• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.39 no.6 s.105
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• pp.873-887
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• 2004

We examined research trends in geomorphology and hydrogeography in America based on papers presented at the annual meetings of the Association of American Geographers(AAG) and papers published in two AAG journals between 2002 and 2004. Among the 437 papers in geomorphology, $40\%$ of the papers concerned fluvial geomorphology, followed by environmental geomorphology and glacial and periglacial geomorphology concern. Among the 452 papers in hydrogeography, about $20\%$ of the papers focused on water, law and institutional aspects, followed by hydrogeomorphology and hydrologic modeling. Twenty one papers examining geomorphology and hydeogeography were published in two AAG journals, and fluvial geomorpholoy was the dominant theme. GIS was used for $29\%$ papers in geomorphology and $35\%$ of papers in hydrogeography($35\%$), suggesting that other methods, including geostatistics, field survey, and qualitative methods, are employed as well. This methodological diversification seems to be associated with solving such complex environmental problems as integrated watershed management and implies that geomorphologists and hydrogeographers are expanding their traditional territories and are making close connections with human-environment geographers and human geographers. Geomorphologists and hydrogeographers are likely to continue examining the causes of and solving environmental problems that humans are currently facing and might face in the future.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.555-569
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• 2012

Many science education research and practices are recently emphasizing the importance of collaborative learning. This study also understands learning in aspects of socio-cultural context, and regarded the creation of meaning in a same-age group as an important learning process. This is most especially true in the premise that the formation of roles in a collaborative learning is important for successful interactive learning. This study aims to find out how roles form in a group. For this purpose, university students participating in a group discussion activity about energy flow and circulation of material were selected as research participants. Discussions among the nine students in one group consisted of cognitive conversations on the topic and operational conversations for preparing a presentation. Video-clips of the discussions were made and transcribed. For the analysis, we developed a framework that includes four interaction functions (cognitive, organizational, meta-cognitive, operational), four action elements (question, simple answer, providing opinion, response to opinion), and two to four intention elements by each action elements. As a result, a total of nine roles were revealed through the interaction function and element; cognitive questioner, operational questioner, simple answerer, operational suggester, organizational commander, operational commander, cognitive explainer, terminator, reflective thinker. These roles are re-classified into seven utterance patterns by the utterance order and object, and they were categorized into three role groups (facilitating interaction, sustaining interaction, finishing interaction). The result means that role formation and function can have influence on learning and interaction. This study is meaningful to the suggestion to collaborative learning including project-based learning, investigation, club activity, and for the re-illumination of the role in an aspect of the interaction.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.33-49
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• 2014

Environmental concern has been an important issue for a few decades, and the extent of consumer demand for eco-friendly consumption has been increased. This study seeks to investigate consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) a premium for eco-friendly cosmetics. This study evaluates how much more a consumer is willing to pay for eco-friendly cosmetics and examines significant factors influencing consumers' WTP for eco-friendly cosmetics. Consumers' WTP is measured using four different ecofriendly cosmetics: low-priced skin care cosmetics, low-priced makeup cosmetics, high-priced skin care cosmetics, and high-priced makeup cosmetics. This study uses the contingent valuation method (CVM) to estimate consumer's WTP for eco-friendly cosmetics. Survey questions were designed using both dichotomous choice and payment card method of CVM. Through face to face interviews and on-line surveys, the data were collected from women between 20 and 49 years old residing in Seoul and Kyeonggi area, Korea, in May 2010. A total of 226 questionnaires (132 from interviews and 94 from on-line) were included for the analytical sample in this study. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, T-test and Log-Logit analysis. The findings are as follows: First, the WTP measured by dichotomous choice method was estimated using the Log-Logit analysis. The results showed that the estimated WTP for low-priced skin care cosmetics was 19,152 won, which was 27.7% higher than the reference price, 15,000 won. For low-priced makeup cosmetics, the estimated WTP was 18,524 won, and its green premium was 21.0%. The estimated WTP for high-priced skin care cosmetics was 59,128 won, which was 18.3% higher than the reference price, 50,000 won. For high-priced makeup cosmetics was 57,666 won, and its green premium was 15.3%. Second, the WTP measure by payment card method was estimated using descriptive analysis. The results showed that the respondents were willing to pay 17,955 won for low-priced skin care cosmetics, which was 19.7% higher than the reference price, 15,000 won and 17,595 won for low-priced makeup cosmetics, which was 17.3% higher than the reference price. For high-priced skin care cosmetics, the average WTP was 56,950 won which was 13.9% higher than the reference price, 50,000 won. For high-priced makeup cosmetics, the average WTP was 55,650 won, which was 11.3% higher than the reference price. Overall, the WTP was higher in order of low-priced skin care, low-priced makeup, high-priced skin care, and high-priced makeup. It means that consumers decide degree of premium based on the price and the attributes of eco-friendly products. Third, the findings showed that age, monthly income, and having children or not were statistically significant factors that influenced consumers' willingness to pay for eco-friendly cosmetics. Other explanatory variables such as education, marital status, job, purchase experience of eco-friendly products, and environmental concerns did not show any statistical significance. The major contribution of this study is the investigation of the value of green attributes of the products by using CVM. Unlike most previous researches, this research used two methods of CVM, the dichotomous choice and the payment card, so it enhanced the reliability of research. According to this study, consumers showed price sensitivity when they pay green premium. These findings can be used as useful information to establish marketing strategies for green cosmetics.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.461-480
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• 2003

