• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.190-197
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• 1992

The increased level of glucose, ketone bodies, non-esterified fatty acids and lactate in blood, decrease of glycogen content, phosphofructokinase activities and glucokinase activity and the increased level of glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the liver of streptozotocin injected rats were significantly moderated by ginseng saponin administration. It is not likely, however, that the hypoglycomic action of ginseng saponin might be due to their direct action on enzyme activities, since the saponin effect of servers enzymes in vitro was not enough to explain such an appreciable hypoglycemic activity of the saponin in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, for which much work have to be done.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.436-444
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• 2023

Scientific training, diet, and ergogenic aids are widely used to overcome the limits of humans' physical abilities and to achieve excellent sports records. The adoption of nutritional strategies is important for athletes to perform at their highest level, and one of the main factors determining endurance ability is increased fat metabolism. A ketogenic diet (high fat, low carbohydrates) has thus been proposed as an alternative strategy to maximize fatty acid oxidation during prolonged periods of exercise. However, studies have shown mixed results regarding the ergogenic value of a ketogenic diet. For this reason, exogenous ketone supplements (EKS, ingestible forms of ketone bodies, ketone esters, and/or salts) have been suggested to obtain nutritional ketosis, an acute transient increase in circulating acetoacetate (AcAc) and b-hydroxybutyrate (bHB) concentrations, without limiting carbohydrate intake. Some studies have suggested the beneficial effects of EKS on the performance of endurance exercises by providing an additional fuel substrate for peripheral tissues, such as cardiac and skeletal muscles, sparing carbohydrates/increasing fat oxidation and post-exercise recovery by increasing glycogen resynthesis in the liver/muscle, attenuating protein degradation, stimulating protein synthesis in the skeletal muscle, etc. However, many studies have failed to observe the beneficial effects of EKS as an ergogenic aid. As such, this review summarizes the theoretical basis of, as well as the proposed and proven effects of EKS on exercise performance and recovery to date.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 1993

This study was made to understand a hypoglycemic action of the fat soluble fraction of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats by determining the activities of several enzymes related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as several blood component levels such as glucose and ketone bodies, and non-esterified fatty acids. Albino rats (Sprague Dawley, 170-200g, 3) were injected once with 70mg streptozotocinhg body weight intraperitoneally and fed with ordinary diet for 7 days, and then the fat soluble fraction (5 mg~20 mg/day/rat) was injected intraperitoneally once a day for three days to rats having high blood glucose level over 340 mg/100ml. After a final injection of the fat soluble fraction, rats u.ere starved for 16 hours followed by the analysis of blood serum and liver enzymes. It was found that increased levels of glucose, ketone bodies and free fatty acids in streptozotocin induced rats were decreased appreciably by administration of the fat soluble fraction. However, the amount of administered fat soluble fraction did not show any significantly different hypoglycemic action. Decreased activities of glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA carboxylase of the liver of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were greatly modified suggesting that a hypoglycemic action of the fat soluble fraction was also appreciable as ginseng saponin fraction. We also compared a hypoglycemic action of the fat soluble fraction prepared from American ginseng and Chinese ginseng with that of Korean pain ginseng. 핀o significant difference of the hypoglycemic activity was observed between the above ginseng fat soluble fractions, suggesting that a study of the fat soluble fraction might be one of the most interesting subjects relating to diabetic hyperglycemia in the near future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.798-803
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for milk ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), acetone (Ac), fat protein ratio (FPR), and energy balance (EB) using milk test day records and investigate the effect of early lactation FPR and EB on milk ketone body concentrations. Methods: Total 262,940 test-day records collected from Korea Animal Improvement Association during the period of 2012 to 2016 were used in this study. BHBA and Ac concentrations in milk were measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FPR values were obtained using test day records of fat and protein percentage. EB was calculated using previously developed equation based on parity, lactation week, and milk composition data. Genetic parameters were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood procedure based on repeatability model using Wombat program. Results: Elevated milk BHBA and Ac concentrations were observed during the early lactation under the negative energy balance. Milk FPR tends to decrease with the decreasing ketone body concentrations. Heritability estimates for milk BHBA, Ac, EB, and FPR ranged from 0.09 to 0.14, 0.23 to 0.31, 0.19 to 0.52, and 0.16 to 0.42 respectively at parity 1, 2, 3, and 4. The overall heritability for BHBA, Ac, EB and FPR were 0.29, 0.32, 0.58, and 0.38 respectively. A common pattern was observed in heritability of EB and FPR along with parities. Conclusion: FPR and EB can be suggested as potential predictors for risk of hyperketonemia. The heritability estimates of milk BHBA, Ac, EB, and FPR indicate that the selective breeding may contribute to maintaining the milk ketone bodies at optimum level during early lactation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.108-114
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• 1993

