• International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.50-54
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• 2005

We report a simple, low cost, and reliable method for assembling a multi-walled nanotube (MWNT) to the end of a metal coated scanning probe microscopy (SPM) tip. By dropping the MWNT solution and applying an electric field between an SPM tip and an electrode, MWNTs which were dispersed into a dielectric solution were directly assembled onto the apex of the SPM tip due to the attraction by the dielectrophoretic force. The effective measurement of a MWNT -attached SPM tip was demonstrated by direct comparison with AFM images of a standard sample with a bare AFM tip.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.317-324
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• 2002

Purpose: The use of statistical parametric mapping (SPM) program has increased for the analysis of brain PET and SPECT images. Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) coordinate is used in SPM program as a standard anatomical framework. While the most researchers look up Talairach atlas to report the localization of the activations detected in SPM program, there is significant disparity between MNI templates and Talairach atlas. That disparity between Talairach and MNI coordinates makes the interpretation of SPM result time consuming, subjective and inaccurate. The purpose of this study was to develop a program to provide objective anatomical information of each x-y-z position in ICBM coordinate. Materials and Methods: Program was designed to provide the anatomical information for the given x-y-z position in MNI coordinate based on the Statistical Probabilistic Anatomical Map (SPAM) images of ICBM. When x-y-z position was given to the program, names of the anatomical structures with non-zero probability and the probabilities that the given position belongs to the structures were tabulated. The program was coded using IDL and JAVA language for 4he easy transplantation to any operating system or platform. Utility of this program was shown by comparing the results of this program to those of SPM program. Preliminary validation study was peformed by applying this program to the analysis of PET brain activation study of human memory in which the anatomical information on the activated areas are previously known. Results: Real time retrieval of probabilistic information with 1 mm spatial resolution was archived using the programs. Validation study showed the relevance of this program: probability that the activated area for memory belonged to hippocampal formation was more than 80%. Conclusion: These programs will be useful for the result interpretation of the image analysis peformed on MNI coordinate, as done in SPM program.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.660-666
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• 2005

The intestinal microbiota are important to the host with regard to resistance they impart against bacterial infections and their involvement in mediating metabolic functions. Lactic acid producing bacteria such as Lactobacillus play an important physiological role in these matters. The aim of the present study was to isolate Lactobacillus sp. that inhibits enteric pathogens. Initially, 17 isolates from healthy Koreans were collected on Lactobacillus selective medium. Resistance of the isolates to antibiotics including rifampicin, streptomycin, clindamycin and vancomycin was measured. One of the isolate was identified as Lactobacillus ruminus on the basis of bacterial cell morphology, cultural characteristic and biochemical characteristics, 16S rRNA sequence analysis and PCR-RAPD. Antimicrobial activity of the bacterium against Vancomycin Intermediate Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) was measured. About $10^4$ cells of VISA or VRE were mixed with 1, 5, and 9 mL of L. ruminus SPM 0211 and the final volume was adjusted to 10 mL with brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. The cell suspension was incubated for 3, 6, 9, and 24 h, serially diluted and then plated on BHI agar plates. As numbers of L. ruminus SPM 0211 were increased, viable cell count of VISA and VRE decreased. The strongest antimicrobial activity of SPM 0211 was observed after 9 h incubation in any mixture, almost completely inhibiting the growth of these two bacteria. The results suggest that the freshly isolated L. ruminus SPM 0211 may be used as a pro-biotic microbe that prevents the colonization of enteric pathogens and can thereby promote good gastrointestinal health.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.335-337
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• 2002

The aim of this study was investigate the epileptogenic zone in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We evaluated the subtraction image of interictal SPECT from ictal SPECT coregistered to 3-dimensional (3D) MRI, and compared with the normal healthy SPECT using a SPM99. Forty-nine patients with TLE (M:F=28:21, mean age: 33${\pm}$2.1 years) underwent a pairs of ictal and interictal SPECT. We performed subtraction interictal SPECT from ictal SPECT in TLE patients. In addition, using SPM methods and t-statistics, SPECT images of the TLE patients were compared with normal healthy SPECT on a voxel by voxel basis. The voxels with a p-value of less than 0.05, 0.005, 0.001 were considered to be significantly different. The subtraction results by ictal and interictal SPECT coincided with the significant rCBF changes when compare of the normal healthy SPECT using a SPM99. The results suggested that analysis of difference of the two methods using healthy normal SPECT with SPM99 is useful tool in evaluation of seizure focus in epilepsy.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.256-261
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• 2017

