• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제12권9호
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• pp.3856-3868
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• 2011

최근까지 부동산 부분에 대한 전반적인 연구경향은 부동산시장 및 시장분석에 관한 논문이 중심을 이루었고, 부동산중개인의 직무능력 향상을 위한 교육프로그램개발에 대한 연구는 상대적으로 부족한 실정이었다. 따라서 본 연구는 충남지역(천안)을 중심으로 부동산 비즈니스 현장에서 경영활동 중인 부동산중개인을 대상으로 직무능력 향상을 위한 교육프로그램에 대한 니즈를 파악하기 위하여 실증분석을 하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부동산중개인의 직무능력 향상을 위한 교육내용에 대한 설문에서는 응답자의 대다수가 부동산 권리관계분석 및 법적지식, 부동산경영 회계, 부동산마케팅, 부동산 정책의 이해 등이 절실하게 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 변화의 움직임은 진화하는 고객들의 욕구를 충족시켜 줄 수 있는 최적의 대안이 교육훈련과정으로부터 발생됨을 인식하기 때문이라 하겠다. 둘째, 부동산마케팅 전략에 대하여 조사한 결과, 응답자의 대부분이 고객 욕구를 충족시키기 위해 새로운 형태의 마케팅전략이 필요함을 인식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 현상은 정보기술(Information Technology)등 패러다임 변화에 따라 인터넷 광고 등과 같은 새로운 형태의 마케팅 전략이 경영현장에서 요구되기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 셋째, 산학연계를 통한 부동산관련 교육프로그램 필요성에 대하여 조사한 결과, 응답자 가운데 92%가 대학의 평생교육원에서 진행하고 있는 부동산 교육프로그램의 운영이 필요하다고 응답하였다. 또한 지역에 소재한 대학의 자원(resources)을 이용한 부동산중개인의 재학습 과정이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 이외에도 효과적이고 효율적인 교육프로그램을 위해서는 대학 평생교육원의 인적 자원(human resources)을 활용한 부동산중개인의 직무능력 향상을 위한 '부동산 계약학과' 형태의 교육훈련시스템 운영을 요구하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 부동산중개인의 직무능력 향상을 위해 정규과정에서 수강하고 싶은 교육내용의 순위를 조사한 결과, 부동산경영(44.2%)과 부동산마케팅(42.3%)부분이 빈도가 높게 나타났다. 이와 같은 응답결과는 부동산경영과 부동산마케팅 마인드를 통해 고객들의 니즈를 파악하려는 의지를 보여주는 것이라 하겠다. 경영지식의 습득을 위해서는 정규과정 형태의 교육프로그램 운영보다는 비정규과정 형태의 교육훈련 프로그램을 더욱 더 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 본 연구는 부동산중개인의 특성을 고려, 천안지역에서 부동산중개업을 운영하고 있는 대상만을 중심으로 표본을 추출하였다. 따라서 모집단을 보다 광범위하여 다양한 지역을 중심으로 조사할 필요가 있다. 천안지역 이외에도 부동산 비즈니스 활동이 활발하게 진행되고 있는 지역(평촌, 일산, 분당)과 부동산학을 전공하는 학부생과 대학원생들을 대상으로 부동산중개인의 직무능력 향상을 위한 니즈를 실증적으로 분석할 필요가 있다. 이를 통하여 부동산중개인들이 고객만족과 직무능력 향상을 위하여 필요로 하는 요인들을 측정함으로서 맞춤형 교육프로그램개발을 위한 정보를 얻을 수 있을 것이다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 통하여 측정된 직무능력 향상을 위한 교육프로그램개발 변수들은 대학의 부동산학 커리큘럼에 접목됨과 동시에 부동산학의 발전을 위한 실사구시적 정보(information)로 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.211-221
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• 2014

임상실습은 전공분야에 관한 실제적 경험을 의료기관에서 현장 실습교육을 통해서 배울 수 있는 좋은 기회가 되고 있다. 이에 임상실습이 진행되는 가운데 임상 지도강사와 학생의 임상실습에 관한 인식을 비교 연구하고자 한다. 수도권에 소재하고 있는 방사선을 전공하는 재학생 중에 2013년 임상실습을 마친 학생을 대상으로 하였다. 본 연구를 위해 고안된 설문지를 사용하여 진행하였으며, 회수된 설문지 275부를 통계프로그램 SPSS(12.0 version)을 사용하여 빈도분석, 교차분석, 카이제곱 검정, McNemar검정을 실시하였다. 방사선 전공을 선택한 동기는 높은 취업률 때문(44.0%)이고, 학과에 대한 만족도는 보통(53.1%)이라고 대답하였다. 8주의 임상실습 기간에 대해 51.3%가 적절하다고 인식하였으며, 임상실습 시기는 3년 과정의 학생은 2학년 겨울방학(47.3%), 4년 과정의 학생은 3학년 1학기(27.7%)로 나타났다. 임상실습 동안 학생들은 전문지식의 부족(32.4%)을 느꼈으며, 실습교육의 일부 내용이 학교에서 이루어지는 교육과 차이가 있다(68.4%)고 대답하였다. 임상실습교육에 대해 대부분 만족하는 것으로 나타났으며 그중에서 임상실습에 대한 중요성의 인식은 $3.94{\pm}0.89$로 나타났다. 실습의 실시 전과 후에 방사선사 취업에 대한 인식의 변화는 84.1%에서 82.9%로 나타났다. 방사선사 취업을 원하는 이유는 직업의 안정성으로 실습 전 49.0%와 실습 후 46.0%, 취업을 원하지 않은 이유는 적성 및 소질에 맞지 않아서가 실습 전 37.0%와 실습 후 40.7%로 대답하였다. 취업을 위한 대학교육이 아닌 유능한 인재를 통한 방사선사의 위상을 높일 수 있는 내실 있고 만족도 높은 대학교육이 이루어 질 수 있는 노력이 필요하고 교육대상자인 학생들에게 효과적인 교육이 이루어 질 수 있는 임상실습시기와 기간에 대한 폭넓은 논의가 지속적으로 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.111-137
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• 2010

본 연구는 서비스 시장에서의 지각된 품질과 개인가치간의 인과적 관계 및 고객의 인지욕구에 따른 온 오프라인상의 조절효과에 대해 실증분석하였으며 이를 통해 개인가치에 대한 서비스 전략과 마케팅 관리의 중요성을 제시하고 있다. 서비스 시장에서 서비스 제공자와 구매자간의 장기적 거래관계의 중요성이 크게 부각됨에 따라 관계구축 및 강화에 매우 중요한 역할을 하는 개인가치에 관한 연구는 학계뿐만 아니라 실무적으로도 고객관계관리의 관점에서 시사하는 바가 크다고 할 수 있다. 실증분석을 위해 대형마트(할인점)와 인터넷 쇼핑몰을 이용하는 고객을 대상으로 설문을 통해 데이터를 수집하였으며 온 오프라인의 비교분석을 통한 차이검증을 위한 인과적 구성모델에 대해 구조방정식 모델분석을 통해 가설검증하였다. 구성모델에 대한 분석결과 물리적 환경, 상호작용 품질, 그리고 결과품질로 구성된 지각된 품질은 안정적 삶, 사회적 인식, 사회적 통합으로 구성된 서비스 개인가치에 통계적으로 매우 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 집단간 차이효과분석을 통해서도 온 오프라인에 따른 조정효과는 온라인에서보다는 오프라인에서 더 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 온라인상에서의 서비스에 대한 인지욕구가 높을 때보다는 오프라인상에서의 서비스에 대한 인지욕구가 높을 때 개인가치에 더 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 구성모델에 대한 적합도 역시 수용할만한 수준인 것으로 나타났다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.27-55
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• 2008

