• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.608-615
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• 2002

Background : ADA is an enzyme found in most cells, and is involved in purine metabolism, but its chief role concerns the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes, especially T-lymphocytes. For that reason ADA has been looked on as a marker of cell-mediate immunity, which is the key mechanism of the tuberculous pleural effusion. Thus, the pleural fluid ADA activity is increased in the tuberculous pleural effusion. Age associated immune decline is characterized by decreases in both B and T-lymphocyte function and the former may be largely a result of the latter. Therefore, the pleural fluid ADA activity would be lower in old rather than in young, patients with tuberculous pleural effusion. We studied the relationship between age, and pleural fluid ADA activity, in patients with tuberculous pleural effusion. Materials and Methods : In the 46 patients with tuberculous pleural effusion enroll in this study, the pleural fluid ADA activities were measured by means of an automated kinetic method. Results : The mean age of the patients was $53.0{\pm}22.0$ years, with a male to female ratio of 30:16. The patients were divided into two groups, young patients, regarded as < 65 and old regarded as ${\geq}65$ years with 28 and 18 patients, respectively. The pleural fluid ADA activity in both groups show significant differences : $99.4{\pm}22.6$ IU/L(young patients) Vs. $75.8{\pm}30.9$ IU/L(old patients)(p<0.05), but a negative correlation with age (r=-0.311, p<0.05). Conclusion : Although pleural fluid ADA activity was not adequately increased, tuberculous pleural effusion, in older patients, would have to be considered clinically suspicious tuberculous pleural effusion.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.95-106
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• 1996

The infestation rates and abundances of human infecting metacercariae (Clonorchis sinensis, Metcgonimus spry. , Centrocestus crmatus, Echinostoma hortense, Echinochusnus japonicw, Clinostomum complanctum) in freshwater fish were investigated at the three river areas - Taewhagang (river), Hyongsangang (river), Nakdonggang (river) - in Kyongsang-do and at four streams - Yonpungchon, Munsanchon, Kyonganchon, and Konjiamchon- in Kyonggi-do, Korea in 1994-1995. The fish caught at Taewhagang were heavily infested with metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis and Centrocestw armctus. At Hyongsangang, Zncco platypus and Z. temmincki were moderately infested with metacercariae of C. crmctus. Chomanpo, at the basin of Nakdonggang, was still endemic for C. sinensis. In the fish caught at four streams of Kyonggi-do, metacercariae of C. sinensis exhibited the highest infestation rate and intensity out of 6 species of metacercariae. The infestation intensity of C. sinensis metacercariae in fish flesh was markedly different according to each division of flesh. The cause of this difference was conjectured as a result of larval behavior. The metacercariae of C. omnt5 were found in almost all parts, except scales and fins, of fish. The infestation rates and intensities of C. sinensis and C. armntus metacercariae in Taewhagang greatly increased as compared with those of previous reports . RhinoBobius bmnneus and Aconthorhone5 macropterus are newly recorded intermediate hosts of Echinostonn hortense. The reason of large differences from previous data was discussed and the standard method of metacercaria examination was proposed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.190-196
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• 2010

Nowadays many people use antibiotics to protect processed foods from many pathogenic bacteria. The abuse of antibiotics, however, can run the risk of creating resistant forms of bacterium. Our study focus is on making new substances that can not only replace antibiotics but also be friendly to the environment. In our experiments, we used fermented citrus fruit, soil microbes and coenzyme Q10 as probiotics and prebiotics. Chickens in the experimental group were fed these substances via oral route while those in the control group were not. After specific time periods, blood and feces samples were collected to test for Salmonella spp.. It is interesting that fermented citrus fruit was the most effective in suppressing this bacterium. Furthermore, dissection of the experiment group chickens shows that their livers did not change to a yellow color, in contrast to the control group. The results confirmed our proposal that the chickens fed with these materials can be protected from infection by Salmonella and other pathogens. These probiotics and prebiotics are highly practical because they are natural substances that can be easily recycled in the environment. It can also be used as an animal feed ingredient because of its safety.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.165-176
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• 1994

