• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.35-43
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• 1997

A study on the effect of the biodegradability of the composting bulking agent in the swine manurecomposting was carried out in a batch system. The purpose of this study is to prove the effect of the biodegradability of the composting-bulking agent on the efficiency of the composting. In this study, it is the lignins: Klason-Lignin in the volatile solid that the index of the biodegradability of the composting-material mixes which are pig manure-rice straw pig manure-sawdusts pig manuremixture of rice and ricestraw (2:1) pig manure-mixture of rice and sawdust (1:1). It was carried out in the same condition (moisture contents, air supply rate, C/N ratio, initial input weight, porosity-structure) except the biodegradability of the raw material mixes. One of the results from this study is that the biodegradability of the bulking agent in the sense of the VS lignin content is not an insignificant factor in composting reaction. The less contents of the lignin in VS, the more efficiencies of the cornposting reaction in use of these parameters for the degree of the reaction: temperature, the trends of the ash contents, the change pattern of the C/N ratio. Under some assumptions, it is able to induce rough model on the relation of the VS lignin contents with the efficiency of the degradability. In this model, the biodegradability of the bulking agent is not an insignificant factor however, it is flexible within some degrees of range.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.179-182
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• 2003

Anaerobic fermentation was attempted to produce methane from the wood chip (Eucalyptus globulus). By the pretreatment of the wood chip using hot water with high temperature, NaOH, and steam explosion, the production of methane gas was enhanced. The pretreatment using Steam explosion resulted in more amount of methane gas produced than the treatment using either hot water or 1% (w/w) NaOH with high temperature, and the steam explosion at a steam pressure of 25 atm and a steaming time of 3 min was the most effective for the methane production. The amount of methane gas produced depended on the ratio of weight of Klason lignin, a high molecular weight lignin, in the treated wood chip.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.28-33
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of deep eutectic solvent (DES) treatment on properties of TMP fibers and handsheets. DES was prepared by mixing of lactic acid and betaine (L and B), and the molar ratio of these two components mixtures was controlled to 2:1 (L:B=2:1) and 5:1 (L:B=5:1). As results, lignin was partly extracted from the TMP fibers. Especially, the delignification of TMP samples was promoted according to the increase of the molar ratio of lactic acid. Except for tear index, both tensile index and burst index of handsheets were increased when higher molar ratio of lactic acid was mixed for DES preparation. However, the LB DES treatment of TMP fibers didn't give any effect on the optical properties of TMP handsheets. The plausibility of TMP fiber was to be enhanced by LB DES treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1682-1688
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• 2007

The effects of cultivar and DAPs on the lignin content and dyeability of the kenaf fibers were investigated. Four kenaf fiber samples were prepared from two cultivars, Tainung 2 and Everglades 41, and their 60 and 120 DAPs(days after planting) for the experiments. The lignin contents of the kenaf fibers of Tainung 2(T2) and Everglades 41(E41) were $11.29{\sim}12.78%$. Both T2 and E41 kenaf fibers had comparable amount of lignin, and klason lignin of the fibers was $2.5{\sim}3$ times as much as much as acid-soluble lignin. In both T2 and E41, 120 DAPs kenaf have 1% more lignin than 60 DAPs kenaf. The moisture regains of the four kenaf fiber samples were almost the same as $10.25{\pm}0.05%$. The absorbances of residual solution after dyeing for $1{\sim}180$ minutes with Red 81 at maximum wavelength 520 nm and Green 26 at 600 nm were measured. Comparing to Green 26, the dyeing rate of Red 81 was rapid and equilibrium state was reached in 12 minutes. The CIE $L^*,\;a^*, \;b^*,\;{\Delta}E$ and K/S values of the kenaf fibers dyed with Red 81 and Green 26 were measured as well. The dye exhaustion ratio of 60 DAPs kenaf was higher than that of 120 DAP.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.71-73
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• 2008

Different biosolid fuel (wood pellet) properties between trunk and root of pine (Pinus densiflora) biomass were investigated. Trunk has more organic solvent extracts and Klason lignin content which has higher heating values than root biomass component. In root biomass, polysaccharides content was higher than trunk biomass. Based on Higher Heating Value (HHD) analysis and ash content, trunk biomass showed better solid fuel characteristics than root biomass. But pine root biomass had lower HHD than trunk biomass, its HHD values were higher than other hardwood or annual plant lignocellulosic biomass.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.482-484
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• 2006

