• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.769-776
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• 2013

This study evaluated fermented soybean meal (FSM) as a fish meal (FM) replacement and determined the appropriate amount of FSM in juvenile olive flounder diet. Twenty-four aquaria with a flowing-water system were stocked with fish averaging 20.9 g at a density of 25 fish/tank. Five experimental diets were prepared replacing FM with 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40% FSM based on FM protein (designated $FSM_{0}$, $FSM_{10}$, $FSM_{20}$ $FSM_{30}$, and $FSM_{40}$, respectively). Two additional diets were prepared that replaced 30 or 40% of the FM with FSM with added amino acids (methionine and lysine) (designated $FSM_{30+AA}$, and $FSM_{40+AA}$, respectively). Fish (triplicates) were fed one of the eight experimental diets (50% crude protein and 16.7 kJ available energy $g^{-1}$ diet) for 8 weeks. Survival did not differ among the treatments during the feeding experiment. There were no significant differences in weight gain (WG) or specific growth rate (SGR) among the fish fed diets with up to 30% of the FM replaced. However, fish fed $FSM_{40}$ or $FSM_{40+AA}$ had a reduced WG and SGR, as compared to $FSM_0$ (control) (P < 0.05). The feed efficiency and apparent digestibility showed a similar trend (P < 0.05). The proximate composition in the whole body of fish differed only between the control and $FSM_{40}$ for the crude protein level and between the control and $FSM_{30+AA}$ for the crude lipid level. The whole-body amino acid composition did not differ among treatments. No significant differences were found between the diet groups with and without amino acid supplementation, indicating that amino acid supplementation had no effect. The major finding of this study is that fermented soybean meal may replace up to 30% of fish meal without amino acid supplementation for normal growth of juvenile olive flounder.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.295-296
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• 2001

Dietary lipids are important sources of energy and of essential fatty acids (EFA). Providing desired amounts of EFA is necessary for the normal growth and survival of juvenille fish. EFA requirements of fish are affected by fish species, water temperature and salinity, and different from those of terrestrial animals (Castell 1979). EFA affect the fluidity and permeability of membranes, enzymes activity and are known as the precursors of the eicosanoids. (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.202-208
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three water temperatures (15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$) in combination with three salinities (0, 15 and 30 psu) on the oxygen consumption rate of juvenile spotted sea bass, Lateolabrax maculatus (mean body weight $5.5{\pm}0.3g$). The oxygen consumption rates of L. maculatus were measured in triplicate for 24 hours using a continuous flow-through respirometer. Water temperature resulted in significant differences in the mean oxygen consumption rate of L. maculatus (p<0.001), but salinity and combinations of salinity and water temperature did not have (p>0.05). The oxygen consumption increased with increasing water temperatures in all experimental salinity regimes (p<001). Mean oxygen consumption rates at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ ranged 328.8~342.3, 433.9~441.0 and 651.5~659.9 mg $O_2\;kg^{-1}\;h^{-1}$, respectively. $Q_{10}$ values did not vary with salinity, bud varied with water temperature. $Q_{10}$ values ranged 1.63~1.75 between 15 and $20^{\circ}C$, 2.24~2.26 between 20 and $25^{\circ}C$, and 1.92~1.98 over the full temperature range. The energy loss by metabolic cost increased with increasing water temperatures in all experimental salinity regimes (p<0.001) Mean energy loss rates at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ ranged 224.6~233.8, 296.3~301.2 and $444.9{\sim}450.7kJ\;kg^{-1}\;d^{-1}$, respectively. These data suggest that the culture of juvenile spotted sea bass is possible without energy loss by salinity difference in freshwater as well as seawater after salinity acclimation. Thus, this result has an application for culture management and bioenergetic model for growth of this species.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.88-93
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• 2003

Diets containing 3000 kcal/kg at the crude protein (CP) level of 40% (Diet 1) and 4000 kcal/kg at the CP level of 50% (Diet 2) were fed to the juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (35.6 g) at 3-4% body weight for a period of 28 days. Diet 2 promoted significantly higher growth and feed efficiency than Diet 1. Oxygen uptake increased with increasing body weight. The oxygen uptake-body weight relationship of diets 1 and 2 were best expressed by y=0.3218 $e^{0.0592x}$ (R=0.8494) and y=0.3612 $e^{0.0532x}$ ($R^2$=0.8805), respectively. Assimilation efficiency (AE), gross growth efficiency ( $K_1$) and net growth efficiency ( $K_2$) of the fish fed on Diet 2 were 73.8, 16.0 and 22.6%, respec- tively. Fish fed on Diet 2 showed significantly higher AE, $K_1$ and $K_2$ than those fed on Diet 1. Hence Diet 2 con- taining 4000 kcal/ kg with crude protein of 50% is recommended for the Korean rockfish.kfish.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.308-313
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• 2015

