• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.329-336
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• 2023

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer is a medicinal plant well-known for its antiviral activities against various viruses, but its antiviral effect on coronavirus has not yet been studied thoroughly. The antiviral activity of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) and ten ginsenosides against Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) was investigated in vitro. Methods: The antiviral response and mechanism of action of KRG extract and ginsenoside Rc, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2-20 (R) and -20 (S), Rg3-20 (R) and -20 (S), and Rh2-20 (R) and -20 (S), against the human coronavirus strain OC43 were investigated by using plaque assay, time of addition assay, real-time PCR, and FACS analysis. Results: Virus plaque formation was reduced in KRG extract-treated and HCoV-OC43-infected HCT-8 cells. KRG extract decreased the viral proteins (Nucleocapsid protein and Spike protein) and mRNA (N and M gene) expression, while increased the expression of interferon genes. Conclusion: KRG extract exhibits antiviral activity by enhancing the expression of interferons and can be used in treating infections caused by HCoV-OC43.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.213-218
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• 1996

Multidrug resistance (MDR) has been a major problem in cancer chemotherapy. To overcome this problem, we prepared minor ginsenosides stereoselectively from ginseng saponins and searched for a ginseng component which is effective for inhibition of MDR. MDR inhibition activity was determined by measuring cytotoxicity to MDR cells using multidrug resistant human fibrocarcinoma KB V20C, which is resistant to 20 nM vincristine and expresses high level of mdr1 gene. Of several ginseng components, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg_3$, a red ginseng saponin, was found to have the most potent inhibitory activity on MDR and it's concentration capable of inhibiting 50% growth was $82\muM$.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1998년도 Advances in Ginseng Research - Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ginseng -
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• pp.115-126
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• 1998

Four new dammarnae-glycosides named ginsenosides Rgs, Rh4, RsB and Rf2 have been isolated 1'rom Korean red ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) and their chemical structures have been elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods, including'H-'H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY, as 3-0- [$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl(1 ~2)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl] dammar-20(22) , B4-diene-3P,12P-diol (ginsenoside Rgs),6-0-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-dammar-20(22),24-diene-3P,6P, 12P-triol (ginsenoside Rh4),3-0- [6" -0-acetyl-D-glucopyranosyl(1 ~2)--D-glucopyranosyl] 20(5)- protopanaxadiol (ginsenoside Rs3) and 6-0- [u-L-rhamno-pyranosyl(1 ~2)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl] dammarane -3$\beta$, 6a, 12 $\beta$, 20(R),25-pentol(ginsenoslde Rfa). The absolute stereo structure of a double bond at C-20(22) was determined as entgegen type by applying NOESY.OESY.

• 약학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.113-119
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• 2002

The composition of monosaccharides of acidic polysaccharide isolated from ethanol-insoluble and water-soluble fractions of red ginseng roots was analysed and its immunological activities were investigated. Red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP) was composed of glucose (26.1 mole %), arabinose (1.6 mole %), glucuroninc acid (51.8 mol %) and galacturonic acid (5.1 mole %) as determined by gas liquid chromatography. Addition of RGAP increased production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$ in the rodent macrophage cultures. Peritoneal macrophages from RGAP-treated mice exhibited potent tumoricidal activities toward P815 and WEHI 164 tumor cells. It was also observed that concentrations of NO and TNF-$\alpha$ were high in the culture medium of macrophages from the mice administered with RGAP. Moreover, treatment of RGAP in vivo stimulated tumoricidal activities of natural killer (NK) cells. Treatment with RGAP increased life span of sarcoma 180-bearing mice and decreased tumor weights of B16-tumor-bearing mice. These results suggest that activation of macrophages and NK cells serve to enhance in vivo anticancer activities of RGAP.