대마에 대한 분석 결과, 인피 섬유의 경우 리그닌 함량은 7.6%로 다른 목질계 바이오매스나 일년생 초본류와 비교하여 매우 낮은 리그닌 함량을 나타냈으며 탄수화물 함량은 65.4%로 목질계 바이오매스와 유사하고, 초본류보다는 오히려 높았다. 목부는 리그닌 및 탄수화물 함량이 활엽수와 유사한 경향을 나타내었는데 특히 높은 자일란의 함량이 확인되었다. 또한 회분 함량이 인피섬유와 목부에서 각각 5.0%와 2.3%로 낮은 값을 나타내어 당화 및 발효 공정에 적용될 때 회분에 의한 공정 장애(스케일링 등)의 가능성을 낮추어 줄 것으로 사료되었다. 최종적으로 이러한 화학적 분석을 통해 대체에너지 생산을 위한 자원으로서 대마의 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.3-7
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• 1978

Quercus serrata degraded by Leminus edodes(berk) Singer was investigated. In order to evaluate on affect of the fungi on the sound logs, and the logs attacted for 2 years and five years were used as a sample tree. Large portions of carbohydrate mainly was decomposed by the fungy. It is supported by the increasing of alkaline extractives and the breaking up of crystallinity. Lignin is transformed considerably as shown the results of the determination of Klason lignin, gel filtration and nitrobezene oxidation. On the other hand, the decreasing of methoxyl group and the increasing of carboxyl group in parallel with demethlation and acidification are presented. Syringyl nuclei unit is decomposed easier than guaiacyl unit. It is also illustrated that the more decreasing of carboxyl group compared with aldehyde group was acidified biodegradation.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.30-35
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• 2013

To conserve wood resources for papermaking, chemical compositions of the hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) bast fiber cultivated in Korea such as holocellulose, ${\alpha}$-cellulose, lignin, alcohol-benzene extractives, hot and cold water extractives, and ash contents were investigated to manufacture the specialty packaging paper effectively. Significantly very low klason lignin content of 3.3% was accomplished by removing of the outer shell of bark. Laboratory soda pulping method which is very useful for the nonwood fiber was adapted, and it was found that there was no significant difference in both kappa number and H-factor between 25% and 30% NaOH charge. Hemp pulp cooked with the laboratory digester in 25% NaOH at $170^{\circ}C$ were mixed together with the wood pulp(NBKP:LBKP=1:1) in order to find the optimum mixture ratio which exhibited acceptable paper strength properties such as tensile index, burst index, and tear strength. When 10% of hemp soda pulps was mixed with 90% of wood pulps comprised of SwBKP and HwBKP (1:1), all physical strength increased significantly. The physical strength decreased as the amount of hemp pulp increased because the cell wall of bast fiber is very thick which causes low conformability and low fiber-fiber bonding. These results showed that paper made of hemp-wood pulp can be used for the specialty packaging paper which requires both the characteristic surface properties and the high physical strength of hemp fiber.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.358-373
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• 2013

In this study, both mild acid and alkali treatments with 1.0 wt% and 2.0 wt% of $H_2SO_4$ and NaOH solution were applied to evaluate the effects on chemical compositions of wood biomass. Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and larch (Larix kaempferi C.) were chosen due to major species planted in Korea. Chemical treatments of biomass were carried out by being soaked in either acid or alkali solution with 1:20 ratio for 72 hours at ambient temperature. Afterward, lignin, 5 major reduced sugars, ash contents and elemental composition were determined. To statistically understand the relationship between samples and chemical treatments, the Tukey test, simple linear regression model and ANOVA analysis were introduced using a statistical software R. As results from both wet chemistry and statistical analysis, yellow poplar was more affected on the lignin and xylose contents by acid treatments under these experimental conditions. Meanwhile, larch was more affected on the composition of galactose and lignin by alkali treatments. A series of results in this study would show that equivalent chemical treatment makes a change the chemical composition of each species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 1980

The Chemical components of Abies koreana Wilson grown in Korea were analized. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The ash content is ca 0.56% on the average, and of the range is 0.33 to 0.76%. 2. The cold water extractive content is ca 8.76% on the average and of the range is 5.55 to 12.5%. 3. The hot water extractive content is ca 10.16% on the average and of the range is 4.80 to 13.65%. 4. Basic extractive content is ca 14.60% on the average and of the range is 5.51 to 25.44%. 5. The alcohol benzol soluble fraction is ca 4. 23% and of the range is 2.94 to 5.44%. 6. The holocellulose content is ca 76.49% on the average and of the range is 73.68% to 79.10%. 7. The cellulose content is ca 56.30% on the average and of the range is 46.02% to 61. 33%. The cellulose contains 78.54% ${\alpha}$-cellulose, 7.66% ${\beta}$-cellulose and 14.04% ${\gamma}$-cellulose respectively. 8. The Klason lignin content is ca 25.03% on the average and of the range is 22.5 to 27.0%. In conclusion, ash content is comparable to the other needle leaf trees. It has 76.49% in holocellulose content which is comparable value to the Pinus densiflora's. It has lower value than the Pinus densiffora in pentosan and lignin content. Having not resin cannal in xylem and long tracheid, this wood could be usable industrial material.