• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.69-77
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• 2016

We propose nano-scale Cu direct bonding technology using ultra-high density Cu nano-pillar (CNP) with for high stacking yield exascale 2.5D/3D integration. We clarified the joining mechanism of nano-scale Cu direct bonding using CNP. Nano-scale Cu pillar easily bond with Cu electrode by re-crystallization of CNP due to the solid phase diffusion and by morphology change of CNP to minimize interfacial energy at relatively lower temperature and pressure compared to conventional micro-scale Cu direct bonding. We confirmed for the first time that 4.3 million electrodes per die are successfully connected in series with the joining yield of 100%. The joining resistance of CNP bundle with $80{\mu}m$ height is around 30 m for each pair of $10{\mu}m$ dia. electrode. Capacitance value of CNP bundle with $3{\mu}m$ length and $80{\mu}m$ height is around 0.6fF. Eye-diagram pattern shows no degradation even at 10Gbps data rate after the lamination of anisotropic conductive film.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2015

Sweet cherry is an important fruit crop with increasing economical value in Turkey and the world. A number of viruses cause diseases and economical losses in sweet cherry. Prune dwarf virus (PDV), is one of the most common viruses of stone fruits including sweet cherry in the world. In this study, PDV was detected from 316 of 521 sweet cherry samples collected from 142 orchards in 10 districts of Isparta province of Turkey by double antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). The presence of PDV in ELISA positive samples was confirmed in 37 isolates by reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. A genomic region of 862 bp containing the coat protein (CP) gene of PDV was re-amplified from 21 selected isolates by RT-PCR. Amplified DNA fragments of these isolates were purified and sequenced for molecular characterization and determining genetic diversity of PDV. Sequence comparisons showed 84-99% to 81-100% sequence identity at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively, of the CP genes of PDV isolates from Isparta and other parts of the world. Phylogenetic analyses of the CP genes of PDV isolates from different geographical origins and diverse hosts revealed that PDV isolates formed different phylogenetic groups. While isolates were not grouped solely based on their geographical origins or hosts, some association between phylogenetic groups and geographical origins or hosts were observed.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to provide training materials for practical use by investigating the kinematical variables of the successful landing by the type of the salto backward such as Tuck, Pike. For this study, the subjects are 4 male national gymnasts using 3-dimensional cinematographic method. Based on the results of this study, the conclusions are drawn as follows. 1. In flight phase, Tuck and Pike show fast extension after completing minimum angle of hip joint passing through the peak. It is very important factor to control body with gaining time before landing while decreasing the velocity of flight rotaion. 2. In Landing phase, the angles of each joint for successful landing are shown as $92deg{\sim}100deg$ for knee angle, $52deg{\sim}57deg$ for hip angle, and $56deg{\sim}70deg$ for shoulder angle. 3. Tuck and Pike dramatically decrease the height of COG, and horizontal/vertical velocity of COG from TD to LD. Also, it is shown that the knee angle, the hip angle and the shoulder angle decrease drastically. On the other hand, the angular velocity of trunk rotation shows negative direction and due to this, the angle of trunk rotation is shown as re-flexion.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.259-265
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• 2005

Proteins must fold into their correct three-dimensional conformation in order to attain their biological function. Conversely, protein aggregation and misfolding are primary contributors to many devastating human diseases, such as prion-mediated infections, Alzheimer's disease, type II diabetes and cystic fibrosis. While the native conformation of a polypeptide is encoded within its primary amino acid sequence and is sufficient for protein folding in vitro, the situation in vivo is more complex. Inside the cell, proteins are synthesized or folded continuously; a process that is greatly assisted by molecular chaperones. Molecular chaperones re a group of structurally diverse and mechanistically distinct proteins that either promote folding or prevent the aggregation of other proteins. With our increasing understanding of the proteome, it is becoming clear that the number of proteins that can be classified as molecular chaperones is increasing steadily. Many of these proteins have novel but essential cellular functions that differ from that of more 'conventional' chaperones, such as Hsp70 and the GroE system. This review focuses on the emerging role of molecular chaperones in protein quality control, i.e. the mechanism that rids the cell of misfolded or incompletely synthesized polypeptides that otherwise would interfere with normal cellular function.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1980.09a
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• pp.59-69
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• 1980