Due to the increasing and intensifying competition in the Internet shopping market, it has been recognized as very important to develop an effective policy and strategy for acquiring loyal customers. For this reason, web site designers need to know if a new Internet shopping mall(ISM) will be accepted. Researchers have been working on identifying factors for explaining and predicting user acceptance of an ISM. Some studies, however, revealed inconsistent findings on the antecedents of user acceptance of a website. Lack of consideration for individual differences in user ability is believed to be one of the key reasons for the mixed findings. The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) and several studies have suggested that individual differences in ability plays an moderating role on the relationship between the antecedents and user acceptance. Despite the critical role of user ability, little research has examined the role of user ability in the Internet shopping mall context. The purpose of this study is to develop a user acceptance model that consider the moderating role of user ability in the context of Internet shopping. This study was initiated to see the ability of the technology acceptance model(TAM) to explain the acceptance of a specific ISM. According to TAM. which is one of the most influential models for explaining user acceptance of IT, an intention to use IT is determined by usefulness and ease of use. Given that interaction between user and website takes place through web interface, the decisions to accept and continue using an ISM depend on these beliefs. However, TAM neglects to consider the fact that many users would not stick to an ISM until they trust it although they may think it useful and easy to use. The importance of trust for user acceptance of ISM has been raised by the relational views. The relational view emphasizes the trust-building process between the user and ISM, and user's trust on the website is a major determinant of user acceptance. The proposed model extends and integrates the TAM and relational views on user acceptance of ISM by incorporating usefulness, ease of use, and trust. User acceptance is defined as a user's intention to reuse a specific ISM. And user ability is introduced into the model as moderating variable. Here, the user ability is defined as a degree of experiences, knowledge and skills regarding Internet shopping sites. The research model proposes that the ease of use, usefulness and trust of ISM are key determinants of user acceptance. In addition, this paper hypothesizes that the effects of the antecedents(i.e., ease of use, usefulness, and trust) on user acceptance may differ among users. In particular, this paper proposes a moderating effect of a user's ability on the relationship between antecedents with user's intention to reuse. The research model with eleven hypotheses was derived and tested through a survey that involved 470 university students. For each research variable, this paper used measurement items recognized for reliability and widely used in previous research. We slightly modified some items proper to the research context. The reliability and validity of the research variables were tested using the Crobnach's alpha and internal consistency reliability (ICR) values, standard factor loadings of the confirmative factor analysis, and average variance extracted (AVE) values. A LISREL method was used to test the suitability of the research model and its relating six hypotheses. Key findings of the results are summarized in the following. First, TAM's two constructs, ease of use and usefulness directly affect user acceptance. In addition, ease of use indirectly influences user acceptance by affecting trust. This implies that users tend to trust a shopping site and visit repeatedly when they perceive a specific ISM easy to use. Accordingly, designing a shopping site that allows users to navigate with heuristic and minimal clicks for finding information and products within the site is important for improving the site's trust and acceptance. Usefulness, however, was not found to influence trust. Second, among the three belief constructs(ease of use, usefulness, and trust), trust was empirically supported as the most important determinants of user acceptance. This implies that users require trustworthiness from an Internet shopping site to be repeat visitors of an ISM. Providing a sense of safety and eliminating the anxiety of online shoppers in relation to privacy, security, delivery, and product returns are critically important conditions for acquiring repeat visitors. Hence, in addition to usefulness and ease of use as in TAM, trust should be a fundamental determinants of user acceptance in the context of internet shopping. Third, the user's ability on using an Internet shopping site played a moderating role. For users with low ability, ease of use was found to be a more important factors in deciding to reuse the shopping mall, whereas usefulness and trust had more effects on users with high ability. Applying the EML theory to these findings, we can suggest