• PNF and Movement
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlations between clinical balance scales and Balance Performance Monitor parameters in patient with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Methods : Twenty AIS subjects (age, $14.26{\pm}1.93yrs$; height, $160.56{\pm}7.98cm$; weight, $47.54{\pm}6.94kg$)were participated in this study. Postural sway(mean balance, sway angle, sway area, sway path, maximal sway velocity) were were evaluated by balance performance monitor. Measurements for clinical balance scales were Functional reach test (both side), the Lateral reach test (both side) and One leg standing test (both legs). Results : The results were as follows. There were positive strong correlation between major curve direction and left-right sway angle, sway path, maximal sway velocity. There were negative strong correlation between the functional reach and left-right sway angle, sway area, sway path, maximal sway velocity. And the lateral reach were also showed negative strong correlation parameters of balance performance monitor. One leg standing were negatively correlated with left-right sway angle, sway path, maximal sway velocity. Conclusion : The clinical balance scales will be useful tools for balance measurements, and basic tools for clinical setting for patient with AIS.

• 한국GIS학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국GIS학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.306-311
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• 2010

수질모의에는 유속, 유량, 저수량, 체류시간의 자료를 비롯한 수심, 하폭, 유하거리, 수표면적과 등 다양한 수리학적 정보를 필요로 하며, 이러한 자료들은 수질모의의 기초자료로서 그 중요도와 활용도가 높게 나타나고 있다. 하지만 기초자료의 구축 방안 및 기준이 표준화되지 않아 각 기관별로 상이한 데이터를 보유하고 있으며, 기초자료의 선정에 따라 연구 결과가 달라지는 동 관련 연구의 신뢰도와 정확도에까지 영향을 미치고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 수질모의에 주로 쓰이는 1차원 수질모의에 필요한 수리학적 기초자료의 체계화된 구축방안을 마련하고, 이를 GIS 데이터로 정의한 한국형 Stream Reach File의 구축방안을 제시하고자 한다. 우선 기존에 구축된 미국 EPA Reach File 구축사례를 기초로 하여 관련 자료의 분석과 속성 내역을 파악하고 국내 실정에 적합한 방안을 제시하였다. 본 설계안에 사용되는 기초자료는 기존에 구축된 자료를 최대한 활용하였으며, 필요에 따라 데이터 편집 과정을 수행토록 하였다. 본 연구 결과를 따라 실제 Stream Reach File을 구축할 수 있으며, 이를 통해 관련 연구의 체계화된 기초자료의 제공이 가능할 것이다. 또한, 향후 오염원데이터와 연계하여 수질오염총량관리제를 지원할 수 있으며, 다양한 정보와 결합하여 다차원적인 수질모의도 가능할 것이다 나아가 Reach File에 대한 지속적인 연구를 통해 개선사항 및 보완점을 도출하여 보다 발전되고 완성된 한국형 수리기초자료를 구축하여야 할 것이다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.51-58
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• 1999

In general, sitting balance is decreased in subjects with spinal cord injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inter- and intra-rater reliability of the Functional Reach Test (FRT) which is used to measure sitting balance. The subjects of this study were 26 persons with spinal cord injury, and they were divided into three groups according to their injury level. Group I, II and III consisted of the following $C_5{\sim}C_8$ quadriplegics, $T_1{\sim}T_4$, and $T_9{\sim}T_12$ paraplegics, respectively. Subjects sat on a mat table that was set at an 80 degree inclination. During three sessions, the length subjects could reach in the FRT test was measured by three physical therapists, and compared to each other. The results showed that intraclass correlation coefficients (2,1) were above 0.97 and inter-rater difference was not statistically significant. The one-way ANOVA demonstrated that reach differed between groups with lower thoracic lesion and the other test groups. In conclusion, we think modified FRT is useful and reliable method to measure the sitting balance in subjects with spinal cord injury.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 1993

