• 한국어병학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.415-422
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• 2023

In veterinary medicine for mammals, studies are being conducted to confirm the effects of antioxidants using pathological toxicity model studies, and are also used to confirm the effect of mitigating liver or kidney toxicity of specific substances. It was considered necessary to study such a toxicity model for domestic farmed fish, so thioacetamide (TAA), a toxic substance that causes tissue damage by mitochondrial dysfunction, was injected into rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a major farmed freshwater fish species in Korea. The experiment was conducted with 40 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) weighting 53 ± 0.6 g divided into two groups. Thioacetamide(TAA) 300mg/kg of body weight was intraperitoneally injected into rainbow trout and samples were taken 1, 3, 5, 7 days after peritoneal injection. As a result, in serum biochemical analysis, AST levels related to liver function decreased 3 and 5 days after intraperitoneal injection and increased after 7 days, and ALT levels also increased after 7 days. In addition, creatinine related to renal malfunction increased 3 and 5 days after TAA injection. In histopathological analysis, pericholangitis and local lymphocyte infiltration were observed in the liver from 1 day after intraperitoneal injection of TAA, and hepatic parenchymal cell necrosis was also observed from 3 days after intraperitoneal injection. Hyaline droplet in renal tubular epithelial cell was observed from 1 day after TAA injection, and acute tubular damage such as tubular epithelial cell necrosis appeared from 3 days after TAA injection. Accordingly, it is thought that it will be able to contribute to studies that require a toxicity model.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.99-107
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• 2014

Melamine-induced nephrotoxicity is closely associated with crystal formation in the kidney caused by combined exposure to melamine (Mel) and cyanuric acid (CA). However, there are few dosage-finding studies for toxicological evaluation of chronic co-exposure to Mel and CA. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible mechanism by which a Mel and CA mixture lead to renal toxicity in rats. Mel and CA were co-administered to rats via oral gavage for 50 days. Nephrotoxicity was determined by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr) levels. Relative kidney weights were significantly increased in rats after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) mixtures. BUN and sCr levels were significantly increased after Mel and CA co-exposure. Taken together, significant increase in KIM-1, NGAL, and calbindin levels were observed in the urine of rats exposed to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) compared with the corresponding control group. Histological analysis revealed epithelial degeneration and necrotic cell death in the proximal tubules of the kidney after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg). Our data suggest that Mel-mediated renal toxicity may be influenced by CA concentrations in Mel-contaminated milk or foods.

• 셀메드
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.2.1-2.6
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• 2019

Decoction of Cocos nucifera husk fibre is used indigenously in Nigeria for malaria treatment. Polyphenols have been identified as the phytochemicals responsible for the antimalarial activity of Cocos nucifera husk fibre, though their toxicity has not been evaluated. The polyphenols of Cocos nucifera husk fibre were therefore evaluated for their effects on selected kidney function indices in mice. Fifty mice were randomly divided into five groups (A-E) of ten mice each. Mice in group A were orally administered 5% DMSO solution while those in groups B, C, D and E were orally administered 31.25, 62.5, 125 and 250 mg/Kg body weight of the polyphenols respectively for seven days. Serum urea, creatinine and uric acid concentrations were determined. Serum levels of sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium ions and kidney alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities were also determined. The results showed that the polyphenols significantly reduced (p<0.05) urea concentration at 250 mg/Kg body weight and creatinine concentration at all doses compared to controls. The polyphenols caused no significant alteration (p>0.05) in serum uric acid concentration and kidney ALP, GGT and GDH activities compared to controls. There was significant increase (p<0.05) in serum sodium ion concentration at 31.25, 125 and 250 mg/Kg body weight of polyphenols whereas significant increase (p<0.05) in serum potassium and chloride ions was observed at 62.5 and 250 mg/Kg body weight compared to controls. Thus, polyphenols of Cocos nucifera husk fibre may adversely affect some osmoregulatory functions of the kidney, especially at higher concentrations.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.222-227
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• 2002

