• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.25
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• pp.3-40
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• 2005

Many Korean construction companies have been performing a variety of overseas construction projects since the 1970s. It is unfortunate that in many cases they have had to suffer big losses caused by errors and defects in the design and construction of the projects. In the author's opinion, however, there were losses that could have been avoided if they had understood better the feature and content of the particular construction contract. Few lawyers and scholars in Korea have been interested in the research and study of international construction contracts. This is mainly because they do not have access to practical sources outside of Korea for them to research and study since the contracts undertaken have been dealt with by law firms in other jurisdictions to which the disputes apply. This article is aiming primarily at the introduction of the issues which the practitioners are likely to confront in the process of reviewing and performing the international construction contract. In some cases solutions are sought about these issues based upon the FIDIC standard terms and conditions, the actual experience of practice, and UNIDROIT Principles, etc. It is reasonable to say that all the issues related to the international construction contract cannot be covered in a short article like this. The author wishes this article could induce subsequent studies on international construction contracts for further research. It has to be noted that from time to time Korean construction practices have been compared to the international ones for better understanding. This article mostly includes cases where the Korean construction companies go overseas for their projects, while there are some cases where foreign developers and financial investors participated in domestic projects in which international construction contracts forms were adopted. A few precedent domestic writings about international construction contracts seems to lack emphasis on the points that there are several standard construction contract forms and that they are different. The differences are mainly in accordance with who bears the design responsibility, how the owner has to make progress payments to the contractor and who the funding source for the project is. This article tries to make it clear that there are significant differences between the standard contract forms, e.g. a simple construction form, a design-build form and an EPC/turnkey form of contract. Again, the author hopes that this article can arouse the interest in the international construction contracts from both academic and practical fields, so that many subsequent advanced articles can help our construction industry become much more competitive in the world through awareness of the methods of procurement and administration of the contracts.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 2018

An apartment complex is a building use with great potential to contribute to solving problems related to urban ecological environment and climate change. The first goal of this study is to grasp the current situation of application and limitations of the ecological area rate, which is a representative evaluation index used to evaluate the environmental performance of the external space of an apartment complex in Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED). The second goal is to propose a prototype of the evaluation index for evaluating greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction performance in order to supplement the evaluation index for the environmental performance of the external space in terms of response to climate change. We analyzed 43 cases of apartment complexes certified according to G-SEED, which was enforced since July 1, 2010, and found application characteristics of each space type and the limitations of ecological area rate. We analyzed overseas green building certification systems such as LEED and BREEAM that derived implications for supplementing the limitations of ecological area rate, which is focused on the evaluation of soil and water circulation function, and set up a development direction of complementary measures. Through analysis of previous studies, relevant regulations and standards, and technical documents of the manufacturer, the heat island mitigation performance of the pavement and roof surfaces of the apartment complex and the carbon uptake performance of the trees in the apartment complex was selected as parameters to yield the GHG reduction performance of the external space of the apartment complex. Finally, a quantitative evaluation method for each parameter and a prototype of the evaluation index for the GHG reduction performance were proposed. As a result of applying the prototype to an apartment complex case, the possibility of adoption and applicability as an evaluation index of G-SEED were proved.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.63-71
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• 2002

This paper suggests a 8-bit RISC microcontroller, which has a 4-stage pipeline architecture. Many low-power design techniques that have been proposed by previous works are adopted into it. The proposed microcontroller consumes only 600㎼ per MIPS for 0.6 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ CMOS process and even lower power of 70㎼ per MIPS for 0.25${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ process. The RTL level design of this microcontroller is carried out using VHDL. The functional verification is thoroughly done at the gate level using 0.6${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/0.25${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ CMOS IDEC standard cell library. This microcontroller contains 7000 NAND gates on a 0.36$\textrm{mm}^2$ die using 0.25${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ process. Finally the comparison of power consumption with other conventional microcontrollers is provided.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.131-140
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• 2020

Recently the importance of BIM (Building Information Modeling) that enables 3D location-based design and construction work is being highlighted around the world. In Korea, the road map has been established to settle the design based on BIM using drone survey results by 2025. As the first step, BIM would be applied to road construction projects worth more than 50 billion Korean Won from 2020. On the other hand, drone survey regulation has been enacted and the data for drone survey cost were also included on Standard of construction estimate in 2020. However, more careful improvement is required to reflect drone survey results in BIM design and construction. Currently, Engineering instructions and Standard of construction estimate specifies that earthwork volume must be calculated by cross section method only. So it is required to add the method of DEM (Digital Elevation Model) based volume calculation on these regulations to realize BIM application. In order for that, this study verified the method of DEM based earthwork volume calculation. To get an accurate DEM for accurate volume computation, drone survey was carried out according to the drone survey regulation and then could get an accurate DEM data which have errors less than 3cm in X, Y and 6.8cm in H. As each DEM cell has 3D coordinate component, the volume of each cell can be calculated by obtaining the height of area of the cell then total volume is calculated by multiplying total number of cells by volume of each cell for the construction area. Verification for the new calculation method compare with existing method was carried out. The difference between DEM based volume by drone survey and cross section based volume by traditional survey was less than 1.33% and it can be seen that new DEM method will be able to be applied to BIM design and construction instead of cross section method.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.416-421
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• 2007