that experienced and knowledgeable ISM users tend to elaborate on such usefulness aspects as efficient and effective shopping performance and trust factors as ability, benevolence, integrity, and predictability of a shopping site before they become repeat visitors of the site. In contrast, novice users tend to rely on the low elaborating features, such as the perceived ease of use. The existence of moderating effects suggests the fact that different individuals evaluate an ISM from different perspectives. The expert users are more interested in the outcome of the visit(usefulness) and trustworthiness(trust) than those novice visitors. The latter evaluate the ISM in a more superficial manner focusing on the novelty of the site and on other instrumental beliefs(ease of use). This is consistent with the insights proposed by the Heuristic-Systematic model. According to the Heuristic-Systematic model. a users act on the principle of minimum effort. Thus, the user considers an ISM heuristically, focusing on those aspects that are easy to process and evaluate(ease of use). When the user has sufficient experience and skills, the user will change to systematic processing, where they will evaluate more complex aspects of the site(its usefulness and trustworthiness). This implies that an ISM has to provide a minimum level of ease of use to make it possible for a user to evaluate its usefulness and trustworthiness. Ease of use is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the acceptance and use of an ISM. Overall, the empirical results generally support the proposed model and identify the moderating effect of the effects of user ability. More detailed interpretations and implications of the findings are discussed. The limitations of this study are also discussed to provide directions for future research.

• 조형예술학연구
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• 제7권
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• pp.64-104
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• 2005

Visual media transmits image and information reproduced in large quantities, such as a photography, film, television, video, advertisement, or computer image. Correspondence to the students' reception and recognition of culture in the future. arrangements for the field of studies of visual culture. 'Visual Culture' implies cultural phenomena of visual images via visual media, which includes not only the categories of traditional arts like a painting, sculpture, print, or design, but the performance arts including a fashion show or parade of carnival, and the mass and electronic media like a photography, film, television, video, advertisement, cartoon, animation, or computer image. In the world of visual media, Image' functions as an essential medium of communication. Therefore, people call the culture of today fra of Image Culture', which has been converted from an alphabet convergence era to an image convergence one. Image, via visual media, has become a dominant means for communication in large part of human life, so we can designate an Image' as a typical aspect of visual culture today. Image, as an essential medium of communication, plays an important role in contemporary society. The one way is the conversion of analogue image like an actual picture, photograph, or film into digital one through the digitalization of digital camera or scanner as 'an analogue/digital commutator'. The other is a way of process with a computer drawing, or modeling of objects. It is appropriate to the production of pictorial and surreal images. Digital images, produced by the other, can be divided into the form of Pixel' and form of Vector'. Vector is a line linking the point of departure to the point of end, which organizes informations. Computer stores each line's standard location and correlative locations to one another Digital image shows for more 'Perfectness' than any other visual media. Digital image has been evolving in the diverse aspects, such as a production of geometrical or organic image compositing, interactive art, multimedia art, or web art, which has been applied a computer as an extended trot of painting. Someone often interprets digitalized copy with endless reproduction of original even as an extension of a print. Visual af is no longer a simple activity of representation by a painter or sculptor, but now is intimately associated with a matter of application of media. There is some problem in images via visual media. First, the image via media doesn't reflect a reality as it is, but reflects an artificial manipulated world, that is, a virtual reality. Second, the introduction of digital