Although there are a few reports concerning the side effects and toxicity of herbal medicines, there has not yet been any report concerning their causes, mechanisms or prevention. We investigated the internal reports concerning the side effects and toxicity of herbal medicines. In the findings, liver disorder (hepatic injury) was found in 7 cases, kidney disorders (nephropathy) were found in 12 cases, heart disorders were found in 4 cases and mineral-caused diseases were found in 2 cases. Besides, we found the major cause of the side effects and toxicity was drug abuse, such as over-dosage and long term medication. So, we hope this report brings more attention to the safety and toxicity of herbal medicines.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.199-208
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• 2000

Objectives : In order to investigate the toxicity of rats after oral administration of Eumcheonyijin-tang extract. Methods : The experimental animals were subdivided into control, short term administration group, and long term administration group. With changes of gross appearance, the histological changes of liver and kidney were observed. Blood chemical indexes used in this study were AST, ALT, total bilirubin, albumin, BUN and creatinine in serum. Results : In the long term administration group, histological changes were detected in the liver as centrolobular disposition of fatty tissue(adipose cell), and in serum test, AST, ALT increased at 21 days after administration group, serum total bilirubin were increased 21, 28 and 35 days after administration group. So it seems to induce toxicity. Kidneys of the long term administration group revealed histological changes : increasing of connective tissue and pyknosis of glomerulus cell were observed at 28 days after administration group, and in serum test, significant changes of albumin, BUN, and creatinine were admitted. So it seems to induce toxicity. Conclusions : In long term administration of Eumcheonyijin-tang toxicity was induced.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.290-300
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• 2011

Objectives: There is limited data regarding the toxicity of methylcyclohexane, despite its wide use in rubber adhesives, paint diluents, and cleansing agents. This study aimed to verify the toxicity and influence on the reproductive system of methylcyclohexane after its repeated injection in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: Methylcyclohexane was injected subcutaneously into male and female SD rats once a day, five times a week, for 13 weeks at different doses (0, 10, 100, and 1,000 mg/kg/day) for each group. The toxicity of testing material was verified by observing the change in body and organ weight, hematological change, pathological findings, and effect on the reproductive system at each different concentration. Results: In the 1,000 mg/kg/day group, there were cases of animal deaths. In animals that survived, hematological changes, including a decrease in the red blood cell count, were observed. A considerable weight gain or loss and pathological abnormalities in the liver, kidney, and other organs were found. However, the 10 and 100 mg/kg/day groups did not cause deaths or other specific abnormalities. In terms of reproductive toxicity, there were changes in hormone levels, including a significant decrease in hormones such as estradiol and progesterone (p < 0.001) in male animals. Menstrual cycle change for female animals did not show concentration dependency. Conclusion: When injected repeatedly for 13 weeks, methylcyclohexane proved to be toxic for the liver, heart, and kidney at a high dose. The absolute toxic dose was 1,000 mg/kg/day, while the no observed adverse effect level was less than 100 mg/kg/day. The substance exerted little influence on the reproductive system.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.87-95
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• 1995

The concentrations of cadmium, metallothionein(MT), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) were investigated in liver and kidney of rats which were fed the water containing 100 ppm cadmium chloride with basal diet and 5% Agaricus bisporus diet during 16 weeks. Cadmium concentrations in liver and kidney increased during 16 weeks, and there were significantly higher accumulation of cadmium in the kidney than in the liver. The concentrations of MTs in liver and kidney decreased linearly during 16 weeks, but there was no significant difference between control and experimental group. MT concentrations of liver were significantly higher than those of kidney. The superoxide dismutase activities and lactate dehydrogenase activities were not affected by the diet, but there was a significant difference by the duration of administration. These data indicate that the kidney is a major target organ of chronic cadmium poisoning, and suggest that Cd-induced hepatic injury, via release of Cd-MT, may play an important role in the nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, induction of MT occurs in both the liver and the kidney after administration of $CdCl_2$. However, the kidney is less responsive than the liver to the induction of MT by cadmium, which may contribute to making the kidney the target organ of toxicity during chronic Cd exposure.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.28-37
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• 1995

