• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.27-47
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• 2003

This research is to build the foundation of systematic application of color in cosmetology by analyzing color attributes in women's makeup presentation. The result were as follows. 1. The most popular color series in make up were R then RP and YR. The most popular color tone is 'd' and 'lt'. 2. Colors in make up according to age was as follows. For eye shadow, people aged 18 to 24 used 'lt' tone of the R color series; people aged 25 to 34 used 'lt', 's', 'sf tone of the R color series, 'lt' tone of the PB color series, 'lt' tone of the YR color series; people over 35 'g' tone of the YR color series, 'sf' tone of the P color series. For lipstick, people aged 18 to 24 used 'd' tone of the R color series; people aged 25 to 34 used 'd', 'sf' tone of the R color series; people over 35 used 'd' tone of the R color series. For lip-gloss, people aged 18 to 24 used 'v', 'lt', 'b', 's' tone of the R color series; people aged 25 to 34 used 's' 'd' 'dp' 'sf' tone of the R color series; people over 35 used 'b' tone of the R color series. 3. Make up colors according to marital status was as follows. For eye shadow, while married interviewees used 's', 'dk' tone of the R color series, single interviewees used 'lt', 'sf' tone of the R color series. For lipstick, while married interviewees used 'd', 'g' tone of the R color series, single interviewees preferred to use madder 'd', 'sf' tone of the R color series. For lip-gross, while married interviewees used 'd' tone of the R color series, single interviewees used 'b' tone of the R color series the most.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.72-77
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• 2008

Objective : The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics and surgical outcome of the conus medullaris tumors. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed 26 patients who underwent surgery for conus medullaris tumor from August 1986 to July 2007. We analyzed clinical manifestation, preoperative MRI findings, extent of surgical resection, histopathologic type, adjuvant therapy, and outcomes. Results : There were ependymoma (13), hemangioblastoma (3), lipoma (3), astrocytoma (3), primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) (2), mature teratoma (1), and capillary hemangioma (1) on histopathologic type. Leg pain was the most common symptom and was seen in 80.8% of patients. Pain or sensory change in the saddle area was seen in 50% of patients and 2 patients had severe pain in the perineum and genitalia. Gross total or complete tumor resection was obtained in 80.8% of patients. On surgical outcome. modified JOA score worsened in 26.9% of patients, improved in 34.6%, and remained stable in 38.5%. The mean VAS score was improved from 5.4 to 1.8 among 21 patients who had lower back pain and leg pain. Conclusion : The surgical outcome of conus medullaris tumor mainly depends on preoperative neurological condition and pathological type. The surgical treatment of conus medullaris tumor needs understanding the anatomical and functional characteristics of conus meudllaris tumor for better outcome.

• Atmosphere
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.57-71
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• 2012

Influences of orographic and ocean effect, which depend on the detailed geographic characteristics, upon winter time (December-February) precipitation in the Yeongdong region are investigated. Most of precipitation events in the Yeongdong region during the wintertime are associated with moist northeasterly (coming from the northeast direction) winds and also the spatial distribution of precipitation shows a great difference between Mountain area (Daegwallyeong) and Coastal area (Gangneung). The linear correlation coefficient between the meteorological variables obtained from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Data and precipitation amount for each precipitation type is calculated. Mountain type precipitation is dominated by northeasterly wind speed of the low level (1000 hPa and 925 hPa) and characterized with more precipitation in mountain area than coastal area. However, Coastal type precipitation is affected by temperature difference between ocean and atmosphere, and characterized with more precipitation in coastal area than mountain area. The results are summarized as follows; In the case of mountain type precipitation, the correlation coefficient between wind speed at 1000 hPa (925 hPa) and precipitation amount at Daegwallyeong is 0.60 (0.61). The correlation is statistical significant at 1% level. In the case of coastal type precipitation, the correlation coefficient of temperature difference between ocean and 925 hPa (850 hPa) over the East sea area and precipitation amount at Gangneung is 0.33 (0.34). As for the mountain type precipitation, a detailed analysis was conducted in order to verify the relationship between precipitation amount at Daegwallyeong and low level wind speed data from wind profiler in Gangneung and Buoy in the East Sea. The results also show the similar behavior. This result indicates that mountain type precipitation in the Yeongdong region is closely related with easterly wind speed. Thus, the statistical analysis of the few selected meteorological variables can be a good indicator to estimate the precipitation totals in the Yeongdong region in winter time.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2003