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the timing and dose of human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG) on oocyte recovery, in vitro fertilization, and preimplantation development in superovulation of mouse. F1 hybrid($C57BL{\times}CBA$) mice were obtained and superovulation was induced in female mice by sequential intraperitoneal injection of PMSG and hCG. In the first series of experiments, mice received 5 IU of PMSG given intraperitoneally, and 48 hours later were injected 1 IU, 5 IU, or 10 IU of hCG respectively. In the second series of experiments, mice received 5 IU of PMSG given intraperitoneally and were injected 5IU of hCG 36, 48, or 60 hours later respectively. 1. When the mice received 5 IU of PMSG given intraperitoneally and 48 hours later were injected 1 ItT, 5 IU, or 10 IU of hCG respectively, there were no differences in the total number of the oocytes obtained from the three experimental groups. When the cultures were examined 48 hrs after the termination of insemination the proportion of unfragmented oocytes which had developed over two-cell stage was observer to be lowest in 10 IU hCG group. When the cultrues were examined 120 hour after termination of insemination the proportion of embryos which had developed to the blastocyst stage was observed to be significantly higher in 10IU hCG group than 5IU hCG group(p<0.05), but there was no difference between 10 IU hCG group and 1IU hCG group. 2. When the mice received 5 IU of PMSG and were injected 5 IU of hCG 36, 48, or 60 hours later respectively, there were no differences in the total number of oocytes obtained from the three experimental groups. When cultures were examined 48 hour after the termination of insemination the proportion of unfragmented oocytes which had developed over two-cell stage was observed to be significantly lower in 36 hour interval group than 48 hour interval and 60 hour interval group(p<0.05). When the cultures were examined 120 hour after termination of insemination the proportion of embryos which had developed to the blastocyst stage was found to be higher in 60 hour interval group than 36 interval or 48 hour interval group (P<0.05), and the proportion of hatching blastocyst was found to be higher in 60 hour interval group as well. In this study, it was concluded that the administration of adequate dose of hCG, and long (60 hour) PMSG-hCG interval were necessary in superovulation of mice($C57BL{\times}CBA$) in order to get a large number of oocytes which had an early oocytes which had an early embryonic developmental capability when fertilized in vitro, and especially it had better have been avoided to administer a large dose of hCG.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.175-188
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• 2008

This study was performed to describe the influence of water temperature and salinity on the filtration rate of the hard clam, Meretrix petechialis. The filtration rates of hard clams showed significant differences depending on both water temperature and age group (two-way ANOVA, p < 0.001). The filtration rate of all the hard clams, aged from 1 to 4 years, was generally reduced in low temperature range ( $5-15^{\circ}C$). As the water temperature increased, the filtration rate increased exponentially. The filtration rate was relatively high in $20-30^{\circ}C$ water temperature range, but rapidly decreased again at around $35^{\circ}C$. Variations in the data for filtration rates of hard clams, relative to age and changing water temperature, were used to determine the temperature coefficient $Q_{10}$ in each water temperature range. In $5-15^{\circ}C$ temperature range, every age group showed the highest $Q_{10}$ figure. It was found that on the whole, the higher the water temperature was, the lower the number of $Q_{10}$ was. Regardless of age, the number of $Q_{10}$ was higher in the lower water temperature range. In $25-35^{\circ}C$ temperature range, the number of $Q_{10}$ was less than 1.00 in all age groups, implying that this is the range in which the filtration rate decreased. Variations in the filtration rate also showed very clear differences (two-way ANOVA, p < 0.001) according to changing salinity and age. All the age groups, from 1 to 4 year olds, showed low filtration rates at both low salinity (10-15 psu) and high salinity (40 psu). The highest filtration rate was recorded at 30 psu, and relatively high filtration rates were found around 30 psu. However, the Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc multiple comparison test found that the hard clams in the 1-year group showed high filtration rates in a relatively narrower salinity range compared to those in the 2, 3, and 4 year groups. In other words, hard clams in the 2, 3, and 4 year groups showed high filtration rates at higher levels of salinity.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2017

This study investigated the quality characteristics of cream soup added with Pleurotus eryngii powder. Pleurotus eryngii was dried in a hot air dryer at $40^{\circ}C$ for 8 hours and at $60^{\circ}C$ for 8 hours. The dried Pleurotus eryngii was pulverized using a pin mill, and the powder was sieved through a 60~100 mesh. Sensory evaluations of cream soup added with different-sized particles of Pleurotus eryngii powder were performed. Cream soup added with Pleurotus eryngii powder of particles below $150{\mu}m$ showed good appearance, taste, and mouth-feel. Quality characterization of cream soup added with 5~20% Pleurotus eryngii powder showed that L value decreased with increasing Pleurotus eryngii, whereas a and b values increased. Sensory evaluations revealed that cream soup with 15% Pleurotus eryngii powder had significantly better taste, mouth-feel, and overall acceptability (p<0.05) than other samples. Thus, cream soup with 15% Pleurotus eryngii powder of particle size below $150{\mu}m$ was the most desirable and could be successfully used as convenience food in the food processing industry.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.833-841
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• 2010

