• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.122-131
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• 2000

In this work, the effect of chemical surface treatments on morphology of carbon blacks was investigated in terms of cure behavior and tearing energy ($G_T$) of carbon blacks/rubber composites. As experimental results, the polar or nonpolar chemical treatment led to a significant physical change of carbon black morphology. The cure activation energies (Ea) and frequency factor (A) obtained from Kissinger equation decreased with improving the dispersion of carbon flacks, resulting in high reactivity. However, a significant advantage of carbon black/rubber composites is gained by carbon blacks treated in basic (BCB) or nonpolar (NCB) chemical solution, resulting in increasing the tearing energy. These results could be explained by changes of dispersion, agglomerate, surface functional group, void volume, and cross-linking density of carbon black/rubber composites.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1992

Some of non-isothermal analysis methods are applied to CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass system to find the kinetics parameters of crystallisation, activation energy, Avrami component and frequency factor. The results using the non-isothermal analysis were compared to that of microstructure experiment. Analysis of the result has enabled to some methods to be to recommend as being the most appropriate equation to use in a glass system. It was shown that in the thermal analysis using the non-isothermal method of Kissinger, Augis-Bennett, Bansal, and Marotta, the calculation of activation energy is not much different, while Avrami component and frequency factor are different from applied each methods.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2020

Epoxy/carbon composite was used to prepare a bipolar plate for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Phenol novolac-type epoxy and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)-type epoxy mixture was used as a matrix and graphite powder, carbon fiber (CF) and graphite fiber (GF) were used as carbon materials. In order to improve the mechanical properties of the bipolar plate, surface-modified CF was incorporated into the epoxy/carbon composite. To determine the cure temperature of the epoxy mixture, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was performed and the data were introduced to Kissinger equation in order to get reaction activation energy and pre-exponential factor. Tensile and flexural strength was obtained by using universal testing machine (UTM). The surface morphology of the fractured specimen and the interfacial morphology between epoxy matrix and CF or GF were observed by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2014

Highly conductive bipolar plate for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) was prepared using phenol novolac-type epoxy/graphite powder (GP)/carbon fiber filament (CFF) composite, and a rubber-modified epoxy resin was introduced in order to give elasticity to the bipolar plate graphite fiber (GF) was incorporated in order to improve electrical conductivity. To find out the cure condition of the mixture of novolac-type and rubber-modified epoxies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was carried out and their data were introduced to Kissinger equation. And tensile and flexural tests were carried out using universal testing machine (UTM) and the surface morphology of the fractured specimen and the interfacial bonding between epoxy matrix and CFF or GF were observed by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.491-498
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• 2006

The thermal degradation of poly(hexamethylene guanidine) phosphate (PHMG) was studied by dynamic thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis-GC/MS (p-GC). Thermal degradation of PHMG occurs in three different processes, such as dephosphorylation, sublimation/vaporization of amine compounds and decomposition/ recombination of hydrocarbon residues. The kinetic parameters of each stage were calculated from the Kissinger, Friedman and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods. The Chang method was also used for comparison study. To investigate the degradation mechanisms of the three different stages, the Coats-Redfern and the Phadnis-Deshpande methods were employed. The probable degradation mechanism for the first stage was a nucleation and growth mechanism, $A_n$ type. However, a power law and a diffusion mechanism, $D_n$ type, were operated for the second degradation stage, whereas a nucleation and growth mechanism, $A_n$ type, were operated again for the third degradation stage of PHMG. The theoretical weight loss against temperature curves, calculated by the estimated kinetic parameters, well fit the experimental data, thereby confirming the validity of the analysis method used in this work. The life-time predicted from the kinetic equation is a valuable guide for the thermal processing of PHMG.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 2019

The activation energy to create a phase transformation or for the reaction to move to the next stage in the milling process can be calculated from the slop of the DSC plot, obtained at the various heating rates for mechanically activated Al-Ni alloy systems by using Kissinger's equation. The mechanically activated material has been called "the driven material" as it creates new phases or intermetallic compounds of AlNi in Al-Ni alloy systems. The reaction time for phase transformation by milling can be calculated using the activation energy obtained from the above mentioned method and from the real required energy. The real required energy (activation energy) could be calculated by subtracting the loss energy from the total input energy (calculated input energy from electric motor). The loss energy and real required energy divided by the reaction time are considered the "metabolic energy" and "the effective input energy", respectively. The milling time for phase transformation at other Al-Co alloy systems from the calculated data of Al-Ni systems can be predicted accordingly.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.33-40
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• 2003

In this work, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)/polyetherimide (PEI) blends were cured using 4,4-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM). And the effects of addition of different PEI contents to neat DGEBA were investigated in the thermal properties and fracture toughness of the blends. The contents of contents of containing PEI were varied in 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 phr. The cure activation energies ($E_a$) of the cured specimens were determined by Kissinger equation and the mechanical interfacial properties of the specimens were performed by critical stress intensity factor ($K_{IC}$). Also their surfaces were examined by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the surface energetics of blends was determined by contact angles. As a result, $E_a$ and $K_{IC}$ showed maximum values in the 7.5 phr PEI. This result was interpreted in the increment of the network structure of DGEBA/PEI blends. Also, the surface energetics of the DGEBA/PEI blends showed a similar behavior with the results of $K_{IC}$. This was probably due to the improving of specific or polor component of the surface free energy of DGEBA/PEI blends, resulting in increasing the hydrogen bonding of the hydroxyl and imide groups of the blends.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.245-250
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• 2012

Branched polypropylenes (PP) with long chain branch were prepared by solid state reaction with three different branching agent of 0.3 wt% content. The chemical structures, non-isothermal crystallization behavior and complex viscosity of the branched PP were investigated by FTIR, DSC, optical microscope, and dynamic rheological measurement. The chemical structure of the branched PP was confirmed by the existence of =C-H stretching peak of the branching agent at 3100 $cm^{-1}$. There was no distinct change in melting temperature in case of PP-D-0-3 and PP-F-0-3, but PP-H-0-3 indicated a decrease in melting temperature. The decrease in melting temperature was interpreted by the fact that the degradation reaction of PP was more dominant than branched reaction, and confirmed by a decrease in complex viscosity. The non-isothermal crystallization behavior of the branched PP was analyzed using by Avrami equation. The Avrami exponent of PP was 3, and the values of the branched PP with DVB and FS were below 3. The activation energy of PP calculated by Kissinger method was 25 kJ/mol, and there were no big difference in activation energies of the branched PPs compared to PP.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.338-344
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• 2008

The crystallization kinetics of the $Cu_{43}Zr_{43}Al_7Be_7$ bulk metallic glass were studied by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) in the continuous heating and isothermal annealing modes. Only one major peak could be detected on the DSC traces of $Cu_{43}Zr_{43}Al_7Be_7$ bulk amorphous alloy, and the activation energy for crystallization corresponding to the peak determined by the Kissinger method was resulted of 239 kJ/mol. The isothermal kinetic, analyzed by the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation yielded values for the Avrami exponents in the range 1.69 to 2.37, which implied a crystallization governed by a three-dimensioned growth. Primary phases were essentially the cubic structure CuZr together with the $Cu_{10}Zr_7$ phase. At higher temperature, the CuZr disappeared while the $Cu_{10}Zr_7$ became predominant. After long term annealing at 731 K, the phases were $Cu_{10}Zr_7$, $Cu_2ZrAl$ and $Al_3Zr_5$.