effect and the development of image processing technology have enhanced a spectacle of destructive and violent scenes. Third, a child intends to recognize the interactive images of computer game and virtual reality as a reality, or truth. Education needs not only to point out an ill effect of mass media and prevent the younger generation from being damaged by it, but also to offer a knowledge and know-how to cope actively with social, cultural circumstances. Visual media education is one of these essential methods for the contemporary and future human being in the overflowing of image informations. The fosterage of 'Visual Literacy' can be considered as a very purpose of visual media education. This is a way to lead an individual to the discerning, active consumer and producer of visual media in life as far as possible. The elements of 'Visual Literacy' can be divided into a faculty of recognition related to the visual media, a faculty of critical reception, a faculty of appropriate application, a faculty of active work and a faculty of creative modeling, which are promoted at the same time by the education of 'visual literacy'. In conclusion, the education of 'Visual Literacy' guides students to comprehend and discriminate the visual image media carefully, or receive them critically, apply them properly, or produce them creatively and voluntarily. Moreover, it leads to an artistic activity by means of new media. This education can be approached and enhanced by the connection and integration with real life. Visual arts and education of them play an important role in the digital era depended on visual communications via image information. Visual me야a of day functions as an essential element both in daily life and in arts. Students can soundly understand visual phenomena of today by means of visual media, and apply it as an expression tool of life culture as well. A new recognition and valuation visual image and media education is required to cultivate the capability of active, upright dealing with the changes of history of civilization. 1) Visual media education helps to cultivate a sensibility for images, which reacts to and deals with the circumstances. 2) It helps students to comprehend the contemporary arts and culture via new media. 3) It supplies a chance of students' experiencing a visual modeling by means of new media. 4) There are educational opportunities of images with temporality and spaciality, and therefore a discerning person becomes to increase. 5) The modeling activity via new media leads students to be continuously interested in the school and production of plastic arts. 6) It raises the ability of visual communications dealing with image information society. 7) An education of digital image is significant in respect of cultivation of man of talent for the future society of image information as well. To correspond to the changing and developing social, cultural circumstances, and the form and recognition of students' reception of them, visual arts education must arrange the field of studying on a new visual culture. Besides, a program needs to be developed, which is in more systematic and active level in relation to visual media education. Educational contents should be extended to the media for visual images, that is, photography, film, television, video, computer graphic, animation, music video, computer game and multimedia. Every media must be separately approached, because they maintain the modes and peculiarities of their own according to the conveyance form of message. The concrete and systematic method of teaching and the quality of education must be researched and developed, centering around the development of a course of study. Teacher's foundational capability of teaching should be cultivated for the visual media education. In this case, it must be paid attention to the fact that a technological level of media is considered as a secondary. Because school education doesn't intend to train expert and skillful producers, but intends to lay stress on the essential aesthetic one with visual media under the social and cultural context, in respect of a consumer including a man of culture.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.125-148
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• 2009