Selective COX (cyclooxygenase)-2 inhibitors including celecoxib have been shown to induce apoptosis and cell cycle changes in various tumor cells. New inhibitors are recently being developed as chemomodulating agents. We evaluated celecoxib and screened 150 synthetic compounds for anti-proliferative activities in vitro. Effects of celecoxib on COX activity, cell growth, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis induction were determined in A549 COX-2 overexpressing human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. The COX inhibition of celecoxib increased with concentration up to 82% at $1\;{\mu}M$ after 24 hr exposure. Forty ${\mu}M$ and $50\;{\mu}M$ of ce1ecoxib induced $G_1$ arrest, and TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells, respectively. Among 150 compounds, several compounds were selected for having greater COX-2 inhibitory activity and higher selectivity than celecoxib with growth inhibitory activity. Celecoxib showed concentration-dependent COX inhibitory activity, and ability to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human NSCLC cells in vitro. Among synthetic analogues screened, several compounds showed promising in vitro activity as COX-2 inhibitory anticancer agents, which warrant further evaluation in vitro and in vivo.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.173-184
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• 2003

Major differences between wind speeds from atmospheric pressure maps (Na wind) and near­surface wind speeds derived from satellite scatterometer (NSCAT) observations over the East (Japan) Sea have been examined. The root­mean­square errors of Na wind and NSCAT wind speeds collocated with Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) buoy winds are about $3.84\;ms^{-1}\;and\;1.53\;ms^{-1}$, respectively. Time series of NSCAT wind speeds showed a high coherency of 0.92 with the real buoy measurements and contained higher spectral energy at low frequencies (>3 days) than the Na wind. The magnitudes of monthly Na winds are lower than NSCAT winds by up to 45%, particularly in September 1996. The spatial structures between the two are mostly coherent on basin­wide large scales； however, significant differences and energy loss are found on a spatial scale of less than 100 km. This was evidenced by the temporal EOFs (Empirical Orthogonal Functions) of the two wind speed data sets and by their two­dimensional spectra. Since the Na wind was based on the atmospheric pressures on the weather map, it overlooked small­scale features of less than 100 km. The center of the cold­air outbreak through Vladivostok, expressed by the Na wind in January 1997, was shifted towards the North Korean coast when compared with that of the NSCAT wind, whereas NSCAT winds revealed its temporal evolution as well as spatial distribution.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.3 s.260
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• pp.244-247
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• 2006

Granular cell tumors (GCT) are uncommon benign neoplasms. Their location is mostly in the the skin, tongue, and breast; appearance in other parts of the body is rare, but it has been reported. They have also been reported to occur synchronously in multiple organs and metachronously in a single organ. The incidence of GCTs in the tracheobronchial tree is unknown and pulmonary GCTs are uncommon, with approximately 100 reported cases in the literature. We present the case of a 33-year-old man with a granular cell tumor of the left main bronchus. The tumor was found at bronchoscopy performed to exclude suspected endobronchial mass with symptoms of pneumonia. Biopsies revealed the histological pattern of a benign granular cell tumor. He underwent resection of the left main bronchus followed by end to end anastomosis of left main bronchus. He has not had any recurrence of the tumor during the 1 year follow-up.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.3 no.1 s.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 2005

The purpose of this thesis is to study the formative characteristics and symbolism shown in Rock stars' hairstyles through rock music to have influenced youth culture. There were a D.A style and a mop top style which included the youth characteristic to seek a new desire and value as the hairstyles of Rock & Roll stars, along with the characteristics of Rock & Roll music to represent the feeling of teenagers in 1950's at that time unlike the previous music due to high beats mixed with Rhythm & Blues (R & B) and Country music, and use of electronic guitars. We can see the desire for challenge and freedom against the then present regime, shouting love and peace, and resistance in the Psychedelic Rock music stars' hairstyle, which are untrimmed and disheveled, that is, natural. We can find explosiveness in Mohican and Spike style of Punk Rock stars playing fierce and aggressive music, along with words including indignation and assertion against the society's regime. The Artistic characteristic is implied in the following hairstyles: Glam Rock stars' hairstyle, a man's long-haired but a little long crew-cut style to reduce the bulky feeling and to give a bisexual, visible shock with hair dyed in orange to emphasize magnificence, and Punk Rock stars' hairstyle showing beauty in their own way with expression of anti-beauty to intentionally look ugly. Like this, the 20th Century's Rock music and youth culture are closely associated each other, and showed a new style, and played a leading role in street fashion, which became a momentum to much influence high fashion as a look of the 20th century modern fashion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.65-78
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• 2003