In this paper, we propose a modified smart pixel mapping (SPM) to visualize occluded three-dimensional (3D) objects in real image fields. In integral imaging, orthoscopic real 3D images cannot be displayed because of lenslets and the converging light field from elemental images. Thus, pseudoscopic-to-orthoscopic conversion which rotates each elemental image by 180 degree, has been proposed so that the orthoscopic virtual 3D image can be displayed. However, the orthoscopic real 3D image cannot be displayed. Hence, a conventional SPM that recaptures elemental images for the orthoscopic real 3D image using virtual pinhole array has been reported. However, it has a critical limitation in that the number of pixels for each elemental image is equal to the number of elemental images. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a modified SPM that can solve this critical limitation in a conventional SPM and can also visualize the occluded objects efficiently.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.57-61
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• 2010

Objective: Second primary malignancy (SPM) that occur in various period and region are important factors that deteriorate long-term survival rate in patients who recovered from oral cancer. Researches such as chemoprevention are being tried to reduce occurrence of SPMs. Only if analysis of clinical features of patients who develop SPM such as period, region and factors precedes, adequate prevention and treatment of SPM is possible. But, there are few researches about clinical features of SPMs that have primary lesion in oral cavity. In this study, we analysis that occurrence rates, regions that happen, risk factors and effect to survival rates of 2nd primary malignancies in oral cancer patients. From this survey, we willing to collect basic data for prevention and early diagnosis of SPMs. Methods: The medical records of 139 patients of oral oncology clinic of National Cancer Center who had up to 2-years follow up records after surgical or radiological treatment due to squamus cell carcinoma of oral cavity were reviewed. In these patients, survey of occurrence rate of SPMs, duration, survival rate and risk factors about occurrence of SPMs such as history of smoking, body mass index, age, sex, stage of primary lesion and history of radiologic treatment were achieved. Results: There are 15 patients who developed SPM in 139 cases. The actual occurrence rate of SPM was 10.79% and SPM were more likely to occur in male patients with 11 male Vs 4 female patients. Median age of these patient is 61.47 within 32 to 74 range. The regions that develop SPM are oral cavities (2 cases), stomach (4 cases), esophagus (2 cases), lung (2 cases) and others (1 case each breast, larynx, cervix, liver and kidney). In addition, metachronous cancers were 11 cases which happened more common than 4cases of synchronous cancers. Surveys of risk factors that relate to development of SPMs, such as sex, age, history of radiologic treatment, body mass index, history of smoking and stage of primary disease were done. Among them, factor of sex is only appear statistically significant (P=0.001), but rest are not significant in statistically. Conclusion: Occurrence rates of SPMs were reported from 10% to 20% by precede study. In this study, occurrence rate of SPMs is 10.79% that is similar to results of precede research. In comparison of 5-yr survival rates of groups that develop SPMs or not, there is statistically significance between two groups. Present treatment modalities of SPMs are surgical operation, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and combination of these modalities. In choosing the treatment modality, we must consider the first treatment modality, region of primary disease, region of SPMs and general conditions of patient. Because development of SPMs have big effect on prognosis, prevention of SPMs must regard to important objective of treatments in patients of SCCa in oral cavity.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.933-942
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• 2006

