• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 1993

In an attempt to reveal the interrelationship between fowls of jungle and native origin, their gene constitutions were compared using gene frequencies at the 16 loci controlling blood protein variations. Of the 16 loci analysed by electrophoresis, polymorphism was detected at following seven loci: Es-1, Amy-1, Akp-akp, Akp-2, Alb, Tf and 6-PGD. The other nine loci: Amy-3, Es-D, PGM, PHI, MDH, To, LDH, Hb-1 and Hb-2, were noted to be monomorphic. Genetic distance between pairs of native fowl and jungle fowls was estimated by a numerical taxonomic method. The Indonesian native fowl was genetically close to the Indonesian red jungle fowl, and the grey jungle fowl was genetically similar to the Ceylonese jungle fowl. It was also suggested that the green jungle fowl was genetically remote from the other jungle fowls and from the Indonesian native flow. The proportion of polymorphic loci (Ppoly), the expected average heterozygosity per individual $\bar{H}$, and the effective number of alleles per locus (Ne) were calculated to evaluate the genetic variabilities in the native and jungle fowls. The Indonesian native fowl exhibited slightly higher the proportion of polymorphic loci than the jungle fowls.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.1040-1043
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• 2000

The genomic mapping of Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus), local Village Chicken, and broiler was carried out by random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) technique. Two different sets of arbitrary primers were used (Operon OPA01-20 and Genemed GM01-50). All the genomes of the three species of chickens were amplified with OPA01-20 primers. The genomes of the Red Jungle Fowl and local Village Chicken were further amplified with GM01-50 primers. Analysis of the results based on band sharing (BS) and the molecular size of individually amplified DNA fragments showed that Red Jungle Fowl and local Village Chicken shared the species similarity of 66% with Operon primers 01-20, 64% between local Village Chicken and broiler, and 63% when DNA bands between Red Jungle Fowl and broiler were compared. With GM01-50, the BS between Red Jungle Fowl and local village chicken increased to 72%. The results showed that the local village chicken is more closely related to Red Jungle Fowl than to broiler in the genetic distance. On the other hand, broiler is 1% closer in genetic distance to local village chicken than to Red Jungle Fowl. The results also indicated that primers like OPA-7, 8 and 9 can be used as species specific DNA markers for these three species of chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.927-934
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• 2012

The efficiency of insertion and/or deletion (indels) polymorphisms as genetic markers was evaluated by genotyping 102 indels loci in native chicken populations from Myanmar and Indonesia as well as Red jungle fowls and Green jungle fowls from Java Island. Out of the 102 indel markers, 97 were polymorphic. The average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.206 to 0.268 and 0.229 to 0.284 in native chicken populations and 0.003 to 0.101 and 0.012 to 0.078 in jungle fowl populations. The coefficients of genetic differentiation (Gst) of the native chicken populations from Myanmar and Indonesia were 0.041 and 0.098 respectively. The genetic variability is higher among native chicken populations than jungle fowl populations. The high Gst value was found between native chicken populations and jungle fowl populations. Neighbor-joining tree using genetic distance revealed that the native chickens from two countries were genetically close to each other and remote from Red and Green jungle fowls of Java Island.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.747-752
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• 1992

Protein polymorphism of native and red jungle fowls in Nepal was analyzed by electrophoresis. Blood samples were collected in the areas of Solu, Jomson road, Kathmandou, Pokhara and Low land. Out of 17 loci, polymorphism were found at nine loci in native fowls and at three loci in red jungle fowls. The proportion of polymorphic loci ($P_{poly}$) of native and red jungle fowls were $0.529{\pm}0.121$ and $0.176{\pm}0.095$, respectively. The five fowl populations in Nepal formed a different cluster from Sri Lankan and Bangladeshi fowl populations. When the gene frequencies of polymorphic loci were compared between the native fowl populations of Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal, $Amy-1^A$, $Es-1^A$ and $Akp-2^A$ genes showed inclination of south to north.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1376-1382
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• 2008

The carcass characteristics and composition of both male and female commercial broiler chickens (CB) and the red jungle fowl (RJF) were compared at a common body weight of $800{\pm}25.6g$. The RJF and CB were 133 and 17 d of age, respectively, when they reached 800 g. The yields of breast and thigh portions and their muscle to bone ratios were higher for RJF as compared to CB. On the other hand, the latter had significantly greater hearts, livers and gizzards. The weights of the whole thigh and drumstick, and their muscles were lower in females than males. The CB had more abdominal fat than RJF. While sex had no significant effect on the absolute weights of abdominal fats in CB, the female RJF were fatter than their male counterparts. The fat and cholesterol contents of the breast and leg muscles of CB were significantly higher than those of RJF. The opposite was noted for protein content of both muscles. The effect of sex on fat and cholesterol contents varied according to muscle type. Comparison of CB and RJF at a common body weight suggested that the rate of development of body components have changed concomitantly with selection for rapid growth in the former.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1758-1762
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• 2001