A new HPLC-method for separation and quantitative determination of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium and in pharmaceutical drug preparations is elaborated. A reversed-phase-system with ${\mu}Bondapak\;C_{18}$ column (3.9 mm $I.D.{\times}30\;cm$) using acetonitrile-water (30:70) 2 ml/min and acetonitrile-water (18:82) 4 ml/min is suitable for the base-line separation of $Rb_1,\;Rb_2,\;Rc,\;Rd,\;Rf,\;Rg_2,\;respectively\;Re,\;Rg_1$ in 30 minutes. The ginsenosides are directly detected at 203 nm (without derivatization) with the LC-55 or LC-75 spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer) at $100\%$ transmission. Detection limit is 300 ng at a signal-to-noise ratio of 10:1. The ginsenosides-peak identification is carried out with HPTLC (high performance thin layer chromatography), with MIR-IR (multiple internal reflection-IR-spectros-copy) and with FD-MS (field desorption mass spectrometry). The calibration curve of each ginsenoside has a correlation coefficient very near to 1. Relative standard deviation for quantitative determinations depends upon the amount of ginsenosides and is approximately 1\%$ for ginsenoside contents of 1\%$. This method is adaptable for routine analysis in quality control laboratories.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2009.05b
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• pp.429-433
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• 2009

Since the "Low Carbon, Green Growth" as a social requirements is attracted public attention, the policies and investments of the railway which have been less estimated than road is re-considered. Since the starting the commercial service (2004. April), the KTX have been operated successfully while transport passengers over 100million for years. And also the project for development of KHST (Korea High Speed Train ; G7) had been accomplished with a good result, the first trainset of KTX-II which base on G7 project was manufactured and testing now. On the other hand, the world's technology of the high speed train is more faster, and changing to a distributed traction system. To catch up the world's leading technology, the HEMU(High-speed Electric Multiple Unit) project will secure new technology and aims to promote the technology of domestic high-speed train. The authors indicates the result of detail review such as a curve, slope of the track and electrical dead section of the catenary to test at 400kph and also the performance simulation of the developed rolling stock in this paper. As the result, the authors devise the test scenario to perform a maximum speed test (stability at max. speed, acceleration & deceleration etc) with the restricted conditions such as track length, track available time etc by considering above result.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.227-232
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• 1990

A Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was used to describe the distribition and elimination of cefriazone in the rat. To validate the practical application of the model, the effect of cffeine on the model was also examined. The model consisted of eleven compartments representing the major sites for ceftriaxone distribution including carcass which served as a residual compartment. Elimination was represented by renal and hepatic (metabolic biliary )excretion with GI secretion and re-absorption. The drug concentrations in most of the tissues were simulated using flow limited equations while brain levels were simulated using membrane limited passive diffusion distribution. The experimental data were obtained by averaging the concentration of drug in the plasma and tissues of five rats after i. v. injection of cefriazone 100 mg/kg without and with caffeine 20 mg/kg. The data for the amount of ceftriazone excreted in urine and gut contents were used to apportion total body clearance. HPLC with UV detection was used for the assay with 0.1-0.2 $\mu$g/ml sensitivity. The great majority of drug concentrations with and without caffeine show reasonably good agreements to the simulation results within 20%. The effect of caffeine on renal and hepatic clearances was apparent with 18.8% and 18.6% increase in the model values, respectively.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.63.3-63.3
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• 2019

Nearby young moving groups (NYMGs hereafter) are gravitationally unbound loose young stellar associations located within 100 pc of the Sun. Since NYMGs are crucial laboratories for studying low-mass stars and planets, intensive searches for NYMG members have been performed. For identification of NYMG members, various strategies and methods have been applied. As a result, the reliability of the members in terms of membership is not uniform, which means that a careful membership re-assessment is required. In this study, I developed a NYMG membership probability calculation tool based on Bayesian inference (Bayesian Assessment of Moving Groups: BAMG). For the development of the BAMG tool, I constructed ellipsoidal models for nine NYMGs via iterative and self-consistent processes. Using BAMG, memberships of claimed members in the literature (N~2000) were evaluated, and 35 per cent of members were confirmed as bona fide members of NYMGs. Based on the deficiency of low-mass members appeared in mass function using these bona fide members, low mass members from Gaia DR2 are identified. About 2000 new M dwarf and brown dwarf candidate members were identified. Memberships of ~70 members with RV from Gaia were confirmed, and the additional ~20 members were confirmed via spectroscopic observation. Not relying on previous knowledge about the existence of nine NYMGs, unsupervised machine learning analyses were applied to NYMG members. K-means and Agglomerative Clustering algorithms result in similar trends of grouping. As a result, six previously known groups (TWA, beta-Pic, Carina, Argus, AB Doradus, and Volans-Carina) were rediscovered. Three the other known groups are recognized as well; however, they are combined into two new separate groups (ThOr+Columba and TucHor+Columba).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1681-1690
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• 2000