UGC(User Generated Contents) is emerging as the center of e-business in the web 2.0 era. The trend reflects changing roles of users in production and consumption of contents on websites and helps us to understand new strategies of websites such as web portals and social network websites. Nowadays, we consume contents created by other non-professional users for both utilitarian (e.g., knowledge) and hedonic values (e.g., fun). Also, contents produced by ourselves (e.g., photo, video) are posted on websites so that our friends, family, and even the public can consume those contents. This means that non-professionals, who used to be passive audience in the past, are now creating contents and share their UGCs with others in the Web. Accessible media, tools, and applications have also reduced difficulty and complexity in the process of creating contents. Realizing that users create plenty of materials which are very interesting to other people, media companies (i.e., web portals and social networking websites) are adjusting their strategies and business models accordingly. Increased demand of UGC may lead to website visits which are the source of benefits from advertising. Therefore, they put more efforts into making their websites open platforms where UGCs can be created and shared among users without technical and methodological difficulties. Many websites have increasingly adopted new technologies such as RSS and openAPI. Some have even changed the structure of web pages so that UGC can be seen several times to more visitors. This mainstream of UGCs on websites indicates that acquiring more UGCs and supporting participating users have become important things to media companies. Although those companies need to understand why general users have shown increasing interest in creating and posting contents and what is important to them in the process of productions, few research results exist in this area to address these issues. Also, behavioral process in creating video UGCs has not been explored enough for the public to fully understand it. With a solid theoretical background (i.e., theory of implementation intentions), parts of our proposed research model mirror the process of user behaviors in creating video contents, which consist of intention to upload, intention to edit, edit, and upload. In addition, in order to explain how those behavioral intentions are developed, we investigated influences of antecedents from three motivational perspectives (i.e., intrinsic, editing software-oriented, and website's network effect-oriented). First, from the intrinsic motivation perspective, we studied the roles of self-expression, enjoyment, and social attention in forming intention to edit with preferred editing software or in forming intention to upload video contents to preferred websites. Second, we explored the roles of editing software for non-professionals to edit video contents, in terms of how it makes production process easier and how it is useful in the process. Finally, from the website characteristic-oriented perspective, we investigated the role of a website's network externality as an antecedent of users' intention to upload to preferred websites. The rationale is that posting UGCs on websites are basically social-oriented behaviors; thus, users prefer a website with the high level of network externality for contents uploading. This study adopted a longitudinal research design; we emailed recipients twice with different questionnaires. Guided by invitation email including a link to web survey page, respondents answered most of questions except edit and upload at the first survey. They were asked to provide information about UGC editing software they mainly used and preferred website to upload edited contents, and then asked to answer related questions. For example, before answering questions regarding network externality, they individually had to declare the name of the website to which they would be willing to upload. At the end of the first survey, we asked if they agreed to participate in the corresponding survey in a month. During twenty days, 333 complete responses were gathered in the first survey. One month later, we emailed those recipients to ask for participation in the second survey. 185 of the 333 recipients (about 56 percentages) answered in the second survey. Personalized questionnaires were provided for them to remind the names of editing software and website that they reported in the first survey. They answered the degree of editing with the software and the degree of uploading video contents to the website for the past one month. To all recipients of the two surveys, exchange tickets for books (about 5,000~10,000 Korean Won) were provided according to the frequency of participations. PLS analysis shows that user behaviors in creating video contents are well explained by the theory of implementation intentions. In fact, intention to upload significantly influences intention to edit in the process of accomplishing