• 인삼문화
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• 제2권
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• pp.9-16
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• 2020

우리나라 한방 의서 중 인삼의 첫 기록은 고려 시대 임시 수도인 강화 도읍기 때 강화도에서 출간된 향약구급방에 나타나 있다. 강화지역에서 인삼재배의 시작은 1100년경부터 시작되었을 것으로 사료 된다. 본격적인 인삼재배 시작은 1920년경 개성인삼조합의 특별구역으로 지정되면서부터였고, 1950년 한국전쟁 시작 때까지 계속되었다. 1953년 휴전 이후부터 강화지역에서 인삼재배가 다시 시작되었다. 1967년에 강화삼업조합이 창립되었으며, 이때 재배 면적이 약 200ha(60만평)이었고, 1974년에 약 900ha(270만평)으로 증가 되었다. 따라서 강화는 1970년대 중반기에 우리나라 전국 시, 군 가운데 인삼재배 면적과 생산량이 가장 높은 지역이였다. 강화지역에서 생산되는 인삼은 주로 6년근이고, 홍삼원료로 사용되어 국내 인삼생산지로 더욱 유명하게 되었고, 그 명성이 현재도 계속되고 있다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.382-390
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• 2020

S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans, A. niger 등 4종의 식중독균에 대해 agar diffusion법을 이용하여 홍삼(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)으로 부터 조제한 홍삼농축액, 조사포닌, 비수용성 분획에 대한 항균활성을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 홍삼농축액 및 비수용성분획은 E. coli, C. albicans, A. niger에 대해서는 항균활성을 나타내지 않았고 조사포닌도 고농도인 30%를 제외한 모든 농도에서 항균활성을 나타내지 않았다. S. aureus는 Gram positive 세균으로서 화농성 식중독의 원인균이면서 동시에 아토피성 피부염의 원인균으로 알려져 있는데, 홍삼농축액은 30% 농도에서 이 균에 대해 항균활성을 나타내었고 조사포닌도 7.5%에서 항균활성을 나타내었다. 홍삼으로부터 조제한 비수용성 분획도 10~200 mg/mL 농도로 실험한 결과 모든 분획에서 항균효과를 나타내었다. 조사포닌 및 홍삼농축액의 미생물 생육저해양상을 조사하기 위해 미리 S. aureus를 접종한 0.85% 생리식염수에 농축액 및 조사포닌을 농도별로 첨가하고 35℃, 12시간 배양한 후 생균수를 측정한 결과, 홍삼농축액은 10% 이상의 농도에서, 조사포닌은 2% 이상의 농도에서 각각 균의 생육을 억제하였다. 그러나 이러한 농도에서도 생균수는 완전히 사멸되지 않아서 홍삼농축액 및 조사포닌의 S. aureus에 대한 생육억제작용은 살균작용이 아닌 정균 작용으로 추정되었다. 사포닌의 항균활성 유무를 확인하기 위해 순수 분리된 ginsenoside 6종(PT saponin, PD saponin, ginsenoside-Rb₂,-Rc,-Rd,-Rf,-Rg₂)의 항균활성을 50~200 ㎍/mL의 농도에서 조사한 결과 모두 항균효과가 관찰되지 않아서 ginsenoside는 S. aureus에 대해서는 항균효과가 없는 것으로 사료된다. 한편 사포닌을 제외한 비사포닌 성분인 비수용성분획에 대해 상기의 4종 병원성미생물을 대상으로 항균활성을 조사한 결과 E. coli, C. albicans, A. niger에 대해서는 항균효과가 관찰되지 않았고 S. aureus에 대해서만 선택적인 항균활성을 나타내었다. 항균활성 발현 비수용성분획 중 15% methanol분획(MF-1)이 가장 높은 항균활성을 나타내어 이에 대한 최소생육저해농도를 조사한 결과 0.625 mg/mL 이었다. MF-1 분획을 질량분석기(HPLC-MS)로 조사한 결과 주요한 활성성분은 분자량 179.55 및 187.55를 가지는 물질로 추정되었다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.215-224
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• 2019

