의 새로운 음성부호화, 음성해석 및 음성합성에 적용할 수 있으리라 생각한다.