• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2005

It is widely accepted that, at present, the SO$_2$ emissions in China are not increasing thanks to the rigorous Chinese government policies. However, with the development of western China, it is possible that the SO$_2$ emission amounts might increase in regional scale. In this study, changes of sulfur deposition pattern and unprotected ecosystem in east Asia due to the sulfur emission pattern changes in China are studied by using the RAINS-Asia model. Five scenarios have been postulated to understand the effects on east Asia, especially, on Korea and Japan. It is found that the increase of SO$_2$ emission in western China might increase the total emission in whole China. And the amount of sulfur deposition from western China on east Asia would be higher than those from eastern China. The deposition amount of sulfur species on Asia is 3.2 Mt when SO$_2$ are emitted from western China only while 2.6 Mt from eastern China only. Generally, Korea and Japan are influenced more by emissions from eastern China than western China. However, if the SO$_2$ emissions from western China increase by 100% while those decrease by 10% in eastern China compared to the base case, the deposition amount of sulfur species on Korea and Japan would be higher than the base case. The fraction of unprotected ecosystem in Korea and Japan for the base case are 50 and 5%. However, if the emissions from western China increase by 100% while those decrease by 10% in eastern China, the fraction of unprotected ecosystem in Korea and Japan would be 52 and 6%.

• Strategy21
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• s.42
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• pp.154-195
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• 2017

This paper is to analyse conflict between the US and China over the South China Sea and Korea's responses. To this end the paper is composed of 6 chapters titled instruction; the current status of South China Sea sovereignty disputes; changes in US and Chinese maritime security strategies and the strategic values of the South China Sea; key issues and future prospects for US-China conflicts in the South China Sea; South Korea's security and diplomatic responses; and conclusion. The recent East Asian maritime security issue has evolved into a global issue of supremacy between the US and China, beyond conflicts over territorial disputes and demarcation among the countries in the region. China is pursuing offensive ocean policy to expand economic growth. The core of the maritime order that the United States intends to pursue is the freedom of navigation in the oceans and the maintenance of maritime access. China is making artificial islands in the South China Sea, claiming the sovereignty of these islands, building strategic bases in East Asia, and securing routes. The United States has developed several "Freedom of Navigation Operations" to neutralize the declaration of the territorial sea surrounding Chinese artificial islands. We can not be free from marine conflicts in the South China Sea and the East China Sea. Regarding the South China Sea dispute, it is expected that the strategic competition and conflict between the two countries will intensify due to China's failure to make concessions of core interests and adherence to the US compliance with international norms. In the midst of conflict over the South China Sea, we need a harmonious balance between our alliance security and economic diplomacy. We must continue our efforts to strengthen the ROK-US alliance but not to make China an enemy. Considering the significant impacts of the oceans on the survival and prosperity of the nation, we must continue to develop our interest in the oceans, appropriate investments and tactical strategies.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

To compare the lighting environment of kitchen and bathrooms in the apartments in China and Korea, this research conducted a study of the current status, targeting 68 households in China and 79 households in Korea. The results are as follows. First, the Korean kitchen space is a little bigger than China's, but the height of the sink and table show no difference. China does not use local lighting in the kitchen. And Korea 40.2[%], China 65.6[%] is sink's KS based was below. In the case of the dining table, KS criteria satisfy both Korean and Chinese standards. 20[%] appear to be very feeble; urgent improvements are required. Secondly, regarding the size of the bathroom, Korea and China show similar sizes; the average height of the vanities and toilet is higher in Korea than in China by 2[cm]. China does not use local lighting in the bathroom. The levels of illumination were measured; lighting is higher in China's bathrooms compared to Korea's.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

To compare the lighting environment of the living rooms in the apartments in Korea and China, this research conducted a study of the current status, targeting 79 households in Korea and 68 households in China. The results are the following. First, the two nations use mostly fluorescent light as the general lighting for the living room. China, in particular, share of not using the local lighting is very high. Secondly, levels of illumination was measured. The result demonstrates that the brightness of the lighting is higher in Korea compared to China while China demonstrates higher uniformity ratio for the levels of illumination compared to Korea. However, levels of illumination in general are very low in China. Thus, it cannot be concluded that China offers favorable lighting environment. Third, study on the degree of living room lighting's brightness and satisfaction level demonstrates that they are both average in Korea and China. As for the important points for the house lighting, most Koreans cited 'brightness of the lighting' while most Chinese said 'ease of maneuvering'.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

This study compared the recommended levels of illumination for housing. KS Recommended Levels of Illumination (KS A 3011) in Korea, Recommended Levels of Illumination (GB 50034-2004) in China and Recommended Levels of Illumination (JIS Z 9110) in Japan are compared. The results are as below. First, recommended levels of illumination used in Korea China Japan are suggested by different locations and activities. However, classification for application scope is set differently. There are 10 areas for classification used in Korea, 5 areas in China, and 13 areas in China. When medium levels for classification are included as classification level, total of 15 areas are used for classification in China. Second, when considering there are 15 areas of application scope in China for recommended levels of illumination, there are 7 areas that are commonly used in Korea China Japan. 7 areas include stadium, factories, hospitals, office, shopping center, houses and hospitals. Third, working surface is considered as the height for recommended levels of illumination in Korea China Japan. Korea and Japan consider all working positions, standing and sitting position, when deciding the height. However, China only considers the standing position. Fourth, application scope for recommended levels of illumination for housing are classified in 16 areas in Korea, 5 in China and 18 in Japan. Thus, the application scope for recommended levels of illumination in housing in Korea is similar to Japan. However, there are only 5 areas used in China such as living room, bedroom, dining room, kitchen and sanitary room. Fifth, recommended levels of illumination is classified in 3 levels such as Lowest-Moderate-Highest while China and Japan only have standard recommended levels of illumination. Sixth, when observing recommended levels of illumination by type of activities, Japan classified the activities in greatest detail followed by Korea and then China. Seventh, Recommended levels of illumination differs by each country.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.275-288
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• 2004

