• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2016

Purpose - In this paper, the degree of similarity and dissimilarity between pairs of 50 major cities in China can be shown on the basis of three evaluation variables(internet businessman index, internet shopping index and e-commerce development index). Dissimilarity distance matrix is used to analyze both similarity and dissimilarity between each fifty city in China by calculating dissimilarity as distance. Higher value signifies higher degree of dissimilarity between two cities. Cluster analysis is exploited to classify 50 cities into a number of different groups such that similar cities are placed in the same group. In addition, multidimensional scaling(MDS) technique can obtain visual representation for exploring the pattern of proximities among 50 major cities in China based on three development performance attributes. Research design, data, and methodology - This research is performed by the 2013 report provided with AliResearch in China(1/1/2013~11/30/2013) and utilized multivariate methods such as dissimilarity distance matrix, cluster analysis and MDS by using CLUSTER, KMEANS, PROXIMITIES and ALSCAL procedures in SPSS 21.0. Results - This research applies two types of cluster analysis and MDS on three development performances based on the 2013 report of Aliresearch. As a result, it is confirmed that grouping is possible by categorizing the types into four clusters which share similar characteristics. MDS is exploited to carry out positioning of both grouped locations of cluster and 50 major cities belonging to each cluster. Since all the values corresponding to Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Hangzhou(which belong to cluster 1 among 50 major cities) are very large, these cities are superior to other cities in all three evaluation attributes. Twelve cities(Beijing, ShangHai, Jinghua, ZhuHai, XiaMen, SuZhou, NanJing, DongWan, ZhangShan, JiaXing, NingBo and FoShan), which belong to cluster 3, are inferior to those of cluster 1 in terms of all three attributes, but they can be expected to be the next e-commerce revolution. The rest of major cities, in particular, which belong to cluster 4 are relatively inferior in all three attributes, so that this automatically evokes creative innovation, which leads to e-commerce development as a whole in China. In terms of internet businessman index, on the other hand, Tainan, Taizhong, and Gaoxiong(which belong to cluster 2) are situated superior to others. However, these three cities are inferior to others in an internet shopping index sense. The rest of major cities, in particular, which belong to cluster 4 are relatively inferior in all three evaluation attributes, so that this automatically evokes innovation and entrepreneurship, which leads to e-commerce development as a whole in China. Conclusions - This study suggests the implications to help e-governmental officers and companies make strategies in both Korea and China. This is expected to give some useful information in understanding the recent situation of e-commerce in China, by looking over development performances of 50 major cities. Therefore, we should develop marketing, branding and communication relevant to online Chinese consumers. One of these efforts will be incentives like loyalty points and coupons that can encourage consumers and building in-house logistics networks.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.52-65
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• 2001

Between 1985 and 1997 the diffusion of private passenger cars first occurred in major cities such as Seoul, Busan, Daegu and the satellite cities of the capital city that enjoyed high incomes and advanced service industries and then it gradually expanded to industrial and major provincial cities while posting a downturn in the major cities. Factor contrbuting to this phenomenon most significantly was the rate of employment in the financial insurance, real estate, and business service sectors in 1985 and 1990. The most ingluential factor in 1997 was the rate of employment in agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishery. When measured against 1991 as a yardstick, the spatiotemporal ditribution rate of private passenger cars was highly between 1985 and 1990 in Seoul's satellite cities and major regional cities, showing a large inter-regional gap in terms of diffusion rate. The period from 1991 to 1997 showed a high rate of diffusion in cities within the capital region as well as in major regional cities, but inter-regional diffusion rate became similar. Key factors responsible for regional types of the diffusion were {1}the rate of employment in the service industrier and income in the major citier, and (2)the geogtaphic distamce between counties and Seoul plus the size of population in the county regions.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.75-82
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• 2002

This outline survey of indoor and outdoor radon concentrations in five major cities in Korea was carried out with Electrostatic Integrating Radon Monitor(EIRM) from February to December, 1996 and January to december, 1998. The mean indoor and outdoor radon concentrations in five major cities in 1996 were $21.9{\;}Bq/\textrm{m}^3$ and $9.6{\;}Bq/\textrm{m}^3$, respectively. The mean indoor and outdoor radon concentrations in 1998 were $20.8{\;}Bq/\textrm{m}^3$ and $9.0{\;}Bq/\textrm{m}^3$, respectively. These were below the U.S.EPA radon action level. The range of indoor to outdoor radon concentrations were $0.8{\;}Bq/\textrm{m}^3{\;}~{\;}45.6{\;}Bq/\textrm{m}^3$ in 1996, $0.5{\;}Bq/\textrm{m}^3{\;}~{\;}15.2{\;}Bq/\textrm{m}^3$ in 1998, respectively. The result of our analysis showed that radon concentrations in indoor air were clearly higher than those in outdoor air. Inspection of seasonal distribute pattern indicates the enhancement during winter relative to summer.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.51-71
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• 2017