This study was conducted to develop patties by substituting a portion of meat by bamboo (Sasa borealis) leaf extract (SBE) and/or cooked rice. Four types of patty were prepared: Control, S, SI, and SII. S was the patty for which 2.5% of meat was substituted with SBE. SI and SII were the patties with 25% or 50%, of meat, respectively, substituted with cooked rice containing SBE. The moisture contents of S, SI, and SII patties were not changed. The compositions of fat, cholesterol, and protein of S, SI, and SII patties were decreased. Cooking loss of weight as well as the diameters of S, SI, and SII patties were decreased. pH was increased in S patty, hardness was reduced in SI and SII patties, and malondialdehyde values were lowered in S, SI, and SII patties, compared to control. The S, SI, and SII patties were evaluated higher for color in sensory tests and preference tests. Through preference tests of burgers with these patties, the overall taste of the SI patty was assessed highly among the 4 patties. Therefore, it may be concluded that developing a patty by substituting a portion of meat with SBE and/or cooked rice may be worthwhile.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.309-314
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• 1999

In order to produce high concentration of sodium gluconate, optimization of the fermentation conditions, such as glucose concentration, inoculum size, dissolved oxygen concentration and glucose feeding method, was examined. When the glucose concentration was maintained in the range of 30∼50 g/L during the batch fermentation, glucose conversion yield and productivity were 92.2% and 6.0 g/L/hr, respectively. In the case of the low concentration below 30 g/L, the yield decreased by about 25%. As the inoculum size increased above 20%(w/v), lag phase was shortened but the productivity decreased. The dissolved oxygen level of 60∼70% was shown to be the threshold point for 75% of increase in the productivity of sodium gluconate. Finally, optimal glucose feeding rate was determined using various feeding methods such as exponential feeding, feeding based on the average glucose consumption rate and was determined using various feeding methods such as exponential feeding, feeding based on the average glucose consumption rate and on the oxygen uptake rate and etc. Our result shows that glucose feeding, based on the oxygen uptake rate is a very simple, efficient and robust method, especially when oxygen is consumed as a substrate for the bioconversion. Using the above glucose feeding strategy under the optimized condition, 255 g/L of sodium gluconate concentration, 12 g/L/hr of productivity and 95% of glucose conversion yield were achieved with A. niger ACM53.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.361-374
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• 2009

For successful osteogenesis around the implants, interaction between implant surface and surrounding tissue is important. Biomechanical bonding and biochemical bonding are considered to influence the response of adherent cells. But the focus has shifted surface chemistry. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the MC3T3-E1 osteoblast like cell responses of magnesium (Mg) ion implanted titanium surface produced using a plasma source ion implantation method. Commercially pure titanium disc was used as substrates. The discs were prepared to produce four different surface, A: Machine turned surface, B: Mg implanted surface, C: sandblasted surface, D: sandblasted and Mg implanted surface. MC3T3 El osteoblastic like cells were cultured on the disc specimens. Cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and synthesis of extracellular matrix were evaluated. The cell adhesion morphology was evaluated by SEM. RT PCR assay was used for assessment of cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. ALP activity was measured for cell differentiation. The results of this study were as follows: 1. SEM showed that cell on Mg ion groups was more proliferative than that of non Mg ion groups. On the machine turned surface, cell showed some degree of contact guidance in aligning with the machining grooves. 2. In RT PCR analysis, osteonectin and c-fos mRNA were more expressed on sandblasted and Mg ion implanted group. 3. ALP activity was not significantly different among all groups. Within the limitations of this study, the following conclusions were drawn: It might indicate Mg ion implanted titanium surface induce better bone response than non Mg ion groups.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 1995

Objective : Patients with sleep apnea should be diagnosed with polysomnography(PSG). However, it is not easy to recommend PSG for all patients suspected with sleep apnea in practice. Therefore, we tried to develop the screening test for referral of PSG. Method : 140 patients with snoring and sleep apnea syndrome were studied by the PSG. Sleep apnea questionnaire. Zung's scale for depression. Stanford Sleepiness Scale(SSS), insomnia scale and neuropsychological test were administered. Also, blood pressure, height, weight and neck circumference were measured and some histories were taken. Correlations between respiratory disturbance index(RDI) and various parameters mentioned above and discriminant coefficients of the parameters to RDI were computed. And, we investigated sensitivities of screening tests for selection of the patients with RDI above 20. Results : Using six parameters(neck circumference, systolic blood pressure before sleep, degree of alcohol drinking, frequency of breath-holding during sleep, degree of dry mouth during sleep, sleep apnea score), the patients with RDI above 20 could be discriminated in 92.8% sensitivity. In case of more than two among six parameters(neck circumference of above 40cm, systolic blood pressure of above 125mmHg, frequent alcohol drinking, frequent breath-holding during sleep, frequent dry mouth during sleep, sleep apnea score of above 35), same patients could be discriminated in 87.6% sensitivity. And, in case of more than one among four parameters(neck circumference of above 40cm. systolic blood pressure of above 125mmHg, frequent alcohol drinking, body weight of above 80kg), discrimination sensitivity was 83.5%. Conclusions : Patients with RDI above 20 could be discriminated by above parameters with high sensitivity. Therefore, the screening test using above parameters can be applied in selection of the patients with sleep apnea for PSG in practice.