the goal behavior, upload. These relationships show the behavioral process that has been unclear in users' creating video contents for uploading and also highlight important roles of editing in the process. Regarding the intrinsic motivations, the results illustrated that users are likely to edit their own video contents in order to express their own intrinsic traits such as thoughts and feelings. Also, their intention to upload contents in preferred website is formed because they want to attract much attention from others through contents reflecting themselves. This result well corresponds to the roles of the website characteristic, namely, network externality. Based on the PLS results, the network effect of a website has significant influence on users' intention to upload to the preferred website. This indicates that users with social attention motivations are likely to upload their video UGCs to a website whose network size is big enough to realize their motivations easily. Finally, regarding editing software characteristic-oriented motivations, making exclusively-provided editing software more user-friendly (i.e., easy of use, usefulness) plays an important role in leading to users' intention to edit. Our research contributes to both academic scholars and professionals. For researchers, our results show that the theory of implementation intentions is well applied to the video UGC context and very useful to explain the relationship between implementation intentions and goal behaviors. With the theory, this study theoretically and empirically confirmed that editing is a different and important behavior from uploading behavior, and we tested the behavioral process of ordinary users in creating video UGCs, focusing on significant motivational factors in each step. In addition, parts of our research model are also rooted in the solid theoretical background such as the technology acceptance model and the theory of network externality to explain the effects of UGC-related motivations. For practitioners, our results suggest that media companies need to restructure their websites so that users' needs for social interaction through UGC (e.g., self-expression, social attention) are well met. Also, we emphasize strategic importance of the network size of websites in leading non-professionals to upload video contents to the websites. Those websites need to find a way to utilize the network effects for acquiring more UGCs. Finally, we suggest that some ways to improve editing software be considered as a way to increase edit behavior which is a very important process leading to UGC uploading.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제9권
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• pp.555-652
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• 1996

Up to the present the scholastic achievements in the history of the medical system have been rather scare despite its importance in the Korean History. Hence, this dissertation attempts to examine the significance of the institute in the Korean History, covering the period from the ancient times through the early Chosun-Dynasty. In the ancient times, the medical practice relied primarily upon human instincts and experiences at the same time, shaman's incantations were widely believed to cure diseases, the workings of evil spirits supposedly. For the period from the Old Chosun through Samhan(巫堂), Chinese refugees brought a long medical knowledge and skills of the continent. New Chinese medicine, traditional practices and incantations were generally used at this time. Medicine and the medical system were arranged by the period of the Three Countries(三國時代). No definite record concerning Koguryo remains now. As for Paekje, however, history shows that they set up the system under the Chinese influence, assigning medical posts such as Euibaksa(medical doctor), Chaeyaksa(pharmacist), and Jukeumsa(medicine man) within Yakbu(department of medicine). Scientifically advanced, they sent experts to Japan, giving a tremendous influence on the development of the science on ancient Japan. After the unification of the three countries, Shilla had their own system after the model of Dang(唐). This system of the Unified Shilla was continued down to Koryo and became the backbone of the future ones. In the ancient time religion and medicine were closely related. The curative function of the shaman was absolute. Buddhism played a notable part in medical practice, too, producing numerous medical monks. The medical system of Koryo followed the model of Dang with some borrowings from Song(宋). Sangyakkuk(尙藥局) was to deal exclusively with the diseases