• Development and Reproduction
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.361-370
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• 2017

Koi herpesvirus (KHV), also known as Cyprinid herpes virus 3 (Cyprinid 3) is lethal disease in common carp and koi (Cyprinus carpio). Two different groups (KK and RK) were infected KHV by intraperitoneal injection. Fish for gene expression analysis were sampled at 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post infection (p.i). The results showed that two immune related gene, Interferons (INFs) ${\alpha}{\beta}$ and Interleukin (IL)-12 p35 induced a high response in RK. The IL-12 p35 cytokine and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 were significantly high expressed on 48 h post infection (p.i) in RK as compared to the KK. The histopatological examination reveals focal necrosis in liver and infiltrate of lymphocytes in spleen of KK as compared to the RK. In immunohistochemistry analysis, the KHV protein high expressed in the infected kidney cell and slenocyte of KK. Therefore, the expression of IL-12 p35, IFN ${\alpha}{\beta}$ and TLR 9 may provide a potentially genes related with KHV resistance in Koi and red common carp ${\times}$ koi.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.337-342
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• 2012

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate effect of three paprika levels (0%, 5% and 10%) with two lipid levels (4% and 10%) in diets on growth performance and skin coloration of red- and white-colored fancy carp, Cyprinus carpio var. koi. Two replicate groups (an average body weight of $4.3{\pm}0.2g$) of fish fed one of eight experimental diets for 8 weeks. Survival, weight gain and feed efficiency of the fish were not significantly affected by both dietary paprika and lipid levels (P>0.05). After 8 weeks feeding period, the values of $a^*$, $L^*$ and $b^*$ of fish skin were significantly changed by dietary paprika level (P<0.05) but not lipid level. The $a^*$ value of fish fed the diets containing paprika was higher than that of fish fed control diet (P<0.05). Additional inclusion of 50-100 ppm canthaxanthin in diets containing 5% and 10% paprika did not improve $a^*$ value of fish skin. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that dietary inclusion of 5% paprika powder could increase the redness of red- and white-colored fancy carp fingerling.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.745-749
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• 2017

We investigated the effects of different dietary lipid levels (7% or 14%) and feeding frequency (1-4 meals per day) on the growth performance and body composition of juvenile fancy carp Cyprinus carpio var. koi. Three replicate groups of fish (initial mean weight, 11.7 g) were fed to visual satiety with sinking dry pellet diets for 8 weeks. Neither feeding frequency nor lipid level affected fish survival. Weight gain was affected by feeding frequency but not dietary lipid level. Weight gain significantly increased with increased feeding frequency. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were affected by feeding frequency, but not dietary lipid level. Daily feed intake was affected by feeding frequency and dietary lipid level. Whole body moisture, crude lipid and ash contents were affected by feeding frequency, but not dietary lipid level. Based on these results, we conclude that the appropriate feeding frequency for the optimum growth of fancy carp fingerlings is four meals per day using sinking dry pellet.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.317-322
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of various dietary lipid sources on the growth performance, body composition, and fatty acid profiles of juvenile fancy carp (Cyprinus carpio var. koi). Three replicate groups of fish (initial mean body weight, 15.1±0.18 g) were fed one of five experimental diets containing fish oil (SLO), soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO), lard (LA), or a mixture of SLO, SO, and LO (Mix) for 8 weeks. Fish fed the LA diet gained less weight than did fish fed the LO diet. The feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the LA and Mix diets were lower than those of fish fed the SO and LO diets. The body lipid content of fish fed the SO diet was lower than those of the other groups. Whole-body fatty acid compositions reflected the fatty acid compositions of dietary lipid sources. Fish fed the SO diet had high concentrations of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, whereas fish fed the LO diet were rich in linolenic acid. Fish fed the SLO diet had significantly higher levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid compared with fish fed the SO, LO, and LA diets. The results of this study suggest that SO or LO could be used as a replacement for SLO in the diets of juvenile fancy carp without any negative effects on growth and feed utilization when the dietary essential fatty acid requirements are satisfied for juvenile fancy carp.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2012

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carotenoid source and level on growth and skin color of red- and white-colored fancy carp Cyprinus carpio var. koi. Nine experimental diets (designated as CON, SP5, SP10, AS50, AS100, CA50, CA100, PA5 and PA10) were formulated to contain 5-10% Spirulina powder, 5-10% paprika powder, 50-100 ppm astaxanthin and 50-100 ppm canthaxanthin. The CON diet without supplementation of carotenoid source was considered as the control diet. Each experimental diet was fed to three replicate groups of fish (3.6 g/fish) to visual satiation three times a day for 8 weeks. Survival, growth and feed efficiency of fish were not significantly affected by dietary inclusion of carotenoid source and level (P>0.05). After 8 weeks feeding period, the values of $a^*$, $L^*$and $b^*$ of fish skin were significantly changed by dietary carotenoid source (P<0.05), but not carotenoid level. The $a^*$ value of fish fed the diets containing CA and PA was higher than control and SP diets (P<0.05). Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that dietary inclusion of 50 ppm canthaxanthin or 5% paprika powder could increase the redness of red-and white-colored fancy carp fingerling.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.365-370
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• 2013

