• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.601-608
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• 1996

Fermentation characteristics of Baikhaju (a typical Korean traditional alcoholic beverage) were investigated during fermentation with differently treated rice samples, which were steamed rice (SR), plain steamed rice bread (RB), rice porridge (RP) and roasted rice (RR). The RB sample showed an excellent fermentation efficiency with the highest alcohol production (20.84%). The SR and RR samples showed 17.79% and 17.31% of alcohol production, respectively. The RP sample was the lowest alcohol production (11.47%). The pH values of all the beverage samples were similar and were ranged from 3.6 to 3.9. The fermentation periods of RB and RR samples were longer than the SR and RP. The inner temperature and microbial growth in all the beverages increased at each of input steps of the rice and Nuruk (a Korean-style bran koji). Fusel oil content of the SR and RP samples (613.6 ppm) was higher than that of RR (482.7 ppm). The RB sample with the best fermentation efficiency had the lowest fusel oil content (341.8 ppm). The RP sample showed the highest score in sensory evaluation and RB sample showed the lowest. The results on sensory evaluation were contrary to those on the fermentation efficiency.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.385-388
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• 1999

Electron field emission properties from various CVD diamond films were studied. Diamond films were synthesized by microwave plasma CVD at 1173K and at 673K substrates temperature and pulse microwave plasma CVD at 1173K. B-doped diamond film was synthesized by microwave plasma CVD at 1173K also. Estimation by SEM, both the non-doped diamond film and B-doped diamond film which were synthesized at 1173K substrate temperature were $2~3\mu\textrm{m}$ in diameter and nucleation densities were $10^{8}{\;}numbers/\textrm{cm}^2$ order. The diamond film synthesized at 673K was $0.2\mu\textrm{m}$ in diameter and nucleation densities was 109 numbers/cm2 order. The diamond film synthesized by pulse microwave plasma CVD at 1173K was $0.2\mu\textrm{m}$ in diameter and nucleation density was $10^{9}{\;}numbers/\textrm{cm}^2$ order either. From the result of electron field emission measurement, electron field emission at $20V/\mu\textrm{m}$ from CVD diamond film synthesized by pulse microwave plasma CVD was $37.3\mu\textrm{A}/\textrm{cm}^2$ and the diamond film showed the best field emission property comparison with other CVD diamond.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2008년 영문 학술대회
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• pp.437-441
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• 2008

A non-toxic Post Boost Stage(PBS) with LOX/Ethanol engine was successfully demonstrated at the Tomioka Facility of IHI Aerospace. IHI Aerospace has researched and developed the nontoxic propulsion systems and the LOX/Ethanol is one of the most attractive non-toxic bipropellant candidates. ${\rho}ISP$ of LOX/Ethanol is higher than ${\rho}ISP$ of the other non-toxic bipropellants as LOX/HC or $LOX/LH_2$. The authors studied the combustion characteristics of LOX/Ethanol propellant with the engine designed for LOX/LNG propellant. Also the injector with a built-in igniter was designed and examined its feasibility, ignition and combustion characteristics. We have demonstrated Post Boost Stage with future LOX/Ethanol engines. This propulsion system is targeted for expandable vehicle upper stage to accelerate delta-V to reach the required orbit. PBS Demonstration Model is designed as a test stand to evaluate feed system for integrated propulsion system and also to demonstrate Integrated Vehicle Health Management(IVHM) technique using local valve control and also valve behavior-monitoring capability.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.287-294
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• 2019

The finite element method (FEM) is widely used to evaluate the seismic performance of pile-supported buildings. However, there are problems associated with modeling the pile end resistance using the FEM, such as the dependence on the mesh size. This paper proposes a new method of modeling around the pile tip to avoid the mesh size effect in two-dimensional (2D) analyses. Specifically, we consider the area of influence around the pile tip as an artificial constraint on the behavior of the soil. We explain the problems with existing methods of modeling the pile tip. We then conduct a three-dimensional (3D) analysis of a pile in various soil conditions to evaluate the area of influence of the soil around the pile tip. The analysis results show that the normalized area of influence extends approximately 2.5 times the diameter of the pile below the pile tip. Finally, we propose a new method for modeling pile foundations with artificial constraints on the nodal points within the area of influence. The proposed model is expected to be useful in the practical seismic design of pile-supported buildings via a 2D analysis.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.134-152
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• 2021