of the monarch whereas Taeeuigam(太醫監) was the central office to handle the national medical administration and the qualification test and education for doctors. In addition, Dongsodaebiwon(東西大悲院), Jewibo(濟危寶), and Hyeminkuk(惠民局) were public hospitals for the people, and a few aristocrats practiced medicine privately. In 987, the 6th year of Songjong(成宗), local medical operations were installed for curing the sick and educating medical students. Later Hyonjong(顯宗), established Yakjom(clinics, 藥店) throughout the country and officials were sent there to see patients. Foreign experts, mainly from Song, were invited frequently to deliver their advanced technology, and contributed to the great progress of the science in Korea. Medical officials were equipped with better land and salary than others, enjoying appropriate social respect. Koryo exchanged doctors, medicine and books mainly with Song, but also had substantial interrelations with Yuan(元), Ming(明), Kitan(契丹), Yojin(女眞), and Japan. Among them, however, Song was most influential to the development of medicine in Koryo. During Koryo Dynasty Buddhism, the national religion at the time, exercised bigger effect on medicine than in any other period. By conducting national ceremonies and public rituals to cure diseases, Taoism also affected the way people regarded illness. Curative shamanism was still in practice as well. These religious practices, however, were now engaged only when medication was already in use or when medicine could not held not help any more. The advanced medical system of Koryo were handed down to Chosun and served the basis for further progress. Hence, then played well the role to connect the ancient medicine and the modern one. The early Chosun followed and systemized the scientific and technical achievement in medicine during the Koryo Dynasty, and furthermore, founded the basis of the future developments. Especially the 70 years approximately from the reign of Sejong(世宗) to that of Songjong(成宗) withnessed a termendous progress in the field with the reestablishment of the medical system. The functions of the three medical institute Naeeuiwon(內醫院), Joneuigam(典醫監), Hyeminkuk(惠民局) were expanded. The second, particualy, not only systemized all the medical practices of the whole nation, but also grew and distributed domestic medicaments which had been continually developed since the late Koryo period. In addition, Hyeminso(惠民局, Hwarinwon(活人院)) and Jesaenwon(濟生院)(later merged to the first) played certain parts in the curing illness. Despite the active medical education in the capital and the country, the results were not substantial, for the aristocracy avoided the profession due to the social prejudice against technicians including medical docotors. During the early Chosun-Dynasty, the science was divided into Chimgueui (acupuncturist), Naryogeui(specialist in scrofula) and Chijongeui (specialist in boil). For the textbooks, those for the qualification exam were used, including several written by the natives. With the introduction on Neoconfucianism(性理學) which reinforced sexual segregation, female doctors appeared for the female patients who refused to be seen by male doctors. This system first appeared in 1406, the sixth year of Taejong(太宗), but finally set up during the reign of Sejong. As slaves to the offices, the lowest class, female doctors drew no respect. However, this is still significant in the aspect of women's participation in society. They were precedents of midwives. Medical officials were selected through the civil exam and a special test. Those who passed exams were given temporary jobs and took permanent posts later. At that time the test score, the work experience and the performance record of the prospective doctor were all taken into consideration, for it was a specialized office. Most doctors were given posts that changed every six months, and therefore had fewer chances for a goverment office than the aristocracy. At the beginning the social status of those in medicine was not that low, but with the prejudice gradully rising among the aristocracy, it became generally agreed to belong to the upper-middle technician class. Dealing with life, however, they received social respect and courtesy from the public. Sometimes they collected wealth with their skills. They kept improving techniques and finally came to take an important share in modernization process during the late Chosun-Dynasty.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.97-158
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• 2010