Today, rapid development and timeliness of introducing a new product be- comes a more influencing factor of determing its competitive power due to a shortened product cycle, while rapid improvement of manufacturing technology makes product design and manufacturing fuse together. This implies that prod- uct usability evaluation and improvement starts right from its design phase, resulting in less development time and cost. To make this possible, proper as- sessment of human reach is one of essential functions for ergonomic product us- ability evaluation, specifically in the platform of computer-aided ergonomic evaluation models or any CAD system with a built-in man model. In this study, an analytic reach prediction algorithm ensuring the posture that human naturally takes, is presented by employing the methods developed for robot kinematics. Among robot kinematic methods for solving the multi-link system, the resolved motion method was found to be effective to solve human reach as a redundant manipulator model. Also, the joint range availability was used as a performance fonction to guarantee human naturalness. The result is expected to be directly applicable to product usability evaluations.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.56-60
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• 2007

세계적으로 GHS와 REACH의 도입으로 위험물의 위험성평가를 위한 기존의 MSDS 이용이 증가하여 MSDS의 정확도를 알아보기 위하여 n-Decanol의 인화점을 Tag closed tester, Seta-flash closed tester, Pensky-Martens closed tester, Cleveland open tester 기기를 이용하여 국내와 일본에서 각각 측정하였다. 실험은 국내와 일본에서 각각 다른 제조사에서 구입한 시약으로 인화점을 측정하였으며 인화점 값은 국내와 일본에서 유사한 값을 얻었으나 기존의 MSDS와 문헌의 인화점 값과 비교하여 차이가 크다는 것이 발견되었다. 본 연구에서는 국내와 일본에서 측정된 시험값의 타당성을 제시하고 제조업체가 MSDS를 작성할 시는 신중을 기하여 작성하여야 하며 GHS와 REACH를 위한 위험물분류시는 신뢰성 있는 기관에서 발행한 레포트를 참고로 할 것을 제시하였다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2004년도 학술발표회
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• pp.1335-1339
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• 2004

A hydro-geomorphologic change in a sand bed channel reach and vegetation expansion by changes in the How regime is analyzed in this study. Field and aerial photo surveys, basic hydrological analysis about flow regime change due to two dams, Andong Dam and Imha Dam, on the upstream river and computer modeling are conducted. Two Dams in the study reach have obviously affected downstream channel in many ways including the bed particle coarsening, vegetation expansion on the sandbars and following river channel braiding. The phenomenon of no vegetation on the large point bar in front of Hahwe Village seems due to disturbance of the sandbar surface probably due to the cross flow in the meander reach during the flood. Another reason for no vegetation is that the sandbar on this reach has lower subsurface water lovels, as compared with the others in the up- and downstream of the reach where vegetation expanded, which would hinder vegetation from germinating and growing on the sandbar.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.90-99
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• 2007

We demonstrate an 80km-reach 64-channel DWDM-PON based on wavelength-locked F-P LDs by changing the position of the C-band BLS for upstream channels from the CO to the RN. It mitigates the necessity of the high power C-band BLS and its handling problems. It also reduces back scattering induced penalty. We obtained less than $10^{-6}$ PLRs in all 128channels through 80km SMF. We also demonstrate a 240km-reach DWDM-PON based on wavelength-locked F-P LDs by adding a bidirectional erbium-doped fiber amplifier(EDFA). We show packet-loss-free transmission in all 128channels at 125 Mb/s per channel over 240km SMF We report the detuning effect of arrayed waveguide gratings(AWGs) and crosstalk effect in the implemented system. We Propose an architecture of a next generation defense wire communication system with the demonstrated long-reach DWDM-PON.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.51-59
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• 2018