The rising of east-north economic bloc is notable in world economy due to the rapidly growth of china economy. The China's economic standing is gradually higher and higher because the joining of the WTO at 2001, development of the exterior open-door policy and the expansion of the trade between chain and several nations. Since Korea and China normalized diplomatic ties in 1992, the two have made remarkable progress in bilateral relations in the fields of economy and diplomacy in particular. The amount of Korea's trade with China has increased by over 20% a year on the average because of the development of the economic cooperation of Korea and China. That is to say, China was sixth trade partner by the end of 1993, based on the amount of trade. But China became third partner at 1993, second partner at 2003 and first partner at the first half of 2004, based on the amount of trade. Korea can not trade with China from the Korea's port opening period to Cold War period after second world war. But historically, the two countries have shared a active and long history of trade relations from the ancient times up to now. This is because two countries get near geographically and two countries have a implication of history and culture. Not only had Korea trade with China at prehistoric age, but also at BC 7. We knew that Korea had traded with China very actively at ancient times through the Paekje(Korea's ancient country) people's village at Santung province and Changbogo's trade works. Korea-china trade relation has played an important role for the development of world economy. Therefor, based on reviewing the korea-china trade, I study the historical meaning of the trade at the region of east-north asia.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.131-148
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• 2011

Our work empirically investigates the cultural differences of Social Networking Service (SNS) users in China, Korea and U.S. We construct a survey questionnaire from existing literature and test it for reliability, validity, and model fit. Then we collect data and validate the cultural differences of SNS users in three nations. Our results show different rankings from existing literature in cultural dimensions about three nations. In terms of masculinity, we find China > U.S. > Korea, similar to Hofstede. In individualism, we find U.S. > Korea > China, different from Hofstede (U.S. > China > Korea). In power distance, it is shown that Korea > China > U.S., different from Hofstede (China > Korea > U.S.). Uncertainty avoidance is found that U.S. > Korea > China, lowered ranking of Korea from the top among three nations in Hofstede. We find that these outcomes would be useful in updating national culture of the three nations and for future research about cultural impacts on SNS adoption.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.95-110
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• 2021

Purpose - This paper intends to conduct theoretical analysis and empirical test on the action mechanism of South Korea-China trade and South Korea's FDI to China on green total factor productivity, so as to provide a new perspective and ideas for the improvement of China's green total factor productivity and promote the high-quality development of China's economy Design/methodology - This paper uses the data of 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China from 2004 to 2017 as the research sample, adopts the GML index method of SBM Directional Distance Function to measure GTFP, and analyzes the influence of South Korea-China trade and FDI from South Korea on China's GTFP. Findings - Trade is conducive to promoting technological progress, which has a significant promotion effect on China's green total factor productivity. While FDI has a significant inhibitory effect on China's green total factor productivity, which verifies the "pollution haven" hypothesis. In addition, such influence has certain regional overall heterogeneity. Trade has a more significant promoting effect on GTFP in eastern coastal areas, while FDI has a more significant inhibitory effect on GTFP in central and western inland areas. The interaction between trade and FDI is conducive to the improvement of green total factor productivity, indicating that the benign mechanism of trade and FDI has been formed. Urbanization, industrial structure, human resource level and investment in science and technology are all conducive to the improvement of GTFP. Originality/value - Through theoretical analysis and empirical test on the action mechanism of South Korea-China trade and South Korea's FDI on green total factor productivity, this paper provides a solid theoretical foundation for the further development of China-South Korea economic and trade cooperation in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.373-392
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• 2018

The emission of air pollutants in China has increased rapidly as its economy expanded over the last decades. The Chinese government has recently acknowledged the seriousness of the resulting air pollution and is trying to improve air quality in many ways. Here, we review the air quality control and management policies in China, one of our closest neighbors, because these policies may also influence the air quality in Korea. This study examined the recent policies on $PM_{2.5}$ reduction and analyzed the variation in air quality and air pollutant emissions in China. The ambient air quality and emission standards in China have been strengthened, based on China's Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan of 2013. As a result, the annual mean concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ in 2015 in 74 large Chinese cities declined by 23.6% compared with 2013 values. Coal consumption in China also has been reduced by more than 10% per year since 2013. Furthermore, the laws controlling atmospheric emissions were revised again in 2016, and an air pollution forecasting and warning system was implemented to help manage air pollution problems. At present, the Chinese government is trying to evaluate its policies on $PM_{2.5}$ and find a new paradigm to mitigate ongoing $PM_{2.5}$ pollution. In this context, a joint study between Korea and China has been initiated to investigate the characteristics and sources of ambient $PM_{2.5}$ and to identify factors contributing to the high $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in northeast China. We expect that this academic collaboration will benefit both countries in their search for new policies for $PM_{2.5}$ reduction.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.243-265
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• 2010

North Korea sharing a border with China has developed economic relations with China for a long time. During the cold war(from 1950s to late 1980s), political, military and economic ties between the two countries have become stronger because they had maintained the same political and economic system. However their economic relations have significantly changed after China has adopted market economies since the late 1970s. In particular, trade volume has been shrinked significantly since the late 1990s when China began to ask hard currency payments in their commercial transactions. This paper aims to investigate the conditions and prospects of trade and logistics relations between North Korea and China including the problems existed and then make some suggestions to foster their trade relations. In conclusion in order to develop its trade relations with China, it is suggested that North Korea should make significant changes in its economic and logistics system including infrastructure, institutional schemes, social and trade practices ect. because most problems in bilateral trade have been incurred from North Korea.