• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2008

Since measuring the size of kidney with sonography becomes an important index for diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic prediction in kidney disease, the accurate measurement and evaluation on this are clinically very important. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to increase reproducibility and objectivity in measuring the size of kidney by enumerating factors that have an impact for measurement. It targeted 44 adults in Korea at the age of 21-27. It measured in order for both kidneys to be seen most largely while changing a subject-examiner's position in a state of fasting for 8 hours and a transducer's approaching direction. It compared a size of kidney by measuring, respectively, with the same method in 30 minutes and in 1 hour after drinking water in 700-1,000cc. In case of the lateral approach scan in decubitus position, the average length of the kidney both to the right and the left and the deviation of measurement to be the largest. In NPO(None Per Oral) state, the average length in the right kidney was 10.19cm, and the average length in the left kidney was 10.33cm. In 60 minutes after taking moisture, the average length in the right kidney was 10.94cm, and the average length in the left kidney was 11.13cm. In comparing the average length of the kidney in NPO state and its average length in 60 minutes after taking moisture, the size swelled by 7.3% for the length in the right kidney and by 7.7% in the left, thereby having been indicated to be statistically significant(P<0.003). The measurement in a size of kidney by using ultrasound may be measured differently depending on a patient's state of taking moisture and a transducer's approaching direction. It is thought that when the measurement in a size of kidney is especially important clinically, the intake and intake time in moisture need to be considered and that measuring with the posterior approach in prone position is a good method aiming to increase reproducibility in measuring length of the kidney.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.637-642
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• 2021

Kidney stones are largely classified into kidney stones, ureter stones, and urolithiasis depending on the location of their occurrence. Therefore, in this study, from January 2019 to June 2021, kidney stones found in 112 patients with flank pain or who visited for abdominal ultrasonography at a general hospital located in Daegu were diagnosed with urolithiasis. We wanted to investigate the effect on twinkling artifacts. As a result of the study, the incidence of twinkling artifacts due to kidney stones was relatively high in the longitudinal scan among the scan methods. As the number of kidney stones increased, the incidence of twinkling artifacts increased by 1.296 times (p<0.05). As the kidney stone size increased, the incidence of twinkling artifacts increased by 0.086-fold (p<0.05). It was found that the number and size of kidney stones are factors affecting twinkling artifacts. Since the effect of kidney stones on twinkling artifacts is related to the number and size of kidney stones, continuous attention should be paid to helping the detection of kidney stones by using variables affecting twinkling artifacts.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2016

Purpose: Disruption of normal renal development can lead to congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, including renal hypodysplasia. We aimed to clarify whether small kidney size affects clinical manifestations in children with urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods: One hundred fifty-four patients who had their first symptomatic UTI between January 2014 and June 2015 were enrolled in this study. Differences in kidney size were estimated based on percent uptake of $^{99m}Tc-$ dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in scintigraphy. The patients who showed more than 10% difference in kidney size on DMSA scintigraphy with none or minimal cortical defects were included in group A. (group A, n=17). Laboratory, clinical, and imaging results were compared with those of the other patients (group B, n=137). Results: Group A had a relatively higher incidence of vesicoureteral reflux than group B (44% vs 20%, P<0.05). The levels of plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and serum C-reactive protein were significantly higher in group A (193 [64-337] vs 91 [59-211] ng/mL and 4.1 [0.5-11.9] vs 2.1 [0.7-5.3] ng/mL, respectively; all P <0.05). Linear regression analysis revealed that plasma NGAL level strongly correlated with the difference in renal uptake in DMSA scintigraphy in group A ($R^2=0.505$). Conclusion: The difference in kidney size could influence the clinical course and severity of pediatric UTI.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2000