This paper is to consider the new urbanization process of Daegu in the 1990s, especially with its economy, politics, social culture, environment and space. In the economic aspect, the industrial structure of Daegu has shifted from the manufacturing- centered economy to the service economy. But it has not yet overcome the linear frame of industrial structure still relying on the textile industry, though the degree of industrial specialization has increased in the part of the fabricated metal products and the precision and optical instrument. In the political situation that the implementation of the local self-government has made the relation between localities more competitive, the local government of Daegu has led a boom for boosting the regional economic growth, organizing private-public-research relations to improve the weakening regional investment and production function. In the social and cultural aspect of the new urbanization, the investment into the soft-ware facilities has been increased, and the urban festivals have been changed so as to revitalize the regional economy. In the environmental aspect, as the self-government system has launched, conflicts around values and interests of local governments have revealed frequently due to locations of infra-structures and of abhorrence facilities. Finally, seen from the spatial dimension of the city, the extension of residential areas and unregulated use of urban space have a result of inefficience of land-use, and this kind of unplanned outer expansion of the city has brought about with further separation of house and working place, and increasing distance of movements and the an urban spatial structure which requires more energy consumption.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.297-313
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• 2003

Problems caused by the U.S. military bases have attracted little attention until recently due to the national security of S.Korea and the peace of North-Eastern Asia, emphasized from the perspective of macro-geopolitics. However, since the political regime has been democratized and political discourses have been liberalized from the 1990s, those problems become a nation-widely serious social issue, though they have been brought about on the local areas. Thus, it can be suggested that micro-geopolitics is highly relevant and significant in approaching the local problems caused by the U.S. military bases, and ultimately resolving the macro-geopolitical problem of longstanding unfair relations in the SOFA and the withdrawal of U.S. troops. This paper aims to consider local problems caused by the U.S. military bases and resolving strategies from the perspective of micro-geopolitics. First of all, it discusses some significance of the micro-geopolitical perspective, as it has been recently emphasized in political geography in considering local problems and politics of life on the basis of place, then looks on empirically criminal and environmental problems caused by the U.S. military bases, analyses the questionnaire date on the perception of local dwellers around the military camps in Nam-gu Daegu, and finally suggests strategies to resolve those problems, which level up from the micro to the macro-scale of geopolitics.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.22 no.2 s.55
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• pp.138-146
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• 1983

With the increase of pesticide consumption, not only pesticide handling population would grow greater but also the chances to be exposed to the pesticides would be also increased. Thus, safe use and handling of the pesticides are becoming more important and serious in these days. The pesticides are well known to most pepole, however there are very limited number of persons who have correct understanding of chamicals. Intoxication cases caused by pesticides have been reported very rarely through the mess media, even they were lack of scientific evidences. In this paper, problems related to pesticide manufacture, transportation, storage, sprays, and residues and their countermeasures were discussed in connection with public health and enviromental aspects. Acute intoxication cases by pesticide handling might be caused accidently either through manufacture, marketing, transportation, or spraying. Safety aspects of workers in manufacturing plants include not only exposure to toxic chemicals, but also posibilities of of explosion and brought about by pesticides and their diluents. The problems of water pollution by waste chemicals from the manufacturing factories were discussed. Packing and loading methods of pesticides for transportation are considered in safety scheme and discussions are given in association with traffic accidents. With regard to warehouse, the pesticide storage, location structure, keepers, and standing materials for emergency are concerned with safety aspects. Concerning the spraying of chemicals, there are some problems to be discussed about clothes, spray equipment, wind direction, spray period, and spray workers condition. After the spray, treatment of used containers, remainder of Pesticides, and spray tools are also discussed. For the dissolutions of problems on public health and environmental danger arising from pesticide residues, there are two legal sanctions; 'Pesticide Tolerances' and 'Pesticide Safe Use Standards'. These regulations are legally effective, however, some problems still remain in practices to implement the acts properly, because these provisions are followed by the far mers mostly. With these regards, most problems are concerned with various sectors and persons, affecting public health and environment from the producers to the end users and consumers. As a whole persons concerned with pesticides, every possible effort has to be assembled to protect hazards from the chemicals. For the foremost place, special training and education are required for managing groups; such as factory managers and agricultural extension workers who are responsible for training the factory workers and farmers. The education is the only way to solve the hazard problems caused by the pesticides.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.194-203
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• 1993