Purpose - Our study aimed to examine the roles of conflict management in maintaining a sustainable good relationship between joint venture (JV) partners. Although the concepts of relational capital, mutual commitment, and cultural adaptation have been neglected in previous research on interorganizational relationships, we treated them as inter-partner fit mechanism capabilities of affecting the level of satisfaction in a relationship with a JV partner. Design/methodology - In order to test hypotheses, we sent a questionnaire to Japanese firms operating JVs in South Korea and asked whether their levels of satisfaction with their JV partners increase when conflict management techniques are used to reduce the conflicts that usually arise between partners. Findings - The results of our study suggested that it is important for firms participating in a JV to construct and reinforce an inter-partner fit mechanism that enables them to maintain a favorable partnership. In addition, we suggested that relational capital, cultural adaptation, and mutual commitment influence conflict reduction and the level of satisfaction experienced in JVs. Moreover, the results showed that conflict management has a significant effect on developing soild partnerships and performance in JV situations. Originality/value - We advanced a new paradigm about conflict management and suggested methods of research propositions that are well grounded in the latest findings in conflict management research pertaining to JVs.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.294-303
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• 2023

Beside that the fish species and their sub-populations are highly important as a keystone species in the coastal and marine ecosystem, there are very few studies on their presence, distribution and temporal variations within and around the lagoon ecosystems in Albania. This paper provides an updated review on the life cycle, fishery, exploitation state and management of the main species that are subject of commercial fishing in the Karavasta lagoon, southeastern Adriatic coast of Albania. Due to the fact that lagoons represent a continuum between continental and marine aquatic ecosystems they play a crucial role in species life cycles. Further on in the circumstances of rapid utilizations and environmental changes, anomalies in salinity and temperatures, accelerated anthropogenic influences their rate of vulnerability is highly increased. Following the requirements of the Water Framework Directive, transitional water, coastal lagoons and estuaries there is a need for urgent monitoring and management approaches. The commercial species include: European eel (Anguilla anguilla), species of Family Mugilidae (Mugil cephalus, Liza ramada, Liza salienes and Chelon labrosus), Seabream (Sparus aurata), Seabass (Dincentrarchus labrax), etc. Fish productivity is oscillating from maximum value of 61.95 kg/ha is recorded in period of 1975-80 and lower value of 31 kg/ha in year 2020. Our study highlights importance of fish and fishery long-term monitoring, and contributes to understand the driving factors in productivity, migration patterns and species ecology in the vital coastal ecosystems.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 9th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.551-562
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• 2022

The building production system has been analysed by the dichotomy "employer-contractor" relationship, which failed to take into account of the role and function of multiple stakeholders within the life-cycle supply chain. This is further observed in the current conflict resolution model, which, in my argument, struggles to contribute to industrialize the building production and achieve better efficiency and effectiveness as expected. The purpose of this paper is to critically assess the issues of current programme-based conflict resolution model, and discuss alternative models how they can be modelled and applied to the construction projects. The conclusions of findings are; First, the current model is framed around the contracts and dispute resolutions based on the legal concept of "claimant and respondent" where one party(s) advances a claim once and the other(s) objects, as such it fails to reflect the nature of construction projects where multiple stakeholders are involved concurrently and for a long period of life-cycle of buildings. Second, an alternative is "Six-stakeholders model" which represents the multiple stakeholders and clarifies the flow of obligation-liability-monetary relationships among participants for a long period of life-cycle of buildings. Further, with reference to both historical and recent cases, a reflection and insight into pros and cons of programming method is added, especially as to why this method is considered to have become a mandate of the modern construction management, and how academics and practitioners should deal with it more cautiously and prudently.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2024

In recent years, Zn-Al-Mg alloy galvanized steel sheets have been widely used as coated steel sheets to support social capital in the infrastructure field. A feature of Zn-Al-Mg alloy-coated steel sheets is that they provide a better corrosion protection period than Zn-coated steel sheets. In this study, the corrosion resistance of a new Zn-Al-Mg alloy-coated steel sheet was investigated and compared to that of conventional commercially available coated steel sheets. The investigation confirmed that increasing the Mg concentration in the Zn-Al-Mg-coated steel sheet improved corrosion resistance, which was more than 10 times that of the galvanized steel sheet specified in JIS G 3302. The study findings also confirmed that the corrosion resistance reached more than twice that of the coated steel sheet specified in JIS G 3323. If such galvanized steel sheets are applied to social infrastructures that are exposed to severely corrosive environments, the service life of the infrastructure might be extended.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.213-219
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• 1972