We explore each of the three major domestic fishery product markets in South Korea- Frozen Squid, Frozen Hair tail and Dried Anchovy- to assess whether we can find evidence for Law of One Price (LOP) across the five major cities- Seoul, Dae-Jeon, Dae-Gu, Gwang-Ju and Busan. To achieve our aim, we utilize two different types of unit root tests: Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) unit root test. In each of the three fishery product markets, we find evidence in support of LOP among several cities, which confirms that these markets are integrated to a certain extent. In particular, we find stronger evidence of LOP for Dried Anchovy market relative to the other two fishery product markets. Based on our findings, we argue that the Dried Anchovy market exhibits a greater degree of market integration across the five major cities in South Korea compared to the other two fishery product markets. The greater degree of market integration in the Dry Anchovy market is facilitated by its higher substitutability across cities; taken together these findings show that the market for Dried Anchovy in South Korea is more efficient than the markets for Frozen Squid and Frozen Hair tail.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 2007

Since the atmospheric clearness index is main factor for evaluating global-dimming of atmosphere environment, it is necessary to estimate its characteristics all over the major cities in Korea. We have begun collecting clearness index data since 1982 at 16 different cities and considerable effort has been made for constructing a standard value from measured data at each city. The new clearness data for global-dimming analysis will be extensively used by evaluating atmospheric environment as well as by solar PV application system designer or users. From the results, we can conclude that 1) Yearly mean 61.9% of the atmospheric clearness index was evaluated for clear day all over 2) A significant difference of atmospheric clearness index is observed between 1982-1989 and 1990-1997, 1998-2005 through 16 different cities in Korea.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.146-149
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• 2008

Since the atmospheric clearness index is main factor for evaluating global-dimming of atmosphere environment, it is necessary to estimate its characteristics all over the major cities in Korea. We have begun collecting clearness index data since 1982 at 16 different cities and considerable effort has been made for constructing a standard value from measured data at each city. The new clearness data for global-dimming analysis will be extensively used by evaluating atmospheric environment as well as by solar PV application system designer or users. From the results, we can conclude that 1) Yearly mean 61.9 % of the atmospheric clearness index was evaluated for clear day all over 2) A significant difference of atmospheric clearness index is observed between 1982-1989 and1990-1997, 1998-2005 through 16 different cities in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.06c
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• pp.343-346
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• 1998

This paper present an access scenario to the Korean standard time service systems and those of world major cities was designed in the research for development of the time-announcing service systems. Elements of the system structure as well as statistics and user management were proposed as the main topics for the research. As a result of the research, a system was realized for world time announcing service by dialing 116.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Costume Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.68-68
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• 2003

Recently, street fashion has been regularly introduced in many fashion media because both consumers and marketers began to recognize the importance of street fashion as a meaningful and objective fashion information source. As the globalization proceeds in fashion field,' the street fashion informations in major cities which has led world fashion trends become more influential on domestic fashion, but little concern has been paid on it. This study classified women's street fashion in 4 major world fashion cities such as Paris, London, New York, Tokyo and identified style characteristics of each group. For data collection, 795 front-view photos were selected from the two fashion trade publication 'STREET' and 'VIEW' which has introduced street fashion photos in those cities from 1996. Classification process went on three stages: sorting, naming and grouping. 49 undergraduate students were divided into 12 teams and about 80 photos were given to each team to sort into several sub-groups by overall images or common style characteristics. Then each sub-group was named according to common images or characteristics. Final groups came out after grouping each sub-group with a similar or same title together. For each group, common style characteristics were analyzed.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.381-391
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• 1997

This study aims at designing and calculating of the information index for efficient implementation of the regional information policy. The content and scope of this study are designing the struture of information index, measuring the informatization level in major cities of Korea and inducing rough idea for better performing of Korea information policy. Thereby we calculated tables ofinformation indexon seventy-eight cities in Korea from 1985 to 1994 and also basic strategy for better policy implementation. And we found that every citities share the benefit almost equal in the use of old media but not in that of new media. It can be expected that the bovernment will make a good use to get procedural validity in the course of designing some information policy based upon quantitative data.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.174-177
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• 2008

The amount of incident solar rays on inclined surfaces with various directions has Since the atmospheric clearness index is main factor for evaluating atmosphere environment, it is necessary to estimate its characteristics all over the major cities in Korea Peninsula. We have begun collecting clearness index data since 1982 at 16 different cities in South Korea and estimated using empirical forecasting models at 12 different stations over the North Korea from 1982 to 2006. This considerable effort has been made for constructing a standard value from measured data at each city. The new clearness data for global-dimming analysis will be extensively used by evaluating atmospheric environment as well as by solar application system designer or users.