As various populations are rapidly becoming an aging society worldwide and interest in health issues has increased, demand for functional foods including herbal products has increased markedly to maintain a healthy state which has led to safety issues about their intake as an inevitable result. The objective of this study was to identify the safety profile of a Korean red ginseng and Salvia plebeia R. Br. extract mixture (KGC-03-PS) which is a valuable ingredient that can be used as a functional food. In the present study, the subacute oral toxicity and bacterial reverse mutagenicity of KGC-03-PS were evaluated. Sprague Dawley rats were administered KGC-03-PS orally for 28 days by gavage. Daily KGC-03-PS dose concentrations were 0, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day. Bacterial reverse mutation test with KGC-03-PS dose levels ranging from 312.5 to $5,000{\mu}g/plate$ was carried out by OECD test guideline No. 471. Five bacterial strains (Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and Escherichia coli WP2) were tested in the presence or absence of metabolic activation by plate incorporation method. There were no toxicological effects related with test substance in the clinical evaluation of subacute oral toxicity test including clinical signs, body weight, and food consumption. Moreover, no toxicological changes related to KGC-03-PS were observed in the hematological and serum biochemical characteristics as well as in the pathological examinations, which included organ weight measurements and in the gross- or histopathological findings. KGC-03-PS did not induce an increase in the number of revertant colonies in all bacterial strains of the bacterial reverse mutation test. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of KGC-03-PS is greater than 2,000 mg/kg bw/day, and KGC-03-PS did not induce genotoxicity related to bacterial reverse mutations under the conditions used in this study.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 1996

The effect of ginseng glycosides and their aglycones on the thermodynamic characteristics of membranes from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) was investigated. Total saponins (TS) from Korean red ginseng, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, interacted with the Eel Phase of lipid in the Polar region and did not penetrate the deeper glycerol backbone of lipid molecule. From the all investigated components of TS (aglycons and ginsenosides), only 20-(S)-panaxadiol (PD) had an effect similar to TS. High concentration of TS penetrated in hydrophobic Cl-C8 region. The presence of cholesterol did not influence the interaction of TS with DPPC. An elimination of transition, however, took place at 10~100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of TS. DPPC had a low ability to interact with cholesterol (CHL) as compared with other lecithins except ethanolamine. From our results, only TS and PD, at high concentrations (100 mol%), influenced the phase transition of mixture of DPPC:CHL.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.218.1-218.1
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• 2003

Saponins are known to be the major constituent of Panax ginseng. More than 30 kinds of ginseng saponins are reported so far. The major saponins in white ginseng (WG) or red ginseng (RG) are ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1, and Re. HPLC method with ELSD or UV detection was used to analyze ginsenosides. Recently, a new processed ginseng with fortified activity, named as Sun Ginseng (SG), was reported. The major ginsenosides of SG are totally different from that of WG or RG, i.e., ginsenoside Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5 are the major constituents of SG. (omitted)

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.154-160
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• 1994

The antigenicity of the aqueous extract of red ginseng (ARG) was evaluated using the following assay procedures : 1. active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) in guinea pigs, 2 active cutaneous anaphylaxis (ACA) in guinea pigs, 3 passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in guinea pigs, 2.active cutaneous anaphylaxis (ACA) in guinea pigs, 3. passive cutanepous anaphylaxis (PCA) in guina pigs with serum for guina pigs sensitized with ARG and 4. passive hemagglutination (PHA) with serum from guinea pigs sensitized with ARG. 1. ASA : No anaphylaxis reaction was observed in any of the sensitized guinea pigs by elictitation with ARG. 2. ACA : No skin reaction was observed in sensitized guinea pigs after intrademal injection of ARG. 3. PCA in guinea pigs : PCA titer of sera from all the sensitized animals was less than 10 in eliciation with ARG. 4. PHA reaction : When eythrocytes coated with challenge antigen were added to sensitized sera, the hemagglutination titer was less than 1. These results suggest that ARG has no antigenicity under the conditions used. And the dose levels of ARG employed in the present experiment were confirmed not to suppress immune reactions.