고구마를 직접(直接) 탁주양조(濁酒釀造)로 사용(使用)하기 위하여 생(生) 고구마 및 절간(切干) 고구마분(粉)을 이용(利用)한 제국실험(製麴實驗), 그리고 산(酸), 알칼리, 산화(酸化)환원제, polyphenol oxidase 저해제등(等)의 처리(處理)에 의(依)한 절간(切干)고구마의 탈색실험(脫色實驗)과 알칼리 및 열처리(熱處理)에 의(依)한 생(生) 고구마의 박피실험(剝皮實驗)을 하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 생(生) 고구마를 원료(原料)로 담금한 경우에 박피(剝皮)하여 담금한 구(區)가 하지않는 구(區)에 비(比)하여 다소(多少) 높은 발효율(發酵率)을 보였고, 전체적(全體的)으로 각구(各區)에서 모두 산(酸)이 많고 알콜 생성량(生成量)이 적었으며 그 제성주(製成酒)의 색상(色相) 및 취기(臭氣)가 좋지 못하였다. 2. 절간(切干)고구마분(粉)을 원료(原料)로 담금한 경우에는 생(生)고구마로 담금한 구(區)에 비(比)하여 총산함량(總酸含量)이 적은 반면(反面)에 알콜생성량(生成量)이 훨씬 많았다. 당화보조제(糖化補助劑)로서 엿기름을 사용(使用) 구(區)보다 밀기울국(麴)을 사용(使用)한 구(區)에서 알콜의 증산(增産)을 보여 4일후(日後) 술덧의 알콜함량(含量)이 $10.5{\sim}11.4%$에 달(達)하였고 그 제성주(製成酒)는 산미(酸味)가 부족(不足)하여 제성후(製成後) 시간경과(時間經過)에 따라 점차 암색(暗色)으로 착색(着色)되어 제품(製品)으로서의 가치(價値)가 저하(低下)되었다. 3. 절간(切干)고구마분(粉)에 Neuropora sitophila 및 Aspergillus oryzae 를 접종(接種)하여 제국(製麴)한 결과(結果), 균사(菌絲)가 고르게 발육(發育)된 국(麴)을 얻었으나 이들 국(麴)으로 담금한 술덧은 알콜함량(含量)이 현저(顯著)히 낮았다. 4. 산(酸) 및 알칼리, polyphenol oxidase 저해제(沮害濟), 그리고 ether, ethanol 등(等) 유기용제(有機溶劑) 처리(處理)에 의(依)한 절간(切干)고구마의 탈색효과는 가피(加被)할 수 없었으며 공시(共時)한 산화환원제중(酸化還元劑中) $KMnO_4$가 가장 탈색효과가 있었고 염류중(鹽類中)에서는 명반 및 소(燒)명반의 효과도 다소인정(多少認定)되었다. 5. 절간(切干)고구마분(粉)에 첨수하여 가열(加熱) 호화(糊化)할 때의 흑변(黑變)에는 공존(共存)하는 pectin 및 amino 산(酸)은 별영향(別營饗)을 미치지 않으나 tannin 은 기타(其他) 착색물질(着色物質)과 함께 영향(影響)을 주었다. 6. 고구마의 박피(剝皮)에는 3% 알칼리 비등용액중(沸騰溶液中)에서 6분간(分揀) 침적(沈積)로서 효과가 없었으며 비등수중(沸騰水中)에서는 12분간(分揀) 이상(以上)의 처리를 요하였다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로서 생(生)고구마 또는 절간(切干)고구마분(粉)으로 양조(釀造)하거나 이를 제국(製麴)하여 양조(釀造)하는 데는 일반적(一般的)인 담금법(法)으로서 좋은 결과(結果)를 얻을 수 없었으며 여러 가지 전처리(前處理)에 의(依)한 원료(原料)의 탈색효과도 기대(期待)할 수 없었으므로, 생(生)고구마 또는절간(切干)고구마분(粉)을 직접 원료(原料) 사용(使用)하려면 여기에 적합(適合)한 효모(酵母)와 고구마착색물질(着色物質)을 분해(分解)시키는 미생물(微生物)의 검색(檢索)에 대(對)한 연구(硏究)가 필요(必要)하겠다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.353-360
