• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.447-456
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• 2015

To develop functional bread and improve the quality of gluten-free bread, this study investigates the quality characteristics of gluten-free rice bread made from soft-type rice (Bodeurami) flour mixed with black rice at different levels (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, w/w). An increase in the mix level of black-rice flour increased the weight of rice bread but reduced its volume, baking loss, volume expansion, and specific volume. The results for Hunter's color value and texture measurements indicate that an increase in the content of black-rice flour reduced the L-value, the b-value, hardness, gumminess, and chewiness but increased the a-value, adhesiveness, and springiness. According to the sensory analysis, rice bread formulated with a mixture of soft-type rice flour (80%) and black-rice flour (20%) showed the highest scores in color, taste, texture, and overall preferences. With respect to flavor and appearance, bread samples with 20% and 30% black-rice flour were preferred to those with 0%, 10%, and 40% black-rice flour. These results suggest that gluten-free rice bread mixed with wet-milling rice flour and black-rice flour can be used to develop functional and gluten-free bread.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.228-233
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• 2007

The high cost and lack of vegetable oil are limiting the expansion of biodiesel production. The purpose of research was to investigate the potential of animal fats as biodiesel feedstock. In this paper, transesterification using alkali catalyst and methanol was performed to reaction, we carried out experiments that it was changed variables as reaction temperature, methanol molar ratio, catalyst types, amount of catalyst and reaction time. The optimum reaction condition for biodiesel production was reaction temperature 65$^{\circ}C$, potassium hydroxide 1.0% (w/w), oil to methanol molar ratio 1:15 and reaction time 20 min. In this reaction condition, the contents of fatty acid methyl ester was reached to about 98.7%. Also, properties of biodiesel were measured to correspond to domestic quality standard of acid values, density and viscosity.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.146-151
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• 2011

The physical properties of poly (ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) copolymers were studied. PEN copolymers were synthesized successfully from the mixtures of ethylene glycol(EG), 1,3-propanediol (PD) and l,4-butanediol (BD) with 2,6-dimethyl naphthalene dicarboxylate. The results indicated that PEN copolymers showed an amorphous state when the content of BD(PD) in applied EG/BD(EG/PD) mixtures was less than 40% during the polycondensation. As a result, the lowering of thermal properties, orientation, and mechanical properties was found, however, the dimensional stability was improved. This is a promising result to apply the synthesized PEN copolymers as flexibles substrates.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.36-40
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• 2015

To evaluate the safety of propane cylinder, the flame test was performed by the flame exposure scenario of propane cylinder. The cylinder which was exposed in a flame was rapidly occurred to increase the internal pressure by liquid expansion, if so it cause of physical explosion. Therefore, the cylinder which was applied with thermal pressure relief device sholud be not bursted and the propane should be discharged to outside safely. The flame average temperature that was around of cylinder is $600^{\circ}C$, and then it increased $700^{\circ}C$ by discharged propane. The result of flame test, the cylinder was deformed, but it was not bursted. The regulations of flame exposure test for propane cylinder were not restricted, this paper can be applied to restrict the flame test if the cylinder is possible to expose the flame. Also, the results is expected as reference for estimation of the pressure cylinder performance.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.361-371
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• 2013

The present study assessed the effect of FSH and LH on oocyte meiotic, cytoplasmic maturation and on the expression level and polyadenylation status of several maternal genes. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were cultured in the presence of FSH, LH, or the combination of FSH and LH. Significant cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation was observed upon exposure to FSH alone and to the combination of FSH and LH. The combination of FSH and LH during entire IVM increased the mRNA level of four maternal genes, C-mos, Cyclin B1, Gdf9 and Bmp15, at 28 h. Supplemented with FSH or LH significantly enhanced the polyadenylation of Gdf9 and Bmp15; and altered the expression level of Gdf9 and Bmp15. Following parthenogenesis, the exposure of oocytes to combination of FSH and LH during IVM significantly increased cleavage rate, blastocyst formation rate and total cell number, and decreased apoptosis. In addition, FSH and LH down-regulated the autophagy gene Atg6 and upregulated the apoptosis gene Bcl-xL at the mRNA level in blastocysts. These data suggest that the FSH and LH enhance meiotic and cytoplasmic maturation, possibly through the regulation of maternal gene expression and polyadenylation. Overall, we show here that FSH and LH inhibit apoptosis and autophagy and improve parthenogenetic embryo competence and development.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2018

The spatio-temporal variations of nitrate concentrations in groundwater of Jeju Island were evaluated by an analysis of time series groundwater quality data (N = 21,568) that were collected from regional groundwater monitoring (number of wells = 4,835) for up to 20 years between 1993 and 2015. The median concentration of $NO_3-N$ is 2.5 mg/L, which is slightly higher than those reported from regional surveys in other countries. Nitrate concentrations of groundwater in wells tend to significantly vary according to different water usage (of the well), administrative districts, and topographic elevations: nitrate level is higher in low-lying agricultural and residential areas than those in high mountainous areas. The Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen's slope analysis show that nitrate concentration in mid-mountainous areas tends to increase, possibly due to the expansion of agricultural areas toward highland. On the other hand, nitrate concentrations in the Specially Designated Groundwater Quality Protection Zones show the temporally decreasing trend, which implies the efficiency of groundwater management actions in Jeju. Proper measures for sustainable groundwater quality management are suggested in this study.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.177-186
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• 1988