Physical damage to fruits and vegetables caused by shock degrades the value of product in the fresh market. In order to design a product/packaging system to protect the product, the G-factor to the product that causes shock damage needs to be determined. The shock fragility of organisms such as fruits with a concept correspondent to the G-factor of industrial products was calculated and we defined the allowable bio-shock fragility index as the value divided peak acceleration that was generated in safe drop height by standard acceleration of gravity. We did modeling for safe drop hight that would prevent fruits from damage by drop tests and tried to estimate the allowable bio-shock fragility index of pears and apples for optimum packaging design. The bio-shock fragility index of pears was in the range of $0.74{\sim}2.29\;G$, while apples had a slightly higher value than that of pears, of $0.51{\sim}2.98\;G$. This result shows accordance with the general fact that apples have a firmer structure and get less damage from the same impact. Based on this result, it is possible to create an optimum packaging design by providing a damage standard by impact.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.356-364
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• 2005

As a ritual of modern people is getting higher, the safety assessment of the structure related to people has become the most important part in the process of the design. Especially, in the case of a ship, as regulations about the safety of passengers and the pollution in the ocean are strictly reinforcing, the safety assessment has become the most important part in the process of the design. However, because the established safety assessment is mostly depend on the experienced theory, it is so difficult to assess the safety considering a lot of situations such as various ocean environments, the mistake of sailors and emergency situations. As the way to solve this problem, lately the study of the simulation using a computer has been processed. In this paper, we suggested network-based simulation system framework using HLA (High Level Architecture) among many kind of simulations to assess the safety of the ship. Because HLA has already become a standard of the future simulation system in the U.S. DoD(Department of Defense) and Korea army, we expect to raise the possibility in the future. In addition, because HLA makes a standard of documents and a reused component(Federate) of simulation(Federation) by OMT(Object Model Template) and RTI(Runtime Infrastructure), we expect that this study will be developing the safety assessment of ship as well as operation in warship and cooperation with another applications.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2015

Zero energy building is a self sufficient building that minimizes energy consumption through passive elements such as insulation, high performance window system and installing of high efficiency HVAC system and uses renewable energy sources. The Korea Government has been strengthening the building energy efficiency standard and code for zero energy building. The building energy performance is determined by the performance of building envelope. Therefore it is important to optimize facade design such as insulation, window properties and shading, that affect the heating and cooling loads. In particular, shading devices are necessary to reduce the cooling load in summer season. Meanwhile, BIPV shading system functions as a renewable energy technology applied in solar control facade system to reduce cooling load and produce electricity simultaneously. Therefore, when installing the BIPV shading system, the length of shadings and angle that affect the electricity production must be considered. This study focused on the facade design applied with BIPV shading system for maximizing energy saving of the selected standard building. The impact of changing insulation on roof and walls, window properties and length of BIPV shading device on energy performance of the building were investigated. In conclusion, energy consumption and electricity production were analyzed based on building energy simulations using energyplus 8.1 building simulation program and jEPlus+EA optimization tool.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.33-46
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• 2021

After the Gyeongju earthquake, which was the largest in the history of measuring instruments in Korea in 2016, and after the Pohang earthquake, where the pillars of pallet structures were destroyed in 2017, the seismic design standards for all domestic facilities have been revised and supplemented. In particular, during the investigation of the Pohang Earthquake damage cases, liquefaction damage that occurs mainly in countries with strong earthquakes such as the United States, Japan, and New Zealand was found, so studies are being conducted in depth to improve seismic design standards. In this study, the liquefaction potential assessment in the recently revised seismic design standard for port and harbor was reviewed, and an applicability review was conducted focusing on the newly cited liquefaction potential index (LPI). At this time, by varying the thickness and location of the sandy soil where liquefaction can occur, the LPIs for various cases were calculated and compared. Also, 22 LPI values in the practical port area were compared and reviewed along with performance of the liquefaction assessment based on the site response analysis using the boring-hole data of the actual 22 port sites.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1994.10a
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• pp.381-386
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• 1994

Recently, the design and construction of massive concrete structures are increased. But, the temperature rise within a large concrete mass make the construction of massive concrete structures be very difficult. Therefore, in Seohae Grand Bridge Project, the field measurement of hydration heat for the massive concrete footings(11$\times$22$\times$4m) was carried out. It was shown to be possible to construct the massive concrete footing successfully by application of pipe cooling system. And the measurement results showed that standard code for concrete practice was very conservative.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.773-774
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• 2006

Devices which coupled in network environment should be operated in various service-oriented ways by several services. In this paper, we propose service-oriented application architecture which based on OSGi. OSGi is very well defined industrial standard by using platform independent technology.