Quality Control programs for industrial hygiene laboratory have successfully been operated since the 1st round was initiated in April 1992. Three rounds have been completed. Overall analytical performance of participants was improved through a subsquent round. The first round had a large variation among analytical results of all participants, 26.34%~504.22% of coefficient of variation. But the variation of analytical performance in the 2nd and 3rd rounds decreased to 40.42%~52.55% and 10.74%~20.98%, respectively. The difference of analytical performance among participants was decreased by operation of subsquent round. By distribution of Running Performance Index (RPI), over 50% of participants belongs to Category 3 in the first round. The average percentage of participants assigned to Category 3 in the 2nd and 3rd round was decreased to 37.2%. A definite analytical performance improvement of participants seems to be obtained. "A" and "B" group have more participants assigned to Category 3 than those of "C" group through the distribution of RPI by group divided to similar participant. By the distribution of RPI all participants, the percent of participant being over 200 RPI in the 1st round was 43%~52%, but decreased to 9%~29% and 9%~27%, in the 2nd and 3rd round, respectively. These results mentioned above indicate that the analytical performance of all participants have been improved by subsquent Quality Control Program although newcomers joined and a few participants droped out. But, there are some participants with poor analytical performance. Industrial Health Research Institute (IHRI) will offer service such as education, communication and visitation to them, and improve quality of their analytical performance in the future.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.267-288
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the child-rearing difficulties of mothers with twins in an effort to discuss how to lend assistance to these mothers, as the birth of twins has been on the rise. The participants in this study were six mothers who resided in the city of P and raised infant twins. They were interviewed twice in depth from December, 2012, to July, 2013. The findings of the study were as follows: First, as for the difficulties of their children perceived by the mothers, their children had to share everything, no matter if it was good or bad, and they were confronted with environmental constraints. In addition, they were fragile from the moment they were born. Second, concerning the self-perceived child-rearing difficulties of the mothers, they had no time to take care of themselves at all and felt lonely all the time. And they were under pressure due to financial burden. In order to help these mothers and their children to tide over their difficulties, there should be a change in the way people in general look at twins, and the establishment of emotional and financial support systems is required. The findings of the study are expected to provide some information on how to offer full-fledged support for mothers with twins.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.211-227
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• 2021

Objectives: We aimed to examine the association between the relative preference for vegetables and meat and cancer incidence, in a population-based retrospective cohort in Korea. Methods: We included 10,148,131 participants (5,794,124 men; 4,354,007 women) who underwent national health screening between 2004 and 2005 from the National Health Information Database of the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS-NHID). Participants were asked whether they preferred consuming 1) vegetables more often, 2) both vegetables and meat or 3) meat more often. Participants were followed up to Dec. 31, 2017. All cancer and eighteen common cancer cases were identified through the code from the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. We estimated sex-specific relative risks and 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, and income level. Results: During an average follow-up of 12.4 years, 714,170 cancer cases were documented. In men, consuming meat more often was associated with lower risk of esophageal, liver, and stomach cancers, but higher risk of lung and kidney cancers. Consuming both vegetables and meat was associated with higher risk of prostate cancer, but with lower risk of esophageal, liver, and stomach cancers in men. In women, consuming meat more often was associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer and breast, endometrial, and cervical cancers diagnosed before the age of 50. Consuming both vegetables and meat was associated with lower risk of liver cancer in women. Conclusions: Our study suggests a potential link between vegetable and meat intake and cancer incidence in the Korean population. Further investigation on the association between the intake of specific types of vegetables and meat and cancer risk in Korean prospective cohort studies is needed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.107-118
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• 2012

Objectives: This study examines the occurrence of disease resulting from low back pain and factors of working environment meaningfully influencing the occurrence of lumbago as well as analyzes '2nd Korean Working Condition Survey (KWCS)' conducted in 2010 so as to establish the prevention and improvement measures. Methods: The analysis method is that it is to compare the prevalence rate of low back pain according to working environment via odds ratio and to implement the test about the factors having the difference in working environment between low back pain group and normal group through weighted t-test. Results: As a result, it indicates that there is a meaningful difference for prevalence rate of low back pain according to age, status in employment and education level which are socio-demographical factors. The analysis in working hours shows that the period of work is a factor raising the prevalence rate of low back pain rather than weekly working hours. The analysis in the work risk factor indicates that the increase in prevalence rate of low back pain takes place to either workers with repetitive movement and continuously standing posture or those with heavy stress and emotional labour. Conclusions: Workers with low back pain have suffered from accident, depression, anxiety disorder and sleep. The factors in which the prevalence rate of low back pain decrease are to provide information on health and safety and working speed, and enough rest.