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 한국의 전통주인 약주를 쌀과 쌀전분, 그리고 4개의 발효제(효소제, 개량누룩, 재래누룩, 황국)를 사용하여 제조하였다. 쌀과 쌀전분의 원료차이와 발효제에 따른 발효 특성을 조사하였다. 우선 일반성분을 살펴보면 수분함량은 쌀 12.80, 쌀전분 10.75%, 발효제별로는 황국 5.57~재래누룩 8.15%로 나타났으며, 조단백은 쌀 76.90, 쌀전분 4.90 g, 발효제별로는 효소제 0.17~황국 77.10 g 의 범위로 나타났다. 조지방은 쌀 3.90, 쌀전분 2.20 g이며, 발효제별로는 효소제 0~황국 1.40 g으로 나타났으며, 회분은 쌀 5.10, 쌀전분은 3.90 g, 발효제별로는 개량누룩 0.57~황국 3.60 g으로 관찰되었다. 이화학성분 결과는 다음과 같다. 알코올 함량(%)을 살펴보면 쌀약주(황국 $17.67{\pm}0.12$~재래누룩 $20.13{\pm}0.12%$)가 쌀전분약주(황국 $14.93{\pm}0.23$~재래누룩 $18.47{\pm}0.12%$) 보다 높게 나타났는데 이는 각 원료 및 발효제별로 함유하고 있는 단백질 양의 차이에서 오는 것으로 단백질이 많을수록 효모의 생육에 더 용이하여 활발한 발효가 일어나기 때문인 것으로 사료된다. pH는 각각 쌀약주는 효소제 $4.50{\pm}0.08$~황국 $4.88{\pm}0.03$, 쌀전분 약주는 개량누룩 $4.34{\pm}0.02$~황국 $4.40{\pm}0.00$의 범위로 나타났는데 이 또한 원료 및 발효제별로 함유된 단백질, 지질 등의 성분이 각각 발효됨에 따라 생성된 유기산과 알코올이 상호 반응하여 ester 같은 flavor 형성에 이용되기 때문인 것으로 사료된다. 이와 관련하여 총산(succinic acid, %)은 쌀약주(효소제 $0.27{\pm}0.02$~황국 $0.34{\pm}0.01$)보다 쌀전분약주(효소제 $0.32{\pm}0.01$~황국 $0.48{\pm}0.01$)가 높게 나타났으며, 총아미노산(glycine, %)은 쌀약주(효소제 $0.59{\pm}0.09$~황국 $4.28{\pm}0.1$)가 쌀전분약주(효소제 $0.63{\pm}0.10$~황국 $4.45{\pm}0.1$)보다 높게 나타나 발효제별로 각각의 유의적인 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 누룩 자체의 색이 발효 중 용출되어 약주의 색에 기인하는 착색도는 쌀약주(효소제 $0.23{\pm}0.00$~재래누룩 $0.35{\pm}0.00$)가 쌀전분약주(효소제 $0.10{\pm}0.00$~황국 $0.28{\pm}0.00$)보다 높게 나타나 약주 자체의 색이 진할 것으로 사료되고 발효제별 각각의 유의적인 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 유기산 함량은 쌀약주(효소제 259.27~황국 357.70 mg%)보다 쌀전분 약주(재래누룩 389.83~효소제 538.34 mg%)에서 높게 나타났는데 이는 쌀보다 전분함량이 많은 쌀전분에서 효모의 작용이 활발하게 일어나 유기산이 생성된 것으로 사료된다. 유기산 중 와인과 맥주의 짠맛, 쓴맛, 신맛의 복합체인 succinic acid와 TCA cycle로부터 생성되는 citric acid의 함량이 쌀약주와 쌀전분약주 모두에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 유리 질소화합물의 함량은 쌀약주(효소제 498.38~황국 5,976.93 ppm)가 쌀전분약주(효소제 600.43~황국 4,463.79 ppm)보다 높게 나타났다. 주요 유리 질소화합물 성분으로는 alanine, leucine, glutamic acid, arginine이 7.51~9.58%의 범위로 가장 높게 나타났는데 쌀 및 쌀전분에 따른 질소화합물의 분포에는 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 지금까지의 결과를 요약하면 쌀약주와 쌀전분약주의 발효특성을 비교해본 결과 주류의 전체적인 맛, 향, 색 등에 관여하는 아미노산 함량이 약 15.7배 많은 쌀약주가 쌀전분 약주에 비해 감칠맛, 단맛, 쓴맛 등 풍미가 많을 것으로 사료된다. 하지만 아미노산이 너무 많으면 잡미가 증가하고 숙성취(노주취)를 발생시키기 때문에 적정 함량을 유지하기 위해서 알맞은 원료와 발효제를 사용하는 것이 중요하다. 그러나 약주의 품질은 다양한 성분에 의해서 영항을 받으며, 발효과정에서 많은 변화가 일어나므로 종합적인 평가가 필요하며 각 원료 및 발효제별 품질특성에 대해서 추가적인 조사가 요구된다.