This study is performed to find out the effects of selenium against cadmium toxicity. The experimental mice were divided into 6 gruops such as control group, cadmium alone treatment group, selenium treatment groups and two simultaneous treatment groups of selenium and cadmium. Mice were given intraperitoneal administration with two dosage of sodium selenite such as 1.0 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg body weight and cadmium chloride was administered 3.0 mg/kg body weight. After giving the challenge dose, the concentration of cadmium and metallothionein and histopathological change of liver and kidney were determined. The results were summarized as follows on 1. The simultaneously administration of selenium and cadmium significantly more decreased cadmium concentration in kidney and iiver tissues compared to the administration of cadmium only(P<0.05). 2. The simultaneously administration of selenium and cadmium more increased metallothionein concentration compared to administration of cadmium only. 3. The simultaneously administration of selenium and cadmium more decreased cadmium concentration in urine compared to the administration of cadmium only. 4. When liver and kidney tissues were observed with optical microscope, no obvious changes were visible in those tissues.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.410-420
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• 1988

This study were performed to investigate effect of dietary cadmium(Cd) and protein levels on growth, body protein metabolism and Cd toxicity in growing rats. Forty eight male rats of Sprague-Dawley weighing 113$\pm$2g were blocked into 6 groups accoridng to body weight. Dietary protein were given at the levels of 7, 15 and 40% of diet and Cd (200ppm)were either added or not. The result obtained were summerized as follow; 1) Food intake, weight gain, FER PER, liver and kidney weight, weight and length of bones, hematocrit, and hemoglobin content in Cd-added groups were low than those in Cd-free groups. 2) Serum total protein showed no significant difference with Cd addition, but it was significantly lower in low protein diet groups. Liver protein in Cd-added groups was lower than Cd-free groups, and was tend to be increased with increasing dietary protein level. 3) Daily urinary and fecal nitrogen excretions in Cd-added groups were lower than Cd-free groups, and were increased with increasing dietary protein level. 4) Cadmium contents in blood, liver, kidney, and femur were tend to be decreased with increasing dietary protein level. Especially, Cd content in kidney of Cd-added groups was significantly decreased with increasing dietary protein level. 5) Daily urinary and fecal Cd excretions were tend to be increased with increasing dietary protein level, and Cd-added-high protein diet group showed the highest Cd excretion among the Cd-added groups, Cd absorption ration and Cd retention ratio were tend to be decreased with increasing dietary protein level.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.156-163
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• 2001

Vanadium has been known as environmental polluants resulted from the burning of fossil fuels in nature. It led to toxic responses by prooxidant activity, inducing free radicals and the accumulation in the tissues. Recently, there has been growing interest in an essential nutritional requirement of vandium and especially the treatment of diabetes. But because of its strong toxicity, thease chemicals have narrow safety margin. In order to reduce metal toxicity, and increase absorption and biological activities, metal ions such as selenium and chromium were uptaken in yeast cells. In this study, Vanadium yeast was prepared by uptaking vanadate in yeast cells. Vanadate induced hematological and biochemical changes in the experimental rat blood were inhibited by the treatments of vanadium yeast. Lipid peroxidation and catalase activity were significantly increased in kidney and liver after a single intraperitoneal injection of vanadate to rats. However, these observations were apparently reduced in the vanadium yeast treated group. Vanadium amount in blood, kidney and liver after a single intraperitoneal injection of vanadium yeast was significantly reduced than that of vanadate treated group. In conclusion, vanadium yeast uptaken vanadate in yeast cells could reduce toxic effects of vanadate.