Diploid and triploid hybrid between female mud loach Misgurnus mizolepis and male cyprinid loach, M. andguillicaudatus were produced, using artificial propagation. The influence of hybridization and triploidization on characteristics of the some tissues of retina optic tectum and trunk kidney in loach was determined histologically. Diploid hybrid have almost size similarities in nucleus and the cell size of some tissues to both parents. In the triploid hybrid the nucleus and／or the cell size in erythrocyte, horizontal cell in inner nuclear layer of retina ganglion cell in ganglion cell layer of retina, neuronal cell in granular layer of optic tectum, and secondary proximal tubule cell of trunk kidney, are much larger than those of the corresponding cells in the diploid hybrid individuals. However, triploid hybrid showed fewer number of cells in outer nuclear layer in retina and nuclei in secondary proximal tubule of trunk kidney than in diploid hybrid. Results of this study suggest that some characteristics in the triploid hybrid exhibiting larger cell and nucleus size with fewer number of cell than diploid hybrid can be useful criteria for the distinction between diploid hybrid and triploid hybrid, and the ploidy level in loach.

• CELLMED
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.19.1-19.6
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• 2020

The kidneys are exposed to toxicants and waste product and can be affected easily by these toxicants and by products of the metabolism. The consumption of adequate water is necessary to remove waste and to keep kidney healthy. Deficiency of liquid in the blood leads to various adverse effects on the kidney. The most common adverse deficiency of liquid in blood is deposition of solid matter in the kidney and subsequently formation of kidney stone. Nephrolithiasis (kidney stone) can be treated by drugs if it is small in size but if it blocks the route due to its big size then surgery is the only way to remove it. The recurrence rate of the problem is very high and it may reappear within 10 years. In Unani literature Hasāh wa Raml al-Kulya (nephrolithiasis) is described in detail. As per Unani literature stagnation of Ghalīz mādda (filthy and viscous matter) in the kidney is the main cause of the formation of kidney stone. Various single and compound formulations drugs are described for the management of kidney stone which are very effective as well as safe. Management is divided into two parts i.e. symptomatic treatment to relieve pain and to methods adopted to remove stone from the kidney. Musakkin-i-Waja'(analgesic) drugs are used for pain while Mufattit-i-Hasāh (lithotriptic) and Mudirr-i-Bawl (Diuretic) drugs are used to remove stone. Majoon Aqrab, Qurs Kaknaj and Dawa-e-Gurda etc. are compound drugs mentioned in literature for removal of kidney stone. Single drugs like Alu Balu, Tukhm Khayar, and Kharkhask etc. are also used for same purpose.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 1979

This paper dealt with the macroscopical and histopathological observations on the polycystic kidney occurred in a Korean native calf aged about a year. The results summarized are as follows: 1. In macroscopical findings, numerous cysts in the bilateral kidneys were seen under the renal capsule, and the cysts were various in size and clear or cloudy in their contents. The cysts in the inner area of the renal cortex were smaller than those of the outer area of the renal cortex in size and in number. 2. In microscopical findings, marked dilatations of Bowman's spaces and convoluted tubules were prominant feature. Numerous cysts with or without eosinophilic materials were contained atrophic glomerulus. prolferation of fibrous connective tissue, atrophy of convoluted tubules were also observed. Inner walls of the cysts were surrounded by cuboidal cells, sguamous cells or fibrous connective tissue. 3. This case was regarded as congenital polycystic kidney belonged to type III of Osathanondh and Potter.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.437-441
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• 2006

Renal length, width, and ratio to the length of the second lumbar vertebrae body were assessed on survey radiographs and excretory urograms in 50 Korean domestic cats. Renal dimensions on plain radiographs were: right kidney length $4.31{\pm}0.50cm\;(mean{\pm}SD)$, right kidney width $3.10{\pm}0.36cm$, left kidney length $4.17{\pm}0.48cm$, left kidney width $3.03{\pm}0.34cm$, right kidney length ratio $2.37{\pm}0.21$, right kidney width ratio $1.71{\pm}0.15$, left kidney length ratio $2.30{\pm}0.20$, and left kidney width ratio $1.38{\pm}0.08$, respectively. Renal dimensions on excretory urograms were: right kidney length $4.56{\pm}0.53cm$, right kidney width $3.29{\pm}0.37cm$, left kidney length $4.43{\pm}0.47cm$, left kidney width $3.22{\pm}0.33cm$, right kidney length ratio $2.51{\pm}0.22$, right kidney width ratio $1.81{\pm}0.17$, left kidney length ratio $2.45{\pm}0.20$, and left kidney width ratio $1.78{\pm}0.16$, respectively. There were significant difference in renal size and renal dimension ratio measured from contrast studies compared with survey radiographs (P<0.05). There were also significant difference in renal size and renal length ratio between right and left kidneys (p<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.153-159
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• 2017