A $3{\times}3$ factorial study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on the growth, feed utilization and innate immunity of red seabream Pagrus major. Nine diets consisting of three protein levels (42%, 46% and 50% crude protein) and three lipid levels (10%, 14% and 18% crude lipid) were formulated. Triplicate groups of red seabream were fed the experimental diets to apparent satiation (5-6 times a day, from 08:00 to 18:00 h at 2-h intervals) for 10 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed P46L14 (46% protein and 14% lipid), P50L10 (50% protein and 10% lipid) and P50L14 (50% protein and 14% lipid) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of fish fed P42L18 (42% protein and 18% lipid). The feed conversion ratios (FCR) of the fish were affected by dietary lipid levels (P<0.039), but not dietary protein levels. The FCR tended to increase with increasing dietary lipid levels from 10% to 18% with the 46% and 50% protein levels. The weight gain, protein efficiency ratio, specific growth rate, feed intake and survival of fish were not affected by either dietary protein or lipid levels. Myeloperoxidase activity in the group fed P50L14 (50% protein and 14% lipid) was significantly higher than that in the group fed P42L10 (42% protein and 10% lipid) or P50L18 (50% protein and 18% lipid). However, the myeloperoxidase activity of fish was not affected by either dietary protein or lipid level. The fish fed P46L14 (46% protein and 14% lipid) and P46L18 (46% protein and 18% lipid) showed significantly higher superoxide dismutase activity than did the fish fed P46L10 (46% protein and 10% lipid), P50L10 (50% protein and 10% lipid) of P50L18 (50% protein and 18% lipid). In conclusion, the optimum protein and lipid levels for the growth and feed utilization of juvenile red seabream were 46% and 14%, respectively, and the optimum dietary protein to energy ratio was 27.4 g/MJ.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.396-400
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the dry matter (DM) yield, quality and utilization of nutrients in Korean lespedeza (Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim.) swards as a roughage source. DM yield in various stages, chemical composition, and DM digestibility were observed, and DM intake, digestibility and utilization of nitrogen and energy by Korean native goat were determined. Experimental diets include three treatments: mixture hay (MH) 100%, MH (80%)+wild Korean lespedeza hay (LH) 20% and MH (60%)+LH (40%). As growth stage advanced, the DM yield of Korean lespedeza tended to increase significantly (p<0.05). The mean DM yield of all growing stages was observed as 7,336 kg/ha. Crude protein (CP) content of Korean lespedeza tended to decrease, but fibrous contents tended to increase when the growth stage advanced. The tannin content of Korean lespedeza was the highest at the bud stage (64.7 mg/g). However, it showed a tendency to decrease as the growth stage advanced, and thus it was the lowest at the ripe seed stage (26.8 mg/g) (p<0.05). With increasing level of LH, voluntary DM intake by Korean native goats slightly increased, but no differences were observed between diets. The digestibility of DM, cellular constituents and NDF was slightly higher in LH containing diets than that of MH 100% diet (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in apparently digested N% among all diets, but retained N% and retained N% of the absorbed were higher in MH (60%)+LH (40%) than those of other diets (p<0.05). A difference in the utilization of energy was not detected. In conclusion, Juvenile LH improved the digestibility of nutrients, presumably due to its high CP content and low fibrous compound. Especially, tannin in LH did not affect in DM intake, but increased the nitrogen utilization of Korean native goats. Accordingly, it could be suggested that Korean lespedeza has a potential to be provided as a roughage source for Korean native goats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.720-726
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• 2006

In an attempt to develop an artificial diet for growing olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), weight gain, feed utilization and nutrient retention were investigated in fish fed moist (MP), semi-moist (SMP) and extruded pellets (EP). Excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus was also estimated based on their whole body gain and intake. EP and MP composed of raw fish and SMP made of formulated powder feed with water were prepared to have the same energy contents on a dry matter basis. A total of 240 fish with an average initial weight of 120 g were randomly distributed to each (20 fish/tank) of 12 circular plastic tanks (4 tanks/treatment) and fed experimental diets for 8 weeks. Fish groups fed EP (209 g) or SMP (209 g) recorded higher final weight than those fed MP (176 g), while dry feed consumption was highest in SMP groups (106 g), followed by MP (71 g) and EP groups (62 g). As a consequence, fish groups fed EP showed much lower feed conversion ratio than the other two groups. Protein efficiency ratio was also significantly higher in fish groups fed EP (2.55) than in those fed MP (1.44) and SMP (1.31). Fish groups fed EP, which showed the highest nitrogen retention of 43.9%, resulted in the lowest excretion of nitrogen of 35.5 g per kg gain. Also, the lowest phosphorus excretion of 6.0 g per kg gain was found in the EP groups with the highest P retention (37.0%) among treatments. Although the EP groups had the lowest dietary energy intake, they retained the highest energy in the whole body among treatments. The present results showed that EP could be more advantageous than MP or SMP in terms of growth, feed utilization and excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus for olive flounder.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.283-293
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• 2024