Equal number of red jungle fowl (JF) and commercial broiler chickens (CB), raised in battery cages, were provided a single complete diet (control) or a choice of a complete diet, ground corn and ground soybean from 21 to 56 days of age. There were significant genotype ${\times}$ feeding regimen interactions for several traits measured suggesting CB and JF responded differently to the two feeding regimens. The single fed CB had better growth and feed conversion ratios (FCR) than those under choice feeding. However, the body weight and FCR of JF were not affected by feeding regimen. While the single fed and choice-fed JF consumed similar amount of protein during days 21 to 55, the protein intake of the choice-fed CB was lower than the control. From days 21 to 55, irrespective of genotype, choice-fed chicks consumed less energy than their single fed counterparts. Regardless of genotype, the trend in the proportion of each feed consumed was similar with complete diet>corn>soybean. In conclusion, while choice-fed JF were capable to select nutrient necessary for maximum growth, choice feeding was detrimental to growth and feed conversion ratio in CB.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1011-1014
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• 1999

Blood protein polymorphism of fowls in Laos was analyzed by electrophoresis. Blood samples were collected in the area of Viangchan, Louangphrabang and Pakxe. Out of 17 loci, polymorphism was detected at the following seven loci; ES-1, Amy-1, Akp-akp, Akp-2, Alb, Tf and Pas. The other ten loci; Amy-3, LDH, 6-PGD, PGM, PHI, To, MDH, Es-D, Hb-l, Hb-2 were noted to be monomorphic. The proportion of polymorphic loci $(P_{poly})$, the expected average heterozygosity per individual ($\bar{H}$), and the subdivision index $(G_{ST})$ of the native fowl in Laos was $0.412{\pm}0.123$, 0.106 and 0.026, respectively. Genetic distance between native fowls in Laos, Bangladesh, and Nepal was clustered in one group.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.169-180
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• 2015

Domestic fowl still tend to exhibit very similar behavior such as perching, nesting and dust-bathing to their ancestor, Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus), even though they have been domesticated for 8,000 years. If given the opportunity, they choose high place for staying at night, a dark place for laying eggs and do dust bath in litter area. Therefore, these behaviors are considered for very important role in improving the welfare of laying hens. In EU and some countries, farmers must provide perches, nests and litter for the housing of laying hens. An understanding of behavior can lead to enhance physical health, emotional condition and welfare of laying hens. Unfortunately, there is little information on behavior of laying hens in Korea. Therefore, we researched the literature on certain behavior of laying hens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1085-1090
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• 2009

There are currently five primary breeds of Chinese gamecock, the Henan, Luxi, Tulufan, Xishuangbanna andZhangzhou. Though there is historical evidence of cockfighting in China dating as far back as 2,800 years, the origin and genetic relationships of these breeds are not well understood. We used sequence variation from the mtDNA cytb gene and control region (1,697 bp) to examine the domestication history and genetic relationship of the Chinese gamecock. From 75 samples (14-16 per breed) we found 34 haplotypes, and 45 variable nucleotides. Phylogenetic reconstruction indicated multiple origins of the gamecock breeds. The breeds in the north and center of China, Tulufan, Luxi and Henan, clustered together in a haplogroup and may have the same ancestor. However the southern breeds, Zhangzhou and Xishuangbanna clustered into two isolated haplogroups, suggesting another two origins of Chinese gamecock. Meanwhile, extensive admixture was also found because samples from different breeds, more or less, were always grouped together in the same clades. Based on these results, we discuss the possibilities of multiple origins of gamecock breeds, from both ancestral gamecocks as well as other domestic chickens and red jungle fowl.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1547-1554
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• 2016

To assess genetic diversity and maternal origin of Turkish and Iranian native chicken breeds, we analyzed the mtDNA D-loop sequences of 222 chickens from 2 Turkish (Denizli and Gerze) and 7 Iranian (White Marandi, Black Marandi, Naked Neck, Common Breed, Lari, West Azarbaijan, and New Hampshire) native chicken breeds, together with the available reference sequences of G. gallus gallus in GenBank. The haplotype diversity was estimated as $0.24{\pm}0.01$ and $0.36{\pm}0.02$ for Turkish and Iranian populations, respectively. In total, 19 haplotypes were observed from 24 polymorphic sites in Turkish and Iranian native chicken populations. Two different clades or haplogroups (A and E) were found in Turkish and Iranian chickens. Clade A haplotypes were found only in White Marandi, Common Breed and New Hampshire populations. Clade E haplotypes, which are quite common, were observed in Turkish and Iranian populations with 18 different haplotypes, of which Turkish and Iranian chickens, Clade E, haplotype 1 (TRIRE1) was a major haplotype with the frequency of 81.5% (181/222) across all breeds. Compared to red jungle fowl, Turkish and Iranian chicken breeds are closely related to each other. These results suggest that Turkish and Iranian chickens originated from the same region, the Indian subcontinent. Our results will provide reliable basic information for mtDNA haplotypes of Turkish and Iranian chickens and for studying the origin of domestic chickens.