A study on energy and protein utilization, and milk production of Bali cows on grass-legume diets was carried out using 12 first lactation cows (initial BW $263.79{\pm}21.66kg$) during a period of 16 weeks starting immediately post calving. The animals were randomly allotted into 4 dietary treatment groups R1, R2, R3 and R4, receiving from the last 2 months of pregnancy onwards, graded improved rations based on a mixture of locally available grass and legume feed ad libitum. R1 contained on a DM basis 70% elephant grass (PP, Penisetum purpureum) plus 30% Gliricidia sepia leaves (GS), R2 was 30% PP plus 55% GS supplemented with 15% Hibiscus tilliactus leaves (HT, defaunating effect), R3 and R4 were 22.5% PP+41.25% GS+11.25% HT+25% concentrate, where R3 was not and R4 supplemented with zinc di-acetate. TDN, CP and zinc contents of the diets were 58.2%, 12.05% and 18.3 mg/kg respectively for R1, 65.05%, 16.9% and 25.6 mg/kg respectively for R2, 66.03%, 16.71% and 29.02 mg/kg respectively for R3 and 66.03%, 16.71% and 60.47 mg/kg respectively for R4. Milk production and body weight were monitored throughout the experimental period. In vivo body composition by the urea space technique validated by the body density method and supported by carcass data was estimated at the start and termination of the experiment. Nutrient balance and rumen performance characteristics were measured during a balance trial of 7 days during the 3rd and 4th week of the lactation period. Results indicated that quality of ration caused improvement of ruminal total VFA concentration, increments being 52 to 65% for R2, R3 and R4 above R1, with increments of acetate being less (31 to 48%) and propionate being proportionally more in comparison to total VFA increments. Similarly, ammonia concentrations increased to 5.24 to 7.07 mM, equivalent to 7.34 to 9.90 mg $NH_3-N/100ml$ rumen fluid. Results also indicated that feed quality did not affect DE and ME intakes, and heat production (HP), but increased GE, UE, energy in milk and total retained energy (RE total) in body tissues and milk. Intake-, digestible- and catabolized-protein, and retained-protein in body tissues and milk (Rprot) were all elevated increasing the quality of ration. Similar results were obtained for milk yield and components with mean values reaching 2.085 kg/d (R4) versus 0.92 kg/d (R1) for milk yield, and 170.22 g/d (R4) vs 71.69 g/d (R1), 105.74 g/d (R4) vs 45.35 g/d (R1), 101.34 g/d (R4) vs 46.36 g/d (R1) for milk-fat, -protein, and -lactose, respectively. Relatively high yields of milk production was maintained longer for R4 as compared to the other treatment groups. There were no significant effects on body mass and components due to lactation. From the relationship $RE_{total}$ (MJ/d)=12.79-0.373 ME (MJ/d); (r=0.73), it was found that $ME_{m}=0.53MJ/kgW^{0.75}.d$. Requirement of energy to support the production of milk, ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 kg/d, follows the equation: Milk Prod. ($Q_{mp}$, kg/d)=[-2.48+4.31 ME($MJ/kg^{0.75}.d$)]; (r=0.6) or $Q_{mp}$=-3.4+[0.08($ME-RE_{body\;tissue}$)]MJ/d]; (r=0.94). The requirement for protein intake for maintenance ($IP_m$) equals $6.19 g/kg^{0.75}.d$ derived from the relationship RP=-47.4+0.12 IP; (r=0.74, n=9). Equation for protein requirement for lactation is $Q_{nl}$=[($Q_{mp}$)(% protein in milk)($I_{mp}$)]/100, where $Q_{nl}$ is g protein required for lactation, $Q_{mp}$ is daily milk yield, Bali cow's milk-protein content av. 5.04%, and $I_{mp}$ is metabolic increment for milk production ($ME_{lakt}/ME_{m}=1.46$).

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the biodegradation of gaseous trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) in an activated carbon biofilter inoculated with phenol-oxidizing microorganisms and to study the effect of surfactant concentration below its critical micelle concentration (CMC) on the re-moval efficiency of TCE or PCE. The investigation was conducted using two specially built stainless steel biofilters, one for TCE and the other for PCE, at residence times of 1.5~7 min. The removal efficiency of gaseous TCE was 100％ at a residence time of 7 min and its average inlet concentration of 85 ppm. For gaseous PCE, 100％ removal efficiency was obtained at residence times of 4~7 min and its average concentrations of 47~84 ppm. It was found that adsorption by GAC was a minor mechanism for TCE and PCE removal in the activated carbon biofilters. Transformation yields of gaseous TCE and PCE were about 8~48 g of TCE/g of phenol and 6~25g of PCE/g of phenol, according to residence times. This values showed one or two orders of magnitude less than aqueous TCE degradation. The TCE and PCE activated carbon biofilter performances were observed to be a little enhanced but not significantly, when the surfactant was introduced at concentrations of 5~50 mg/L.