Mahseer (Tor soro) growth performance tends to be slow, necessitating further development and intensification of cultivation. One way to develop aquaculture intensification is to manipulate cultivation containers to create optimal environmental conditions for the mahseer to grow. This study aimed to examine the body performance and growth performance of mahseer reared in different colored containers. Experimental research with completely randomized design was employed, with four colored container treatments namely treatment A (transparent), B (green), C (blue), and D (black), with four replications in each treatment. Findings indicate that different rearing media colors had significant effect on absolute length (4.68 ± 0.24 cm), absolute weight (1.58 ± 0.35 g), specific growth rate (2.17 ± 0.38%), feed conversion ratio (2.87 ± 0.04), survival rate (100 ± 0.00%), gross energy (3,816 ± 65.05 cal/g), and body proximate. Physiologically, mahseer fish bred using blue and black containers tend to be more resistant to stress.The best body performance and growth performance were observed in the blue and black colored containers.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.247-253
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of ${\beta}-1,3$ glucan on growth and immune responses in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus fed the white fish meal based diets for 6 weeks. Five experimental diets supplemented with ${\beta}-1,3$ glucan at 0, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 % (Control, $G_{0.01},\;G_{0.025},\;G_{0.05}\;and\;G_{0.1}$, respectively) of diet on a dry-matter basis. Five experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric to contain 50.0% crude protein and 16.7 kJ available energy $g^{-1}$. Fish averaging $3.2{\pm}0.1\;g\;(mean{\pm}SD)$ were randomly distributed in each aquarium as triplicate groups of 15 fish. Weight gain (WG, %), specific growth rate (SGR, %), and feed efficiency (FE, %) of fish fed $G_{0.1}$ diet were found significantly higher than those of fish fed Control, $G_{0.01},\;G_{0.025}\;and\;G_{0.05}$ diets (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference among the fish fed control, $G_{0.01},\;G_{0.025}$. Chemiluminescent responses (CL) of fish fed $G_{0.1}$ diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed the other diets. Serum lysozyme activities of fish fed $G_{0.05}$ and $G_{0.1}$ diets were higher than those of fish fed control, $G_{0.025}$ and $G_{0.05}$ diets. Fish fed $G_{0.1}$ diet showed a significantly lower cumulative mortality than did fish fed control diet throughout the challenge test (P<0.05). These results suggested that based on growth rate, feed efficiency, non-specific immunity and protection against microbial infections the optimum dietary ${\beta}-1,3$ gulcan could be greater than 0.05% but less than 1.0% in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys oilvaceus.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.336-341
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• 2002

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the lysine cell mass (LCM) as a dietary fish meal (EM) protein replacer in juvenile Israeli carp, Cyprinus carpio. Fishmeal, a major animal protein source in the control diet, was replaced by tCM on the protein equivalent base, Fish averaging 1,7 $\pm$ 0.1 g (Mean $\pm$ SD) fed one of nine diets containing isonitrogenous and isocaloric basis of $38\%$ crude protein and 15.2 kJ available energy/g diet: control, $100\%$ $FM; LCM_20$, $80\%$ $FM+20\%$ $LCM; LCM_40$, $60\%$ $FM+40\%$ $LCM; LCM_60$, $40\%$ $FM+60\%$ $LCM; LCM_100$, $100\%$ $LCM; LCM_20$l, $80\%$ $FM+20\%$ $LCM+0.07\%$ $Lysine; LCM_40$l, $60\%$ $FM+40\%$ $LCM+0.14\%$ $Lysine; LCM_60$l $40\%$ $FM+60\%$ $LCM+0.22\%$ Lysine; LCM_100l, $100\%$ LCM+$0.35\% Lysine. After 6 weeks of feeding trial there was no significant difference in weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and specific growth rate (SGR) among fish fed control and $LCM_20$ (P>0.05), while fish fed $LCM_40,\;LCM_60,\;LCM_100,\;LCM_40l,\;LCM_60l\;and\;LCM_100l$ diets had a significantly lower WG, FE, PER and SGR than did fish fed control diet (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in WG, PER and SGR among fish fed control and $LCM_20$l diets (P>0.05), while fish fed $LCM_20$l S had a significantly lower FE than did fish fed control diet (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in hematocrit and condition facto, among fish fed nine diets (P>0.05). Therefore, these results indicated that LCM could replace FM up to $20\%$ and dietary synthetic lysine supplementation did not show any positive growth effects in juvenile Israeli carp.