A new strain of acidophilic, acetogenic bacterium, Acetobacter sp. strain HA was isolated by selective enrichment from the traditionally fermented rice wine vinegar in Korea. It was a gram-negative, non-motile short rod and oxidized acetate and lactate. The optimal temperature and pH for growth were $28^{\circ}C$ and 4.0, respectively. The strain HA differed from other Acetobacter species by growing well on methanol, xylitol, inositol, dulcitol, D-xylose, L-arabinose, and D-mannose as sole sources of carbon and energy. The isolated strain HA did not produce $\gamma$-pyrones from glucose and did not produce ketone bodies from glycerol. The quinone system used in this study was an ubiquinone-9 isoprene unit. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA was 50.7 mol%, and the major cellular fatty acids were $C_{18:1} and C_{16:0}$.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 1995

In order to study the effects of Aloe vera treatment on blood glucose level and clinical chemistry in diabetic patients, eight diabetic patients were administered orally with 800 mg of Aloe vera three time a day for three months. The high levels of blood and urine glucose in diabetic patients were significantly reduced by administration of Aloe vera. The increased plasma triglyceride concentration was also significantly reduced by Aloe vera treatment. A little amount of urine bilirubin, hematuria, nitrite, urobilinogen, protein and ketone bodies were detected before treatment, but not detected after Aloe vera treatment. But other blood parameters of clinical chemistry values were not affected by Aloe vera treatment. These data suggest that Aloe vera can be effective in the treatment of the diabetic patients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.198-203
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• 2003

Acetone, which is produced from butyric acid when it passes through the rumen wall, was infused into the rumen and jugular veins of three female goats to investigate the role of acetone in ruminating and masticating behavior. The ruminating behavior, as measured by the number of boli and the ruminating time, decreased (p<0.05) with intraruminal acetone infusion. However, the ruminating behavior did not change significantly in response to intravenous acetone infusion. Feed intake significantly decreased with intraruminal acetone infusion, but not with intravenous acetone infusion. The concentrations of acetone in the plasma increased significantly (p<0.05) with both acetone infusion regions. Ruminal fluid acetone, and isopropyl alcohol (IPA), which is one of the ketone bodies, produced from acetone by bacterial action in rumen, concentrations were significantly increased (p<0.05) with both acetone infusion regions. These results suggest that the chemoreceptors sensitive to acetone are more likely to be in the rumen epithelium, portal system, or liver, where they can respond to acetone levels.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.2273-2278
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to explore the molecular mechanisms in the process of oral squamous cells carcinoma (OSCC) development. Method: We downloaded the affymetrix microarray data GSE31853 and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between OSCC and normal tissues. Then Gene Ontology (GO) and Protein-Protein interaction (PPI) networks analysis was conducted to investigate the DEGs at the function level. Results: A total 372 DEGs with logFCI >1 and P value < 0.05 were obtained, including NNMT, BAX, MMP9 and VEGF. The enriched GO terms mainly were associated with the nucleoplasm, response to DNA damage stimuli and DNA repair. PPI network analysis indicated that GMNN and TSPO were significant hub proteins and steroid biosynthesis and synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies were significantly dysregulated pathways. Conclusion: It is concluded that the genes and pathways identified in our work may play critical roles in OSCC development. Our data provides a comprehensive perspective to understand mechanisms underlying OSCC and the significant genes (proteins) and pathways may be targets for therapy in the future.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.sup1
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• pp.116-120
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• 2016

Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a rare condition that can cause irreversible brain damage during the neonatal period owing to the associated hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia in CHI occurs secondary to the dysregulation of insulin secretion. CHI has been established as a genetic disorder of islet-cell hyperplasia, associated with a mutation of the ABCC8 or KCNJ11 genes, which encode the sulfonylurea receptor 1 and the inward rectifying potassium channel (Kir6.2) subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel, respectively. We report the case of a female newborn infant who presented with repetitive seizures and episodes of apnea after birth, because of hypoglycemia. Investigations revealed hypoglycemia with hyperinsulinemia, but no ketone bodies, and a low level of free fatty acids. High dose glucose infusion, enteral feeding, and medications could not maintain the patient's serum glucose level. Genetic testing revealed a new variation of ABCC8 mutation. Therefore, we report this case of CHI caused by a novel mutation of ABCC8 in a half-Korean newborn infant with diazoxide-unresponsive hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 1993

We attempted in this study to understand the hypoglycemic action of the fat soluble fraction of red ginseng roots in streptozotocin injected diabetic rats, through its actions on several enzymes relating to carbohydrate metabolism of the 1eve1 to compare with those of ginsenosides in streptozotocin injected diabetic rats. It was realized that the increased level of glucose, ketone bodies, lactate, nonesterified fatty acids and triacylglycerol in blood was significantly decreased and the decreased liver glycogen content of streptozotocin injected rats were appreciably moderated by intraperitoneal injection of the fat soluble fraction of red ginseng roots as shown in the saponin injected diabetic rats. The deceased activities of liver enzymes relating to carbohydrate metabolism such as phosphofructokinase, glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA carboxylase of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were also sufficiently modified by the intraperitoneal injection of the above fat soluble fraction as shown in the ginsenoside injected streptozotocin induced rats.