This research is to provide practical help in learning hair and makeup illustration skills by presenting techniques for hair and makeup drawing; to serve efficient illustration education; and to enhance the status of beauty and contribute to artistic development. Hair style and makeup techniques include graphical one, pattern-centered one, one using pattern paper, simplifying one and mood one expressing image. Of them, this research made the illustrations to use cosmetics, color pencils and pastel based on the graphical technique. for each design of the illustrations, ethnic, sexy, natural, romantic and gorgeous images, which were considered to be appropriate to the graphical technique, were chosen by the researcher out of hair and makeup styles that appeared in the fashion magazines including Vogue, Gap, Mode et Mode from 2000 through 2001. In particular, they were chosen with focusing on basic styles. The summaries below were found with the experience of making illustrations. Various techniques and skills are required to express the ideas of hair and makeup styles. Of them, the graphical technique is very useful as the primary step to learn various techniques and improve drawing skills. First, the graphical technique may enable not only expressing what is desired to draw as is, but also accurately representing hair and makeup designs so as to convey objective expression. In this regard, it is a proper way to achieve its inherent purpose as conveyance of messages. Second, more accurate styling of hair and makeup is available through graphical expression, which helps understand related practical techniques. In addition, makeup illustration, which is expressed through direct makeup products and instruments, may serve skill improvement since such direct use provides the feeling of real makeup. Third, the graphical technique as a basic drawing skill may unrestrictedly show the artist's expression ability. Fourth, although artistic merits implying individuality and creativity should be shared through illustrations that express the artist's ideas or emotions, the graphical technique is the easiest method to beginners who just started learning of illustration, in that it enables expression without highly advanced skills.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.89-106
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• 2003

Analyses of tidal observations and a numerical model of the $M_2$ and $M_4$ tides in the Uldolmok waterway located at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula are described. This waterway is well known fer its strong tidal flows of up to more than 10 knots at the narrowest part of the channel. Harmonic analysis of the observed water level at five tidal stations reveals dramatic changes in the amplitude and phase of the shallow water constituents at the station near the narrowest part, while survey results show a decreasing trend in local mean sea levels toward the narrow section. It was also observed that the amplitudes of semi-diurnal constituents, $M_2$ and $S_2$ are diminishing toward the narrowest part of the waterway. Two-dimensional numerical modeling shows that the $M_2$ energy flux is dominated by the component coming from the eastern boundary. The $M_2$ energy is inward from both open boundaries and is transported toward the narrow region of the channel, where it is frictionally dissipated or transferred to other constituents due to a strong non-linear advection effect. It is also shown that the $M_4$ generation is strong around the narrow region, and the abrupt decrease in the M4 amplitude in the region is due to a cancellation of the locally generated M4 with the component propagated from open boundaries. The superposition of both propagated and generated M4 contributions also explains the discontinuity of the M4 phase lag in the region. The tide-induced residual sea level change and the regeneration effect of the $M_2$ tide through interaction with $M_4$ are also examined.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.351-356
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• 2006

Objective : Spondylodiscitis has been diagnosed by clinical, radiological and laboratory methods. MR imaging is well known as an excellent diagnostic tool for spondylodiscitis. However, the changes in MR images throughout the treatment process has not been studied. Thus we have analyzed the serial changes of MR images throughout the stages of infection. Methods : Ten patients were selected for retrospective reviewed who had been treated at our institute for infectious spondylodiscitis between 2000 and 2005. These patients had been followed-up at least six months and had taken more than a couple of series of MR scans. We classified the MR images into four groups according to the stages of treatment for the infection and compared them to the clinical and laboratory findings. Results : MR image signals changed minimally or appeared to be normal in the early stages. The progression of spondylodiscitis was characterized by a low T1 WI signal and a high T2 WI signal in disc and vertebral body. The signal changes of the MR images were then propagated and the end plate was destructed. During the treatment, the destructed endplate became stabilized and the signal intensity of both T1 and T2 WI were fixed to low-or iso-intensity. Conclusion : We can determine the serial signal changes based on MR images according to the treatment of spondylodiscitis. We can therefore determine the status of the infection and the stage of treatment, as well as the diagnosis of spondylodiscitis using serial MR images.