Background: Despite muscle latency times and patterns were used as broad examination tools to diagnose disease and recovery, previous studies have not compared the dominant arm to the non-dominant arm in muscle latency time and muscle recruitment patterns during reaching and reach-to-grasp movements. Objects: The present study aimed to investigate dominant and non-dominant hand differences in muscle latency time and recruitment pattern during reaching and reach-to-grasp movements. In addition, by manipulating the speed of movement, we examined the effect of movement speed on neuromuscular control of both right and left hands. Methods: A total of 28 right-handed (measured by Edinburgh Handedness Inventory) healthy subjects were recruited. We recorded surface electromyography muscle latency time and muscle recruitment patterns of four upper extremity muscles (i.e., anterior deltoid, triceps brachii, flexor digitorum superficialis, and extensor digitorum) from each left and right arm. Mixed-effect linear regression was used to detect differences between hands, reaching and reach-to-grasp, and the fast and preferred speed conditions. Results: There were no significant differences in muscle latency time between dominant and non-dominant hands or reaching and reach-to-grasp tasks (p>.05). However, there was a significantly longer muscle latency time in the preferred speed condition than the fast speed condition on both reaching and reach-to-grasp tasks (p<.05). Conclusion: These findings showed similar muscle latency time and muscle activation patterns with respect to movement speeds and tasks. Our findings hope to provide normative muscle physiology data for both right and left hands, thus aiding the understanding of the abnormal movements from patients and to develop appropriate rehabilitation strategies specific to dominant and non-dominant hands.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.93-98
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of robot arm reach training on upper extremity functional movement in chronic stroke survivors. Design: One group pretest-posttest design. Methods: Thirteen chronic stroke survivors participated in this study. Robot arm reach training was performed with a Whole Arm Manipulator (WAM) and a 120-inch projective display to provide visual and auditory feedback. During the robotic arm reach training, WAM provided gravity compensation and assist-as-needed (AAN) force according to the robot control mode. When a participant could not move the arm toward the target for more than 2 seconds, WAM provided AAN force to reach the desired targets. All patients participated in the training for 40 minutes per day, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks. Main outcome measures were the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) and Box and Block Test (BBT) to assess upper extremity functional movement. Results: After 4 weeks, significant improvement was observed in upper extremity functional movement (FMA: 42.15 to 46.23, BBT: 12.23 to 14.00, p<0.05). In the subscore analysis of the FMA upper extremity motor function domains, significant improvement was observed in upper extremity and coordination/speed units (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the ARAT. Conclusions: This study showed the positive effects of robot arm reach training on upper extremity functional movement in chronic stroke survivors. In particular, we confirmed that robot arm reach training could have a positive influence by leading to improvement of motor recovery of the proximal upper extremity.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제31권
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• pp.26.1-26.9
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• 2016

Objectives Korea's Act on the Registration and Evaluation of Chemicals (K-REACH) was enacted for the protection of human health and the environment in 2015. Considering that about 2000 new substances are introduced annually across the globe, the extent of animal testing requirement could be overwhelming unless regulators and companies work proactively to institute and enforce global best practices to replace, reduce or refine animal use. In this review, the way to reduce the animal use for K-REACH is discussed. Methods Background of the enforcement of the K-REACH and its details was reviewed along with the papers and regulatory documents regarding the limitation of animal experiments and its alternatives in order to discuss the regulatory adoption of alternative tests. Results Depending on the tonnage of the chemical used, the data required ranges from acute and other short-term studies for a single exposure route to testing via multiple exposure routes and costly, longer-term studies such as a full two-generation reproducibility toxicity. The European Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals regulation provides for mandatory sharing of vertebrate test data to avoid unnecessary duplication of animal use and test costs, and obligation to revise data requirements and test guidelines "as soon as possible" after relevant, validated replacement, reduction or refinement (3R) methods become available. Furthermore, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development actively accepts alternative animal tests and 3R to chemical toxicity tests. Conclusions Alternative tests which are more ethical and efficient than animal experiments should be widely used to assess the toxicity of chemicals for K-REACH registration. The relevant regulatory agencies will have to make efforts to actively adopt and uptake new alternative tests and 3R to K-REACH.