This study investigated the effect of dietary paprika on the skin coloration of red- and white-colored fancy carp Cyprinus carpio var. koi, in two age groups: 0-age ($7.4{\pm}0.1$ g/fish) and 1-age ($164{\pm}2.9$ g/fish). Three isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 0, 5, and 10% paprika (Con, P5 and P10, respectively). Three replicate groups of 0-age fish and two replicate groups of 1-age fish were fed one of the experimental diets for 9 weeks. Survival, weight gain, and feed efficiency were not significantly affected by the dietary paprika level (P>0.05) at both fish sizes. The dietary paprika level influenced the redness ($a^*$), lightness ($L^*$), and yellowness ($b^*$) of fish skin. The $L^*$ value of the skin of the fish fed the P5 and P10 diets tended to decrease with feeding period. The skin $a^*$ value of 0-age fish (small) fed the diets containing paprika increased significantly with feeding period and was higher than that of fish fed the control diet after 3 weeks (P<0.05). However, the $a^*$ value of 1-age fish (large) fed the diets containing paprika tended to increase slightly with feeding period. At the end of the experiment, the skin total carotenoid level was increased significantly in fish of both sizes fed the P5 and P10 diets compared to fish fed the control diet. Therefore, 5% paprika powder in the diet increases the skin redness of red- and white-colored fancy carp, especially in small fish.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.79-83
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• 2010

Since 1998, a new viral disease with high mortality has been consistently recorded in Korea in cultured carp, Cyprinus carpio. In this study, we investigated an epizootic of the disease that caused high mortality rates in carp obtained from 11 farms in Korea between 1999 and 2007. Assessment of koi herpesvirus (KHV) levels in diseased carp was carried out to determine if this virus was the etiologic agent of disease in this instance. High mortality rates in carp were recorded mainly in the spring and autumn at water temperatures between $19^{\circ}C$ and $24^{\circ}C$. Diseased fish typically showed surface discoloration, with a thick opaque mucus covering the body and gills. Protozoan parasites and bacteria were recovered from 7/29 (24%) and 2/26 (8%) of fish, respectively. Evidence of viral infection was marked; cytopathic effects (CPEs), characterized by cell rounding and an extended cytoplasm in fathead minnow (FHM) cells, were detected in 40/41 fish (98%). A high mortality rate (80%) resulted when supernatants of cell cultures showing CPEs were applied to previously healthy fish. KHV was detected by polymerase chain reaction in 6/41 fish (15%), but was not detected in supernatants obtained from cell cultures showing CPEs. These results suggest that KHV may not be the etiologic agent of the high mortality occurring among cultured carp in Korea; therefore, some other-as yet unidentified-infective agent must be responsible.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.238-241
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate color pattern and growth in cross progenies between kois and red common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Coverage of red color patches in skin was investigated in $koi{\times}koi$ (KK), $koi{\times}red$ common carp (KR) and red common $carp{\times}koi$ (RK) progenies in 170 days post-hatching (DPH) by analysis of digital photographs. KR cross group had higher length (P<0.05) and the mean weight than in the KK but there were no significant difference between KR and RK. All groups consisted of three color pattern white, white-red and red. The percentage of red-area coverage in skin was 64% in KK progenies, 56% in KR and 36% in RK. The red coverage (30~50%) was highly in KR (15%) than in KK (10%) and RK (12%). The application of red-area body coverage analysis may suggest potentially useful tool for ornamental fish selection.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.257-262
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the growth and skin color of red- and white-colored fancy carp Cyprinus carpio var. koi juvenile reared at different water temperatures (21, 24, 27, and $30^{\circ}C$) for eight weeks. Two experimental diets were prepared to contain 10% Arthrospira platensis or 10% Arthrospira pacifica powder. After the feeding trial, survival was 100% in all group. Weight gain of fish reared at 24, 27, and $30^{\circ}C$ was higher than $21^{\circ}C$ group. Feed efficiency was not affected by water temperature and dietary Arthrospira sp. Daily feed intake tended to increase with water temperature. The $a^*$ value of skin coloration was affected by Arthrospira sp., but not by water temperature. Fish fed the diet containing A. pacifica powder reared at $27^{\circ}C$ had the highest $a^*$ value among the groups. Total carotenoids were highest in fish fed the diet containing A. pacifica powder reared at $21^{\circ}C$. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that 24-$30^{\circ}C$ water temperature was the optimal range for growth, and dietary inclusion of A. pacifica improved the skin redness of red- and white-colored fancy carp reared at $27^{\circ}C$.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.277-285
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• 2020

The disease-causing koi herpes virus (KHV), also known as cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV3), causes mass mortality of koi and carp. Koi (Cyprinus carpio) is a host for KHV, one of 12 virus species in the Alloherpesviridae family. We examined the effects of KHV disease koi (KK), and on koi×red common carp (KR) and red common carp×koi (RK) cross, using a virus challenge test. The infected fish had clinical signs that included gill necrosis and skin lesions. The RK and KR were highly more resistant (cumulative mortality: RK; 6% and KR; 8%) to KHV infection than KK fish (cumulative mortality: 28%). KHV DNA was confirmed in the tissues of all dead fish in groups by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the presence of the KHV protein in kidney was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Histological analysis showed severe gill lesions and fusion of the lamellae in KK fish, but less severe damage in RK fish. In immunohistochemistry analysis, the KHV protein localized in the cytoplasm of infected kidney cells of KK, but the cross groups had lower levels of KHV antigen. Our data indicate that the cross groups had increased resistance to KHV disease.