Chronic kidney disease can be treated if it is detected early, but as the disease progresses, it becomes impossible to recover. Finally, renal replacement therapy such as transplantation or dialysis should be used. Ultrasonography is used to diagnose kidney cancer, inflammatory disease, nodular disease, and chronic kidney disease. It is used to identify information about degree of inflammation using information such as kidney size, internal echo characteristics. Currently, the degree of disease in the clinic uses the value of glomerular filtration rate. However, even in ultrasound, changes in the degree of inflammation and disease can be observed. In this study, we used ultrasound images to quantify the changes in brightness, size, cortex, and subclinical changes of the kidney with progression of the disease, and compared them with the glomerular filtration rate used in clinical practice. In 105 cases, we performed 35 cases of normal kidney, 35 cases of early kidney disease, and 35 cases of terminal kidney. The brightness of the cortex of the image was obtained and the difference in brightness between the cortex and the proximal portion was obtained by the slope. The graph of the portion which was not smooth due to the ultrasonic characteristics was used as the function regrass. The size reduction was obtained from the original data. The results were as follows: It was proportional to the glomerular filtration rate. It is considered that the algorithm can be applied to the disease if the algorithm study continues.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.991-995
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• 1996

Renal size(length, width and height) of rabbits was measured by radiographs and nephrosonograms and compared with actual size. After measuring on the radiographs and nephrograms, both kidneys were removed from the body and actual size was also measured. On radiographs, right kidney was observed at the T13-L2 vertebrae and left kidney was at L2-L4 vertebrae. On nephrosonograms, the renal cortex was visible as small, homogenous echoes that were hypoechoic relative to the surrounding tissues, whereas the renal medulla was anechoic to slightly hypoechoic. The actual length, width and height of the left kidney were $35.84{\pm}3.12(mean{\pm}SD)$, $23.52{\pm}3.21$, $15.11{\pm}2.58cm$, respectively, whereas those of the right kidney were $36.02{\pm}3.42$, $23.69{\pm}3.50$ and $14.13{\pm}3.55cm$, respectively. On radiographs, the length and width of both kidneys were a little magnified(102-104%) when compared to actual size. On nephrosonograms, the length, width and height of bothkidneys were lessened(70-96 %) when compared to actual size. The length and width of kidney were 1.85 and 1.25 times the length of the second lumbar vertebrae on the ventrodorsal view. In correlation and correlation coefficient of body weight with the renal size, the body weight and renal size were significantly correlated with each other other(p<0.01) and the correlation coefficents of body weight with left, right and both Kindneys were 0.748, 0.794 and 0.859, respectively.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2017

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play important roles in various cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. We showed that MAPKs are developmentally regulated in the rat kidney. p38 MAPK (p38) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were strongly expressed in the fetal kidney, whereas c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was detected predominantly in the adult kidney. The inhibition of p38 or ERK in organ culture resulted in reduced nephron formation with or without reduced kidney size. On the other hand, persistent fetal expression pattern of MAPKs, i.e., upregulation of p38 and ERK and downregulation of JNK, was observed in the cyst epithelium of human renal dysplasia, ovine fetal obstructive uropathy, and pcy mice, a model of polycystic kidney disease. Furthermore, activated p38 and ERK induced by cyclic stretch mediated proliferation and $TGF-{\beta}1$ expression in ureteric bud cells, probably leading to cyst formation and dysplastic changes. Inhibition of ERK slowed the disease progression in pcy mice. Finally, ERK and p38 were inactivated in the early embryonic kidney subjected to maternal nutrient restriction, characterized by reduced ureteric branching and nephron number. Thus, MAPKs mediate the development of normal and diseased kidney. Their modulation may result in novel therapeutic strategies against developmental abnormalities of the kidney.