우리나라는 1992년 최초의 인공위성 우리별 1호를 발사한 이후, 현재까지 11기의 인공위성을 발사하였다. 2007년 국가우주위원회에서 우주개발중장기 기본계획을 수정 보완한 우주개발진흥계획을 수립하였다. 동 계획에 의하면, 2010년 까지 총 13기의 인공위성 개발, 2020년경까지 한국형 우주발사체 개발, 2021년 달 탐사선 발사 등이 예정되어 있다. 한편 2009년 6월 전남 고흥군 외나로도에 우주센터가 준공되어 동년 8월 우리나라 최초의 소형 우주발사체 나로호 KSLV-1가 1차 발사되었으며, 2010년 6월 나로호가 2차 발사되었다. 유엔에서 채택되어 발효 중인 우주개발 관련 국제조약으로는 1967년 우주조약, 1968년 우주구조반환협정, 1971년 우주손해책임조약, 1972년 우주물체등록조약, 1979년 달 조약 등 5가지 조약이 있으며, 우리나라는 달 조약을 제외한 4가지 조약을 가입 비준하였다. 세계 주요국의 우주개발 관련 국내입법례로는, 미국의 1958년 국가항공우주법 및 1998년 상업우주법, 영국의 1986년 우주법, 프랑스의 1961년 국립우주센터 설립법, 캐나다의 1990년 우주청법, 일본의 2008년 우주기본법, 러시아의 1993년 우주활동법 등이 제정되어 있다. 우리나라의 우주개발 관련 국내입법으로는, 1987년 항공우주산업개발 촉진법, 2005년 우주개발진흥법, 2008년 우주손해배상법 등이 제정 시행되고 있으며, 이러한 국내입법의 개선방향은 다음과 같다. 지식경제부는 2009년 12월 23일 항공우주산업개발촉진법 전부 개정안을 입법 예고하였는 바, 개정안의 주요내용으로는 (1) 법의 제명 "항공우주산업육성법"으로 변경, (2) 항공비행시험장 등 정의규정 신설, (3) 항공우주산업 기본계획 수립, 항공우주산업위원회 설치, (4) 항공우주산업의 육성을 위한 사업, (5) 탐색개발, 국제공동개발, (6) 협동개발, (7) 공제사업, (8) 우주산업의 기반 조성을 위한 사업, (9) 항공우주산업의 집적 활성화, (10) 항공비행시험장의 지정 등, (11) 특정사업자의 지정 및 지원제도 폐지, (12) 성능검사 및 품질검사 폐지 등에 관하여 규정하고 있다. 우주개발진흥법의 개정방향으로는 (1) 우주개발진흥법과 항공우주산업개발촉진법과의 법체계상의 중복문제, (2) 국가우주위원회와 국가과학기술위원회 간에 우주개발에 관한 국가연구개발 예산의 배분, 조정문제, (3) 우주개발에 있어서 환경의 배려 및 보전, (4) 우주개발에 관한 시책 및 규제를 위한 법제상 조치 강구 및 법제의 정비 등의 사항에 관하여 수정 보완이 되어야 할 것이다. 우주손해배상법의 개정방향으로는 (1) 우주손해의 정의와 간접손해, (2) 손해배상책임 한도액의 통화단위, (3) 우주물체 공동발사자의 연대책임 및 구상권, (4) 우주손해배상심의위원회의 설치 등의 사항에 관하여 수정보완이 되어야 할 것이다. 우리나라가 2013년에 우주여행의 실현을 위하여 미국의 민간 유인 우주선 제작사인 XCOR 에어로스페이스사로 부터 우주선을 도입하여 운항할 계획이다. 앞으로 우주여행 관련기업들을 비롯한 상업우주운송 기업체들의 국내진출이 예상되므로 상업우주운송에 대한 안전인증 및 관리감독 체계의 마련이 시급하며, 국내 상업우주운송산업의 육성에 관한 정책개발과 현행 항공법 및 우주개발 관련 법령의 적절한 보완 정비가 필요하다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.171-183
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• 2012

세계가 급변하고 시시각각 발전하는 기술 속에서 전시 산업은 국가와 기업의 중요한 홍보 수단으로 부각되고 있다. 특히, 전시회에 참여하는 참여업체는 상품 또는 서비스를 전시하고 메시지를 전달하기 위해 마련된 개별 전시공간을 통해 기업들과 소비자들에게 단기간에 신제품과 신기술에 대한 정보를 제공할 수 있으며 국내외 시장의 욕구와 추세변화 및 경쟁업체들에 대한 정보를 파악할 수 있다. 참여업체들은 이러한 참가 목적의 달성을 위해 다양한 프로모션을 계획하고 실행하며 프로모션 정보를 참관객에게 실시간으로 제공할 수 있는 스마트 전시 환경의 구축은 이전보다 다양한 프로모션 기법의 적용 및 실행을 가능하게 하였다. 하지만, 이러한 스마트 전시 환경의 발전에도 불구하고 현재 실행되고 있는 프로모션은 참관객의 욕구나 목표에 대한 이해가 부족한 상태에서 무차별적인 매스마케팅 형태로 진행되어 그 본래의 목적을 상실하고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 참여업체의 차별화된 프로모션의 계획과 실행을 위해 기존에 널리 사용되는 마케팅 기법인 STP 전략의 프로세스를 도입하여 스마트 전시 환경에서 프로모션에 적합한 참관객을 자동적으로 선정하여 프로모션 정보를 제공하는 시스템을 제안하였다. 특히, 본 연구에서는 다음과 같은 스마트 전시회의 특성을 고려한다. 먼저, 전시회는 전시업체가 관람객과 상호작용하기 위해 모인 일시적이고 시간에 민감한 시장이다. 따라서, 불충분한 기존 참관객의 정보를 이용하는 것이 아닌 신규 참관객 분석의 관점에서 서비스를 제공할 수 있어야 한다. 두 번째로, 스마트 전시 환경에서는 참관객의 정보를 실시간으로 획득할 수 있다는 장점이 있는 반면에 데이터의 분석 및 서비스의 제공이 실시간으로 이루어져야 한다. 마지막으로, 참관객이 스마트 전시 환경에서 만들어 내는 데이터를 활용하는 기법이 필요하다. 스마트 전시 환경에서는 유용한 데이터를 실시간으로 획득할 수 있어 참관객이 전시회 내에서 하는 활동을 분석하는 행위적 세분화에 근거한 접근방식이 필요하다. 이러한 특성을 고려하여 본 연구에서는 제안한 시스템을 실제 전시회에 파일럿 시스템 형태로 적용하여 참관객을 실시간으로 분류 및 분석하고 각 메시지에 대한 성과를 측정하는 실험을 진행하였다. 그 결과, 전시 참관객의 행동 패턴을 4가지로 분류하여 각 군집별 특성을 프로모션 메시지의 성과로 측정하여 그에 적합한 프로모션 전략을 도출하였다. 이러한 프로모션 전략은 실제 전시 참여업체의 프로모션 기획 및 실행에 중요한 전략적 도구로 사용되어 프로모션 성과를 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.125-132
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• 2010

목 적: 착상전 유전진단(preimplantation genetic diagnosis, PGD)은 유전질환을 가진 부부들을 대상으로 체외수정을 통해 획득한 배아에서 유전진단을 하는 방법이다. 다양한 유전질환을 가진 부부에게 그 질환에 맞는 PGD의 설계가 진행되어야 하기 때문에 PGD 시행 전유전상담을 시행하는 것은 PGD 설계에 있어서 매우 중요하다. 이에, PGD 시행 시 필요한 유전상담의 내용에 대해 환자 및 가족과 전문가의 구체적인 의견을 수렴하고 분석하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 본 연구는 PGD에 있어서 유전상담의 필요성과 중요성에 대한 의견을 알아보고자, 2010년 2월 3일부터 4월 30일까지 PGD를 실시 또는 실시 예정인 부부들과 PGD 관련 전문가들을 대상으로 이메일과 직접 설문지를 배포하여 설문조사를 실시하였다. 결 과: 환자 60명과 전문가 31명을 포함하여 총 91명이 설문조사에 응답하였으며, 환자들은 염색체 이상 질환 49명(81.7%)과 단일유전자 이상 질환 11명(18.3%) 이었다. 설문에 응답한 환자와 전문가 모두 유전상담이 PGD의 의료서비스 일환으로 반드시 필요하다고 답하였다. 환자의 충분한 이해를 위하여 필요한 유전상담의 시간에 대해 환자와 가족 그리고 전문가 의견을 수렴한 결과, 각각 45명(75.0%)과 23명(74.2%)이 적정한 유전상담시간을 30분 이상이라고 응답하였다. 하지만, 현 의료시스템에서는 짧은 진료시간 내 진료와 유전상담을 동시에 진행함으로써 환자에게 완벽한 정보제공이 이루어지지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 전문가 그룹에서는 진료시간의 부족과 유전질환의 정보 부족이 유전상담의 어려운 점이라고 답하였으며, 이에 비 의사(non-MD) 전문유전상담사가 필요하다는 의견이 30명(96.7%)으로 높게 나타났다. 환자와 가족들은 PGD 시술 시 예기치 못한 결과의 가능성, 환자가 가진 유전질환의 위험을 예방할 수 있는 선택사항, 환자가 가지고 있는 유전질환의 위험도 평가, 유전자 검사 시 검사의 목적 설명 및 검사기술의 한계점과 오진률의 설명, PGD 시술 전반에 관한 기술적인 정보 등에 대하여 관심을 가지고 있으며 더 자세한 설명을 필요로 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 대한 전문가 의견 역시 환자 및 가족이 관심 있고 자세한 설명을 원하는 정보와 대부분 일치하였다. 이에 따라 환자의 요구와 의견으로 나타난 위의 결과들을 향후 PGD를 위한 유전상담의 지침(guide-line) 구축 시 반영하여야 할 것으로 사료된다. 결 론: 본 연구에서 유전진단과 생식의학 기술의 발전과 더불어 PGD의 적용과 효율성 등에 대한인식이 높아짐에 따라, PGD를 시행함에 있어서 구체적이고 체계적인 유전상담이 필요하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 설문조사 결과가 향후 PGD를 위한 유전상담 지침서(guideline)에 반영되어 적절한 PGD의 설계, 실시, 사후관리에 큰 도움이 되기를 기대한다.