Degeneration of the axon terminals of mamillo-thalamic tract following the electrical coagulation of mamillary body is well known. In this study, the author investigated the ultrastructural alterations of neuropil components, initiated by terminal degenerations. Rats weighing approximately 250 gm were fixed on the stereotaxic instrument(David Kopf Inc., Heavy duty model), and NE 300 active electrode(Rhodes Med. Instr. Inc.) was introduced to the mamillary position of anterior 3.8 mm, lateral 0.5 mm, height 3.8 mm and lateral angle of $23^{\circ}$ according to De Groot's Atlas. Electric current of 20 mA was applied during 1 minute between active and inactive electrodes with Radio Frequency Lesion Generator(RFG 4, Radionics Inc.). Two hours, 2 days, 1 week and 2 weeks following the electrical coagulation of mamillary body, ipsilateral anterior thalamic nucleus was fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde-l% paraformaldehyde and 2% osmium tetroxide, embedded in Araldite mixture, cutted with LKB ultra tome V, stained with uranyl acetate-lead citrate and observed with JEOL 100 CX electron microscope. Observed results were as follows; 1. Degenerated mamillo-thalamic synapses were observed to form asymmetric axospinous or axo-dendritic types. 2. Terminal degeneration was not easily discernible at 2 hours interval after mamillary lesion, but following 2 days the terminal degeneration was apparent. 3. Postsynaptic spines, dendrites and even their cell bodies show edematic changes caused by the degeneration of postsynaptic counterpart. 4. Astrocytic territories, including perivascular processes forming glial limitans of blood-brain barrier, exhibit remarkable expansion. 5. Oligoglia and astroglia are actively engaged in the removal of degenerated elements. 6. Active forms of microglia were increased. 7. The observed results may represent typical ultrastructural alteration pattern within neuropil following the degeneration of certain input axon terminals.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.131-134
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• 2000

Increased temperature adversely affects the reliability of a device. So, package material should have high thermal diffusion, i.e., high thermal conductivity. And, there are several other physical properties of polymeric materials that are important to microelectronics packaging, some of which are a low dielectric constant, a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and a high flexural strength. In this study, to get practical maximum packing fraction of AIN (granular type) filled EMC, the properties such as the spiral flow, thermal conductivity, CTE, and water resistance of AIN-filled EMC (65-vol%) were evaluated according to the size of AIN and the filler-size distribution. Also, physical properties of AIN filled EMC above 65-vol% were evaluated according to increasing AIN content at the point of maximum packing fraction (highly loading condition). The high loading conditions of EMC were set $D_L/D_S$=12 and $X_S$=0.25 like as filler of sphere shape and the AIN filled EMC in this conditions can be obtained satisfactory fluidity up to 70-vol%. As a result, the AIN filled EMC (70-vol%) at high loading condition showed improved thermal conductivity (about 6 W/m-K), dielectric constant (2.0~3.0), CTE(less than 14 ppm/$^{\circ}C$) and water resistance. So, the AIN filled EMC (70-vol%) at high loading condition meets the requirement fur advanced microelectronic packaging materials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.473-480
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• 2016

The objectives of this study were to investigate the quality characteristics of Jeungpyun added with goji berry powder (0, 2, 4, 6%) and to develop functional Jeungpyun as snack for the elderly. The volume of batter without goji berry powder increased 2.9 times after 4 hrs of fermentation, whereas those with 2, 4, and 6% goji berry powder increased 1.8~1.9 times. The pH and brix of the batter increased by increasing the concentration of goji berry powder. The expansion volume of Jeungpyun decreased by increasing the concentration of goji berry powder. The pH of Jeungpyun was higher than that of Jeungpyun batter in all groups. However, the brix of Jeungpyun was lower than that of Jeungpyun batter in all groups. The L value of Jeungpyun decreased, whereas a and b values increased by increasing the concentration of goji berry powder. The consumer acceptability score was higher in the elderly than in university students. Jeungpyun with 4% goji berry powder had best ratings in taste and overall preference. The DPPH free radical scavenging antioxidant activity of Jeungpyun significantly increased with increasing concentration of goji berry powder. Therefore, goji berry Jeungpyun is available as a snack for the elderly and can be added to goji berry powder up to 4%.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.207-222
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• 2010

Fire incident in buildings is common, so the fire safety design of the framed structure is imperative, especially for the unprotected or partly protected bare steel frames. However, software for structural fire analysis is not widely available. As a result, the performance-based structural fire design is urged on the basis of using user-friendly and conventional nonlinear computer analysis programs so that engineers do not need to acquire new structural analysis software for structural fire analysis and design. The tool is desired to have the capacity of simulating the different fire scenarios and associated detrimental effects efficiently, which includes second-order P-D and P-d effects and material yielding. Also the nonlinear behaviour of large-scale structure becomes complicated when under fire, and thus its simulation relies on an efficient and effective numerical analysis to cope with intricate nonlinear effects due to fire. To this end, the present fire study utilizes a second-order elastic/plastic analysis software NIDA to predict structural behaviour of bare steel framed structures at elevated temperatures. This fire study considers thermal expansion and material degradation due to heating. Degradation of material strength with increasing temperature is included by a set of temperature-stress-strain curves according to BS5950 Part 8 mainly, which implicitly allows for creep deformation. This finite element stiffness formulation of beam-column elements is derived from the fifth-order PEP element which facilitates the computer modeling by one member per element. The Newton-Raphson method is used in the nonlinear solution procedure in order to trace the nonlinear equilibrium path at specified elevated temperatures. Several numerical and experimental verifications of framed structures are presented and compared against solutions in literature. The proposed method permits engineers to adopt the performance-based structural fire analysis and design using typical second-order nonlinear structural analysis software.