In this study, temperature, turbidity, suspended paniculate matter (SPM) distribution and mineral characteristics were investigated to explain spatial distribution of the turbid-water environment of Yongdam reservoir in July, 2005. Six stations were selected along a longitudinal axis of the reservoir and sampling was conducted in four depths of each station. Water temperature was showed the typical stratified structure by the effects of irradiance and inflow. Content of inorganic matter in suspended particles increased with the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) due to the reduction of ash-free dry matter (AFDM). Turbidity ranged from 0.6 to 95.1 NTU and the maximum turbidity value of each station sharply increased toward downstream from upstream. The high turbidity layers were located at the depth between 12~16 m. Particle size ranged from 0.435 to $482.9{\mu}m$. day and silt-sized particles corresponded 91.9~98.9% and 1.1~8.0% in total numbers of SPM, respectively. Turbidity showed high correlations with clay (r=0.763, p<0.05) and silt content (r=0.870, p<0.05).Inorganic matter content (r=0.960, p<0.01) was more correlated with turbidity than organic matter (r=0.823, p<0.05). Mineral characterization using x-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalyzer demonstrated that the major minerals contained in the SPM were kaolinite, illite, vermiculite and smectite. As results of this study, surface water discharge as well as small size of the SPM were suggested as long-term interfering factors in settling down the turbid water in the reservoir.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.784-786
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• 2005

SPM (Scratch-Pad Memory)을 위한 코드 배치 기법과 demand paging기법을 Post pass optimizer를 사용하여 구현한다. 코드 배치 문제는 ILP (Integer Linear Programming) 문제로 변환하여 해결한다. 최적 화기는 ILP 해답의 질을 높이기 위해 응용 프로그램의 프로파일 정보를 사용하고, 코드로부터 natural loop을 추출한다. 또한 SPM을 사용하여 demand paging을 할수 있도록 추가 코드를 삽입한다. 이 기법을 사용해 6개의 내장형 응용 프로그램을 실험하였고, 프로그램 크기의 $20\%$에 해당하는 SPM에 대해 전력 소모는 $75.9\%$로 감소하였고 성능은 $54.5\%$ 증가하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.716-719
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• 2005

We present an algorithm for finding shortest paths in the L$_1$ plane with a transportation network. The transportation network consists of parallel line segments, called highways, through which a movement gets faster. Given a source point s, our algorithm constructs a Shortest Path Map(SPM) such that for any query point t, we can find the length of a shortest path form s to t in O(log n) time. We design a plane sweep-like algorithm computing SPM in O(nlog n) time.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.137-151
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• 2012

Objectives : provides the basis on steaming processing method (SPM) which was stated in 'Dongeuibogam' and 'Euihakipmun'. Methods : Drugs and prescriptions listed in 'Dongeuibogam' and 'Euihakipmun' were investigated by following criteria; (i) name and prescription of SPM-applied drugs, (ii) protocols on the use of the supporting materials, (iii) kind of supporting materials, (iv) processing period, (v) part of the herb plants, (vi) efficacy of herbal drugs, (vii) tastes of herbal drugs, (viii) meridian tropism of the herbal drugs. Results : 1. The number of herbs was 92 species of from 'Dongeuibogam', 87 from 'Euihakipmun', and the number of prescriptions was 197 from 'Dongeuibogam' and 119 from 'Euihakipmun'. 2. Infiltrating steaming and mixing and steaming procedures were used to process supporting materials. 3. The abundance of supporting materials was in the order of alcohol and ginger juice. 4. A twelve hour-period was most frequently used. 5. The herbal parts used most were in the order of fruit, seed, roots, and stem. 6. According to an efficacy category, a drug supplementing invigoration was used most frequently and a drug eliminating heat followed next. 7. Based on four spirit features, herbs showing warm, cold, and mild features were used most. 8. In considering five tastes, herbs showing sweet and bitter tastes were used most. 9. The herbs supporting the function of liver, kidneys, spleen, stomach, and lung were used in SPM. The herbs converging to the kidneys and the liver were conducted most in 'Dongeuibogam' and 'Euihakipmun' respectively. No case for herbal drug converging to 'Samcho' was reported. Conclusions : Our investigation on the use of SPM from 'Dongeuibogam' and 'Euihakipmun' revealed that there are special principles underlying the use of supporting materials, SPM period, parts and efficacy.